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Introduction to Structural
Engineering
Dr. Salah Altoubat
Spring 2006
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Outline
Objective of Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering Process
Types of loads Types of structures
Load paths in structures Summary
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Civil Engineering Sub disciplines
structural
geotechnical
environmental transportation
construction
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Objectives of Structural
Engineering
Structural engineering is the science and art of designingand making, with economy and elegance, buildings,
bridges, frameworks, and other structures so that they cansafely resist the forces to which they may be subjected.
The Structural Engineer,
Official Journal of the British Institute of
Structural Engineers
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Structural Engineering Process
Determine types magnitudes of loads Determine structural context
geometric and geological information cost / schedule / height/ etc. limitations
Generate alternative structural systems Analyze one or more alternatives
Select and perform detailed design
Implement (usually done by contractor)
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Types of loads
Dead loads Live loads
Dynamic loads (e.g., trains, equipment) Wind loads
Earthquake loads Thermal loads
Settlement loads
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Dead Loads
weight of the structure itself floors, beams, roofs, decks, beams/stringers,
superstructure
loads that are always there
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Live Loads
People, furniture, equipment Loads that may move or
change mass or weight Minimum design loadings
are usually specified in
the building code
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Load Example: Live Load in Ballroom
Live Load = 100 lb/ft^2Ballroom
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Dynamic Loads
Moving loads (e.g. traffic) Impact loads
Gusts of wind Loads due to cycling
machinery
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Load Example: Dynamic Load
HVAC
F
t
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Load Example: Water in a dam
Water,
= density
hp = gh
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Earthquake Loads
Structure loaded when base is shaken Response of structure is dependent on the
frequency of motion When frequencies match with natural
frequency of structure - resonance
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Load Example: Earthquake Load
Base Motion
Earthquake Load
Earthquake Load
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Settlement
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Some Types of Structures
Arch Planar Truss
Beam/Girder Braced Frame
Rigid Frame Space Truss
Cable Suspended Structure
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Arch
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Planar Truss
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Beam/Girder
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Frames
BracedRigid
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Cable Suspended Structure
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Cable Stayed Bridge
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Load Paths in Structures
Load Path is the term used to describe thepath by which loads are transmitted to the
foundations
Different structures have different load
paths
Some structures have only one path
Some have several (redundancy good)
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Load Path in Framed Structure
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Load Path in a Tied Arch
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Summary
Structural Engineering: identifies loads to be resisted
identifies alternatives for providing load paths
(arch, truss, frame, ...)
designs structure to provide safe and
economical load paths (material, size,connections)
to be economical and safe, we must be able to
predict what forces are in structure.
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