GCSE B453Leeds East Academy

Developing Physical Education Revision

D/S DEVELOPING SKILLS, TECHNIQUES AND MOTIVATION

The learning of skills through a range of methods

Copying Others

Trial and Error

Practice and Rehearsal

Role Modelling

D/S DEVELOPING SKILLS, TECHNIQUES AND MOTIVATION

Key Terms – In the MOOD to develop skillMotivation – The desire to succeed and improve

performanceOperant conditioning – A process in which the

performer amends their performance through positive or negative reinforcement.

Observational learning - Observational learning, also called social learning theory, occurs when an observer’s behaviour changes after viewing the behaviour of a model.

Demonstration – A response to the observation of a skilled performer.

D/S DEVELOPING SKILLS, TECHNIQUES AND MOTIVATION

Skills are best learnt when:Rewards

Their is positive

reinforcement

Sessions are

enjoyable

The skills are broken down into

sub-routines

Sessions are Fun

D/S The importance of different types of feedback

I/F E/F

K/R

K/P

If these are done effectively, therewill be an increaseIn motivation.

If these are done ineffectively, therewill be a decreaseIn motivation.

D/S The importance of different types of motivation

• Desire to win• Desire to be

successful• Desire to improve• Comes from within

Intrinsic

• External Factors• Coach, Family and

Friends• Money, medals and

trophies.

Extrinsic

D/S The importance of goal setting

Exercise adherence

Focus

Controlling Anxiety

Enabling Success

Performance

PEA FACE

erformancexercise Adherenceids Motivation

ocus

8.

nabling Success

ontrol Anxiety

llows Progress

GOAL - SETTING

Specific Measurable Achievable or agreed Realistic Time-phased Exciting Recorded.

Shape & Support -

importance of healthy posture.

Blood cell production;

importance of red blood cells for

energy/minerals.

Protection; importance of

healthy bones to avoid injury and allow sustained involvement in

physical activity.

Mineral store; importance of minerals for

health.

Movement/leverage;

importance of levers and joints

in facilitating movement.

P/M DEVELOPING PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CAPACITY

functions of the skeleton

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZxLfJRd4cs

Interactive Activity

http://prezi.com/wf9ppndiegyh/function-of-the-skeleton/

Associated problems with joints and how to avoid them through physical activity and healthy lifestyles:

Inflammation of joints Arthritis Osteoarthritis.

Application of these via practical examples.

Structure of joints and the value of healthy and efficient joints:

Ligament = Connects bone to bone Cartilage = Spongy tissue which protects Synovial fluid = Lubricant to allow smooth movement Tendon = Connects muscle to bone

Articulating Bones

Shoulder• Scapula• Humerus• Clavicle

Elbow• Humerus• Radius• Ulna

Knee• Tibia• Femur

Types of joint:

Hinge – elbow and knee: To enable effective movement – giving examples.

Movement = Contraction and extension Only

Ball and socket – shoulder: To enable effective movement – giving examples.

Movement = Contraction, extension, rotation,

abduction and adduction

Identify the Movements

Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction.

Application of these movements via practical examples.

Understanding the muscular system in relation to physical performance

Deltoid; Trapezius; Latissimus dorsi; Pectorals; Biceps; Triceps; Abdominals; Quadriceps; Hamstrings)

The roles of muscle in movement

Prime movers Antagonist Synergist Antagonistic pairs.

Candidates should be able to describe these roles and give applied practical examples of appropriate muscle groups that are used when participating in specific physical activities.

Role and function of tendons

The value of healthy and efficient muscles and tendons with associated problems and how to avoid them:

Soreness Strain Overuse Inflammation Tendonitis.

Key Terms aerobic respiration The chemical reaction in which energy is

released from glucose in the presence of oxygen. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water

anaerobic respiration The chemical reaction in which energy is released energy from glucose without oxygen. In performers, the glucose is partly broken down to form lactic acid with the release of a small amount of energy.

glucose A type of carbohydrate which is broken down to release energy during respiration and is produced by photosynthesis. Simple sugars are for immediate energy and complex starches are stored in liver and muscles as glycogen and released slowly.

lactic acid The substance produced in muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration, which occurs due to insufficient oxygen. It causes muscle fatigue. Also produced by some bacteria from lactose (milk sugar) in the production of yoghurt.

lungs Organs in which exchange of gases between air and blood takes place. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the organ through millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli which provide a large surface area for gas exchange.

oxygen debt The amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration. The lactic acid is produced when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the muscles following vigorous exercise. Light stretching and cool-down will speed up Lactate build-up in muscles.

The effects of lactic acid

Give applied examples of when lactic acid affects exercise and training and the ability to maintain physical activity, to enable participation in an active, healthy lifestyle. Anaerobic threshold

The anaerobic threshold, the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulates in the muscles, is considered to be somewhere between 80% and 90% of your maximum heart rate and is approximately 40 beats higher than the aerobic threshold. Your anaerobic threshold can be determined with anaerobic threshold testing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=hqj9MFkyzWM

P/M Mental Preparation

Control of emotions to enable fair play and to cope with stress.

The effects of mental preparation for performance:

Relaxation Focusing Raising confidence.

Application of these methods via practical examples.

Short term effects of an active, healthy lifestyle

Respiratory rate, tidal volume and minute volume

Heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume Muscle fatigue; increase in temperature.

Changes in blood-flow to muscles during exercise with identification of the vascular shunt mechanism.

Long term effects of an active, healthy lifestyle

Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output

Lung volumes and rate of recovery Increase in strength of muscle fibres;

hypertrophy; increased tolerance to lactic acid.

Application of these via practical examples.

Exercise and training principles that affect improving health and fitness

Identification and description of: Specificity Progression Overload = FITT Reversibility. Variance

Identification of the FITT principle and applied practical examples of how these might affect health and fitness

Frequency Intensity Time Type.

Definitions and examples of aerobic and anaerobic exercise and training

With O2 Both Without O2

Circuit training Flexibility training

Weight training Plyometrics

Continuous training

Fartlek Interval training.

Identifying potential hazards in a range of settings related to the role of participant, leader or official

The gymnasium/sports hall/fitness centre Playing field Artificial outdoor areas Court areas Outdoor adventurous areas.

Application of potential hazards via practical examples.

How to reduce risks and injuries

Minimising risks through knowledge of: Correct clothing/footwear Personal protective equipment Health and Safety procedures Lifting, carrying and placing equipment safely Appropriate level of competition Warm up and cool down The importance of personal hygiene to avoid

minor infections.

Opportunities, pathways and participation in Physical Education

Level of participation in sport and physical activity

Effects of media influences and promotional campaigns for an active, healthy lifestyle on levels of participation.

Application of these effects via practical examples.

Effects of sponsorship and availability of funds to follow an active, healthy lifestyle with applied practical examples.

Reasons for participation and non-participation in physical activities and following an active, healthy lifestyle

Local and national provision – examples of levels of provision locally and nationally in different physical activities and their impact on participation.

The roles of the following in promoting participation/leading/officiating in physical activities:

Local authority Private enterprise Voluntary organisations (clubs) National organisations (National Governing Bodies) Olympic organisations (International Olympic Committee;

British Olympic Association).

Current government initiatives to promote active, healthy lifestyles

Five hours of high-quality Physical Education and sport per week

One hour of physical activity per day Eating five fruit and vegetables per day.

What schools provide to influence young people to get involved in physical activity as part of a healthy lifestyle.

The role of the school in promoting an active, healthy lifestyle:

Examination courses/related qualifications Extra curricular Links with clubs/agencies Health awareness programmes.

Application of these using practical examples.