SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ROCK CYCLE
Relative Percentages of Sedimentary Rocks
SEDIMENTFromWeathering & ErosionPrecipitation from saturated solutioncalcite, quartzProduct of evaporationhalite, gypsumUnconsolidated- NOT cemented
SEDIMENTParticle sizePebbles, cobbles, bouldersGravel- > 2mmSand- 2mm - 0.063mmSilt - 0.063mm - 0.004mmClay- < 0.004Deposition Clay-sized particle vs. clay mineral
SEDIMENTTransportationAbrasionRoundingSortingDepositionEnvironment of deposition- specificPreservation
SEDIMENTTransportationAbrasionRoundingSortingDepositionEnvironment of deposition- specificPreservation
SEDIMENTLithificationCompactionDecrease in pore spacefor very fine grain size (clay)CementationClastic textureCements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCrystallizationCrystalline texture
SEDIMENTLithificationCompactionDecrease in pore spacefor very fine grain size (clay)CementationClastic textureCements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCrystallizationCrystalline texture
SEDIMENTLithificationCompactionDecrease in pore spacefor very fine grain size (clay)CementationClastic textureCements- silica, calcite, iron oxideCrystallizationCrystalline texture
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Clastic or DetritalChemical- inorganic precipitation or evaporationBiochemical- Organic remainsshells, charcoal, plant fragments
CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSBreccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragmentsSandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Quartz sandstoneArkose (feldspar)Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)Fine-grained MatrixUsually from turbidity currents
CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKSBreccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragmentsConglomerate- rounded fragmentsSandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)Quartz sandstoneArkose (feldspar)Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)Fine-grained MatrixUsually from turbidity currents
Quartz Sandstone
CLASTIC ROCKSFine-grained RocksShale- fissile (in sheets)SiltstoneClaystoneMudstone (silt and clay)
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCarbonate RocksLimestone- made of calciteInorganic varietiesmicrite, oolites, travertineDolomiteRecrystallizationChert- silicaEvaporitesRock gypsumRock salt
BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCoalDevelops from peatplant fragmentsLigniteBituminous CoalCarbonate RocksLimestone- made of calciteorganic varietiesCoquinaFossiliferous LimestoneChalk
BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCoalDevelops from peatplant fragmentsLigniteBituminous CoalCarbonate RocksLimestone- made of calciteorganic varietiesCoquinaFossiliferous LimestoneChalk
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESBEDDING-Principle of Original HorizontalityBedding planeCross-beddingGraded bedMud cracksRipple marksFossils
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESBEDDING-Principle of Original HorizontalityBedding planeCross-beddingGraded bedMud cracksRipple marksFossils
DUNES
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESBEDDING-Principle of Original HorizontalityBedding planeCross-beddingGraded bedMud cracksRipple marksFossils
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESBEDDING-Principle of Original HorizontalityBedding planeCross-beddingGraded bedMud cracksRipple marksFossils
Mudcracks
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESBEDDING-Principle of Original HorizontalityBedding planeCross-beddingGraded bedMud cracksRipple marksFossilsBody FossilsTrace Fossils
FORMATIONSLarge enough to show on a mapDistinctive from neighboring rock unitsNamed after geographic locationsCONTACTseparation between 2 distinct rock unitsSedimentary contactOther contacts
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSource AreaEnvironment of DepositionGlacial environmentsTillitesAlluvial fanArkoseRiver channel and flood plainInterbedded shales and sandstones; cross-beddedLakeShales; interbedded siltstones and mudstonesDelta
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSource AreaEnvironment of DepositionGlacial environmentsTillitesAlluvial fanArkoseRiver channel and flood plainInterbedded shales and sandstones; cross-beddedLakeShales; interbedded siltstones and mudstonesDelta
Glacial Environment & Till
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKEnvironment of DepositionBeach, Barrier Island, DuneVery well sorted quartz sandstonesLagoonShalesShallow marine shelfInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedReefSkeletal LimestonesDeep marine environmentTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKEnvironment of DepositionBeach, Barrier Island, DuneVery well sorted quartz sandstonesLagoonfine grained sedimentShallow marine shelfInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedReefSkeletal LimestonesDeep marine environmentTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales
CALCAREOUS
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKEnvironment of DepositionBeach, Barrier Island, DuneVery well sorted quartz sandstonesLagoonShalesShallow marine shelfInterbedded sandstones and shales; burrowedReefSkeletal LimestonesDeep marine environmentTurbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKPlate Tectonics and Sedimentary RocksAt convergent boundariesUplift results in Very rapid rates of erosionThick accumulations of clastic sedimentAt transform boundariesRapid rates of erosion, deposition and burialGood basins for petroleum explorationAt divergent boundariesInitial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and coarse sediment
ResourcesNon-MetallicSand and gravelLimestoneClayGypsumEnergy ResourcesOil and gasCoal
Formation of Oil and Gas
U.S. Coal Production