Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Astrophysical and CosmologicalAxion Bounds
Georg G. Raffelt, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, München
Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
High- and Low-Energy Frontiers in Particle Physics
eV
Planckmass
GUTscale
Electroweakscale
QCDscale
Cosmologicalconstant
WIMP dark matter(related to EW scale, perhaps SUSY)
Axion dark matter (related to Peccei-Quinn symmetry)
High-Energy Frontier
CERN
Low-E Frontier
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion and Relatives
String axions (almost massless pseudoscalars in string theory)Need not solve CP problem
Hidden photonsLow-mass gauge boson from U’(1)(Parameters: kinetic mixing, mass)
WISPs (Weakly Interacting Slim Particles)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
The CP Problem of Strong Interactions
Real quarkmass
Phase fromYukawa coupling
Anglevariable
Remove phase of mass term by chiral transformation of quark fields
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Strong CP Problem
Equivalent Equivalent
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion Properties
Mass (generic)
Nucleon coupling (axial vector)
Electron coupling (optional)
Gluon coupling (generic)
Photon coupling (also for ALPs)
Pion coupling
N
Na
e
ea
aG
G
g
ga
a
pp
p
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Solar Axions and ALPs
Sun
Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Experimental Tests of Invisible Axions
Pierre Sikivie:
Macroscopic B-field can provide alarge coherent transition rate overa big volume (low-mass axions)• Axion helioscope: Look at the Sun through a dipole magnet• Axion haloscope: Look for dark-matter axions with A microwave resonant cavity
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Search for Solar Axions
g a
Sun
Primakoff production
Axion Helioscope(Sikivie 1983)
gMagnet S
Na
Axion-Photon-Oscillation
Tokyo Axion Helioscope (“Sumico”) (Results since 1998, up again 2008) CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) (Data since 2003)
Axion flux
Alternative technique: Bragg conversion in crystal Experimental limits on solar axion flux from dark-matter experiments (SOLAX, COSME, DAMA, CDMS ...)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Helioscope Limits
CAST-I results: PRL 94:121301 (2005) and JCAP 0704 (2007) 010 CAST-II results (He-4 filling): JCAP 0902 (2009) 008CAST-II results (He-3 filling): PRL 107: 261302 (2011) and PRL 112, 091302 (2014)
First experimental crossing of the KSVZ line
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Next Generation Axion Helioscope (IAXO) at CERN
• Irastorza et al.: Towards a new generation axion helioscope, arXiv:1103.5334• Armengaud et al.: Conceptual Design of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), arXiv:1401.3233
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Recent “shining-light-through-a-wall” or vacuum birefringence experiments:• ALPS • BMV • BFRT• GammeV • LIPPS • OSQAR • PVLAS
Photon Regeneration ExperimentsEhret et al. (ALPS Collaboration), arXiv:1004.1313
(DESY, using HERA dipole magnet) (Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intens, Toulouse) (Brookhaven, 1993) (Fermilab) (Jefferson Lab) (CERN, using LHC dipole magnets) (INFN Trieste)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
ALPS-II at DESY
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Any Light Particle Search II (ALPS-II) at DESY
ALPS-I (finished)
ALPS-IIb (2015)
ALPS-IIa (2014)
ALPS-IIc (2017)
ALPS-II Technical Design Report, arXiv:1302.5647
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion-Photon-Conversion from SN 1987A
SN 1987A SMM
Axion-photon conversion in transverse galactic B-field
Payez, Evoli, Fischer, Giannotti, Mirizzi & Ringwald, arXiv:1410.3747
Galactic B-fieldmodels
Primakoffproductionin SN core
No excess g raysin coincidencewith SN 1987A
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Shining TeV Gamma Rays through the Universe
Figure from a talk by Manuel Meyer (Univ. Hamburg)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion-Photon-Transitions as Particle Oscillations
Stationary Klein-Gordonequation for coupled a-g-systemin a transverse B-field
• Axions roughly like a photon polarization state• In a slowly varying B-field, a photon beam develops a coherent axion component [Raffelt & Stodolsky, PRD 37 (1988) 1237 ]
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axions from Normal Stars
Sun Supernova 1987A Dark Matter
Globular Cluster
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Galactic Globular Clusters
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
New ALP Limits from Globular Clusters
Ayala, Dominguez, Giannotti, Mirizzi & Straniero, arXiv:1406.6053
Planck
Helium abundance and energy loss ratefrom modern number counts HB/RGBin 39 globular clusters
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Color-Magnitude Diagram of Globular Cluster M5
Viaux, Catelan, Stetson, Raffelt, Redondo, Valcarce & Weiss, arXiv:1308.4627
CMD (a) before and (b) after cleaning CMD of brightest 2.5 mag of RGB
Brightest red giantmeasures nonstandard energy loss
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Limits on Axion-Electron Coupling from GC M5I-band brightnessof tip of red-giant brach[magnitudes]
Detailed account of theoretical and observational uncertainties
Viaux, Catelan, Stetson, Raffelt, Redondo, Valcarce & Weiss, arXiv:1311.1669
• Uncertainty dominated by distance• Can be improved in future (GAIA mission)
Mass limit in DFSZ modelLimit on axion-electron Yukawa
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion Bounds from WD Luminosity Function
Miller Bertolami, Melendez, Althaus & Isern, arXiv:1406.7712, 1410.1677
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Period Change of Variable White Dwarfs
Córsico et al., arXiv:1211.3389
White dwarf G117−B15A White dwarf R548
Córsico et al., arXiv:1205.6180
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
SN 1987A Neutrino Signal
Sun Dark MatterGlobular Cluster
Supernova 1987A
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Supernova 1987A Energy-Loss Argument
SN 1987A neutrino signal
Late-time signal most sensitive observable
Emission of very weakly interactingparticles would “steal” energy from theneutrino burst and shorten it.(Early neutrino burst powered by accretion, not sensitive to volume energy loss.)
Neutrino diffusion
Neutrinosphere
Volume emission of new particles
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Cooling of Neutron Star in Cas A
Leinson, arXiv:1405.6873
Chandrax-ray
image ofnon-pulsar
compactremnant
Measured surface temperature over 10 years reveals unusually fast cooling rate• Neutron Cooper pair breaking and formation (PBF) as neutrino emission process?• Evidence for extra cooling (by axions)?
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion Bounds and Searches
Too much CDM (misalignment)
TelescopeExperiments
Helium-burning stars(a-g-coupling, hadronic axions)
SN 1987AToo many events
Too muchenergy loss
Too muchhot dark matter
CASTHadronic axions
ADMX Search(Seattle & Yale)
103 106 109 1012 [GeV] fa
eVkeV meV meVma
neV
1015
Globular clusters (He ignition), WD cooling(a-e coupling)
Too much cold dark matter (re-alignment with Qi = 1)
StringDW
AnthropicRange
CASPErFu
ture
EUCL
ID
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
CP-Violating Forces
bulk bulk bulk spin spin spin
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Long-Range Force ExperimentsLong-range force limits from tests ofNewton’s law and equivalence principle(Mostly from Eöt-Wash Group, Seattle)
bulk bulk bulk spin
Torsion+astro
Torsion(bulk-spin)
Raffelt, arXiv:1205.1776 Raffelt, arXiv:1205.1776
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
NMR Experiment
Experiment to be developed by Yun-Chang Shin at CAPP (Daejeon, Korea)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Cosmological Constraints
Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A
Dark Matter
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Creation of Cosmological Axions
Axions are born as nonrelativistic, classical field oscillationsVery small mass, yet cold dark matter
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Cosmic Axion DensityModern values for QCD parameters and temperature-dependent axion massimply (Bae, Huh & Kim, arXiv:0806.0497)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion Production by Domain Wall and String Decay
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Lee-Weinberg Curve for Axions
Cosm
ic St
rings
& D
omain
Wall
s
Realignment
Javier Redondo 2014
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion Bounds and Searches
Too much CDM (misalignment)
TelescopeExperiments
Helium-burning stars(a-g-coupling, hadronic axions)
SN 1987AToo many events
Too muchenergy loss
Too muchhot dark matter
CASTHadronic axions
ADMX Search(Seattle & Yale)
103 106 109 1012 [GeV] fa
eVkeV meV meVma
neV
1015
Globular clusters (He ignition), WD cooling(a-e coupling)
Too much cold dark matter (re-alignment with Qi = 1)
StringDW
AnthropicRange
CASPErFu
ture
EUCL
ID
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Creation of Adiabatic vs. Isocurvature PerturbationsInflaton field Axion field
Slow roll
Reheating
De Sitter expansion imprintsscale invariant fluctuations
Inflaton decay matter & radiationBoth fluctuate the same:Adiabatic fluctuations
Inflaton decay radiationAxion field oscillates late matterMatter fluctuates relative to radiation:Entropy fluctuations
De Sitter expansion imprintsscale invariant fluctuations
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Isocurvature Forecast
Hubble scale during inflation
Axio
n de
cay
cons
tant
Hamann, Hannestad, Raffelt & Wong, arXiv:0904.0647
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
BEC Formation
~130 ci
tations
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Axion and Axion-Like Particle Searches
REAPR @ FNALLSW Project
Center for Axion & Precision Physics (KAIST, Korea)
Axion Dark MatterExperiment(UW, Seattle)
ADMX-HF(Yale)
WISPDMX(DESY)
CASPEr, perhaps @ HIM (Mainz)
CAST @ CERN
IAXO Proposal(CERN)
Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015
Dow Jones Index of Axion Physics
inSPIRE: Citation of Peccei-Quinn papers or title axion (and similar)
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