Download - Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

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Page 1: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Geologic Time

Page 2: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Geologic Time

• The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after the discovery of radioactivity, and using it, Holmes estimated that the Earth was about 4 billion years old - this was much greater than previously believed.

Page 3: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after
Page 4: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after
Page 5: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

The Divisions of Precambrian

Time

Page 6: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Precambrian Era• 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth was born.

• Nearly 4 billion years passed after the Earth's inception before the first animals. This stretch of time is called the Precambrian.

• It makes up roughly seven-eighths of the Earth's history

• During the Precambrian, the most important events in biological history took place.

Page 7: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Precambrian Era

• The Earth formed, life arose, the first

tectonic plates arose and began to

move, eukaryotic cells evolved, the

atmosphere became enriched in

oxygen -- and just before the end of

the Precambrian, complex multi-

cellular organisms, including the first

animals, evolved.

Page 8: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Precambrian Earth

Page 9: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Precambrian Era

• Also divided into different Eons:

–Hadean – Earths creation

–Archean – Earliest Rocks form

–Proterzoic - First organisms with

well-developed cells form.

Page 11: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Paleozoic – “Ancient Life”

Page 12: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

The Paleozoic Era

• At its beginning, multi-celled animals underwent a dramatic explosion in diversity, and almost all living animal phylaappeared within a few millions of years.

• At the other end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out approximately 90% of all marine animal species. The causes of both these events are still not fully understood

Page 13: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Paleozoic Era

• The Paleozoic took up over 300 million years.

• During the Paleozoic there were six major continental land masses.

• These Paleozoic continents experienced tremendous mountain building along their margins, and numerous incursions and retreats of shallow seas across their interiors.

Page 14: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Gondwana and the Continental

Landmasses During Paleozoic Period

Page 15: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Cambrian Period

• "Age of Trilobytes" -The Cambrian

Explosion of life occurs; all existent phyla

develop. Many marine invertebrates

• First vertebrates. Earliest primitive fish.

Mild climate.

• Mass Extinction of trilobites and nautiloids

at end of Cambrian (50% of all animal

families became extinct), probably due to

glaciation.

Page 16: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

The Cambrian Sea

Page 17: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Ordovician Period

Page 18: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Ordovician Period

• First corals.

• Primitive fishes, seaweed and fungi.

Graptolites, bryozoans, gastropods,

bivalves, and echinoids.

• High sea levels at first, global cooling and

glaciation, and much volcanism.

• North America under shallow seas. Ends

in huge extinction, due to glaciation.

Page 19: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Silurian Period

Page 20: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Silurian Period

• Primitive plants appear on land.

• The first jawed fishes

• First vascular plants (plants with water-

conducting tissue) appear on land

• High seas worldwide. Brachiopods,

crinoids, corals.

• First insects appeared.

Page 21: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Devonian Period – Age of Fishes

Devonian

Page 22: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Devonian Period

"The Age of Fishes"

• Fish and land plants become abundant and diverse.

• First amphibians appear (evolved from the lungfish). First sharks, and bony fish.

• Many coral reefs, brachiopods, crinoids.

• New insects appeared.

• Mass Extinction (345 mya) wiped out 30% of all animal families) probably due to glaciation or meteorite impact

Page 23: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Carboniferous Period

Page 24: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Carboniferous Period

(Mississippian & Pennsylvanian)

• Wide-spread coal swamps and many

ferns.

• Appalachian Mountains form.

• Amphibians become more common.

• First true reptiles.

• The first cockroaches appear

• First winged insects

Page 25: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Model of a Pennsylvanian

Coal Swamp

Page 26: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Mountains formed during this

period

Page 27: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Amphibians of the Permian Period

Page 28: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Permian Period

"The Age of Amphibians"

• Amphibians and reptiles dominant.

• Gymnosperms dominant plant life.

• The continents merge into a single super-continent, Pangea.

• Phytoplankton and plants oxygenate the Earth's atmosphere to close to modern levels.

• The Permian ended with largest mass extinction. Trilobites go extinct, as do 50% of all animal families, 95% of all marine species, and many trees, perhaps caused by glaciation or volcanism

Page 29: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Late Paleozoic Plate Movements

Page 30: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Mesozoic Era

245 – 208 MYA

Page 31: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Mesozoic Era

• The Mesozoic is divided into three time periods:

– the Triassic (245-208 Million Years Ago),

– the Jurassic (208-146 Million Years Ago),

– and the Cretaceous (146-65 Million Years Ago).

• Mesozoic means "middle animals", and is the time during which the world fauna changed drastically from that which had been seen in the Paleozoic.

Page 32: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Mesozoic Era• Dinosarus, evolved in the Triassic, but were not

very diverse until the Jurassic.

• Except for birds, dinosaurs became extinct at the

end of the Cretaceous.

• The Mesozoic was also a time of great change

in the terrestrial vegetation. The early Mesozoic

was dominated by ferns, cycads

• Modern gymnosperms, such as conifers, first

appeared

• By the middle of the Cretaceous, the earliest

angiosperms had appeared

Page 33: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Mesozoic Plant Life

Page 34: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Dinosaurs of the Triassic Period

Page 35: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Triassic Period

• The first dinosaurs, mammals, and crocodiles appear.

• Mollusks are the dominant invertebrate.

• Many reptiles, for example, turtles.

• True flies appear.

• Triassic period ends with a minor extinction 213 mya (35% of all animal families die out, including marine reptiles). This allowed the dinosaurs to expand

Page 36: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Jurassic Period

Page 37: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Jurassic Period

• Many dinosaurs, including the giants.

• The first birds appear (Archaeopteryx).

• The first flowering plants evolve.

• Many ferns, cycads, gingkos, rushes,

conifers,

• Flying reptiles, pterosaurs.

• Minor extinctions at 190 and 160 mya.

Page 38: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Earth During the Jurassic Period

Page 39: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Life of the Cretaceous Period

Page 40: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Cretaceous Period

• The heyday of the dinosaurs.

• The earliest-known butterflies appear as well as

the earliest-known snakes, ants, and bees.

• High tectonic and volcanic activity.

• Primitive marsupials develop.

• Continents have a modern-day look.

• Ended with large extinction (the K-T extinction)

of dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ammonites, about 50

percent of marine invertebrate species, etc.,

probably caused by asteroid impact or volcanism.

Page 41: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

What happened to the dinosaurs?

Asteroid?

Volcanoes?

Glaciers?

Page 43: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Cenozoic Era the Age of Mammals

Page 44: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Cenozoic Era

• The Cenozoic is the most recent of the

three major subdivisions of animal history.

• The Cenozoic is called the Age of

Mammals, because the largest land

animals have been mammals during that

time.

• The Cenozoic is divided into two main

sub-divisions: the Tertiary and the

Quaternary.

Page 45: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Tertiary Mammals

Page 46: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Tertiary Period

• First large mammals and primitive

primates,

• Mammals abound. Rodents appear.

Mammals return to the sea.

• Flower plants thrive.

• More mammals, including the horses,

dogs and bears. Modern birds.

• First hominids (australopithecines).

• Continental glaciers repeatedly cover NA

Page 47: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Quaternary Period

• The first humans (Homo Sapiens) evolve.

Mammoths, mastodons, saber-tooth

tigers, giant ground sloths.

• A mass extinction of large mammals and

many birds happened about 10,000 years

ago, probably caused by the end of the

last ice age.

• Human civilization

Page 48: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Early Man – Quaternary Period

Page 49: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Geologic Time Scale of Kentucky

Page 50: Geologic Time science/Geologic Time...Geologic Time • The first geologic time scale was proposed in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes (1890 - 1965). This was soon after

Bluegrass Geology

The bedrock in the center (Bluegrass Region) of the State is composed of

limestones and shales from the Ordovician Period (510 to 440 million years ago).

The oldest rocks at the surface in Kentucky are limestones from the Late

Ordovician Period (approximately 450 million years ago), which are exposed

along the Palisades of the Kentucky River (for example, near Camp Nelson, in

Jessamine County, pictured above).

Ordovician fossils are abundant in many areas.