Gasification and Pyrolysis
Technologies
A J Grimshaw March A J Grimshaw March 08 08
[email protected]@energ.co.uk
Introduction
• Overview of Gasification and Pyrolysis • Key Attributes of the Technologies?• Technology Description• Feedstock Preparation Requirements• Emissions• ROC Status • Development Potential
Gasification And Pyrolysis - Overview
• ‘Gasification’ and ‘Pyrolysis’ describe a set of chemical reactions
• Both processes produce an energy carrying product stream comprising a liquid and a gas phase at ambient conditions.
• Both also produce a solid phase – char - which is a mixture of the ash content of the feed and carbon ‘deposited’ by the process.
• Both processes are covered by the Waste Incineration Directive ( WID )
• Both are classified as Advance Conversion Technologies ( ACT ) for ROC’s.
• Limited penetration into the waste sector • In general, technologies are suited to smaller scale
applications
Gasification And Pyrolysis - Definition
• Gasification
Sub stoichiometric combustion –( partial oxidation ) produces a product stream containing chemical energy in the form of hydrogen/carbon monoxide and methane.
The energy concentration in the product stream is low due to the high Nitrogen content
• Pyrolysis
Thermal decomposition in the absence of air – produces either a liquid ( low temperature ) or a gas
Liquid product stream consists of a mixture of complex chemicals but gas product streams can have higher energy content then those produced from gasification
What is Gasification?
What is Gasification?
• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis
What is Gasification?
• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis
• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide
What is Gasification?
• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis
• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide
• Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?
What is Gasification?
• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis
• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide
• Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?
• Is the equipment type important?
What is Gasification?
• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis
• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide
• Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?
• Is the equipment type important?
• Is direct combustion (close-coupled) of syngas gasification?
Energy From Waste Plant Utilising Gasification
8 Bag house filter 9 Filter residue silo10 Flue gas fan11 Chimney12 Bottom ash extraction13 Steam turbine14 Air cooled condenser
1 Fuel bunker 2 Fuel crane 3 Screw conveyer4 Primary chamber (Gasification)5 Secondary chamber (High temperature oxidation)6 Heat Recovery Steam generator (HRSG)7 Lime and carbon silo
2
1
10 8
7 9
6
5
4
3
11
1213
14
A Gasification Waste to Energy Plant – Providing Energy for Industry
Feedstock Requirements
• Effectiveness of processes requires high surface area and therefore floc or shredded materials are good
• Reasonable density ( > 0.3 ) to assist in mechanical handling into and through plant
• Water content less than 30% is typical for both waste and technology requirements
• Most processes have greater reliability if metals and hard solids are removed.
• Some technologies do require a greater degree of feed preparation.
Emissions
• ACT’s are ‘more precise’ in the reaction chemistry particularly in terms of temperature and gas residence time
• Therefore this process control can result in a product stream containing low thermally produced contaminants eg NOX
TÜV Emission Measurements 2003 at ENERGOS Plants
0,0 %
10,0 %
20,0 %
30,0 %
40,0 %
50,0 %
60,0 %
70,0 %
80,0 %
90,0 %
100,0 %
% o
f E
U lim
its
ROC Status
• ACTs ( Including AD ) qualify for ROCs
• ACT’s will qualify for ‘double ROCs’ after 1st April, 2009 if the energy content of the syngas is > 4MJ/m3
but only one ROC if > 2 < 4 MJ/m3
• ROC’s are only awarded for the energy derived from the renewable portion of the waste
• Determining the energy contribution from the renewable portion of the feed is difficult and to date this has meant that no ROCs have been awarded to thermal ACT’s
• An option to ‘deem’ or ‘declare’ at 50% has been proposed, but even this will require some confirmation.
Example of a Gasification Process
DUPLEX (TRANSPORT MECHANISM)
FEED PLUNGER
GILLOTINE (FUEL
THICKNESS ON GRATE)
SYNGAS= 0.5
H2 = 5% CH4 = 4%CO = 14% t 900 °C
SECONDARY AIR
RECIRCULATED FLUE GAS
O2 = 7%
t = 900°C to 1000°C
2 SEC @850°CWID
COMP
FLUEGAS
OIL COOLED GRATE
Development Potential
• ACT’s all produce a product stream containing chemical energy and therefore offer the opportunity to utilise this not only in a steam cycle but in potentially more efficient processes.
• Dedicated prime movers – I/C engines/turbines have been tried but with limited success outside of Japan – bankability??
• The product streams could be transported to an offsite, high effeciency process – particularly pyrolysis liquids
• Fuel cells and injection into the gas grid are also being evaluated
• However the most attractive, and lowest technology risk, is the development of CHP schemes
Advantages
The ENERGOS solution provides a number of advantages such as:
• A local based solution for local waste arisings
• Complements an integrated waste management system (does not discourage recycling)
• Reduces the need for transfer stations and bulk haulage
• Minimises the cost of pre-treating the feed waste
• Decreases cost of transport and their related emissions
• Reduces HGV traffic locally
• Creates long term skilled employment opportunities
• Small footprint and height (18m) means the building does not dominate the skyline.
• Dry APC means no visible plume.
* To be converted
Isle of Wight*Opened: 2000Waste: 30,000tEnergy: Elec.
Location of Plants
SarpsborgOpened: 2002Waste: 75,000tEnergy: Steam
MindenOpened: 2001Waste: 37,000tEnergy: Steam
RanheimOpened: 1997Waste: 10,000tEnergy: Steam
AverøyOpened: 2000Waste: 34,000tEnergy: Steam/Elec.
ForusOpened: 2002Waste: 38,000tEnergy: Steam/Elec.
HurumOpened: 2001Waste: 36,000tEnergy: Steam
Ranheim Plant- 1997
Plant Description• Pilot plant built with support from the Research
Council of Norway, the Department for the
Environment and the Norwegian Water
Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)
• Fuel capacity: 10,000 tonnes per year
• Energy production: 25 GWh per year
• Footprint 380 m2
• Fuel bunker capacity 560 m3
Ownership & Partners
• ENERGOS AS 100%
Waste Contracts
• Local commercial waste
• Paper waste from Peterson Ranheim Linerboard
Energy Contracts
• Peterson Ranheim Linerboard, a paper mill specializing in manufacturing paper from recycled
cardboard
Averøy Plant- 2000
Plant Description• First commercial plant• Partnership of local municipalities
(estimated population 66,000)• Fuel capacity: 34,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 65 GWh per year• Footprint 1200 m2
Ownership & Partners• ENERGOS AS 90%• NIR (community waste company) 10%
Waste Contracts• Municipal Solid Waste from Nordmøre
Interkommunale Renovasjonsselskap(NIR), a waste management networkcomprising of 11 local municipalities of which Kristiansund is the largest
• Local commercial waste
Energy Contracts• Steam for Skretting AS, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Nutreco
Group• Electricity for local grid
Hurum Plant- 2001
Plant Description• First plant under standard design• Fuel capacity: 36,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 90 GWh per year• Footprint 1200 m2
• Fuel bunker capacity 1300 m3
Ownership & Partners• Daimyo AS
Waste Contracts• Municipal Solid Waste ROAF, a waste
management company owned by severalmunicipalities north of Oslo
• Commercial waste from international flightsto Oslo Airport Gardermoen (OSL)
• Industrial waste (paper rejects) from HurumFabrikker, Sundal Eker, and Peterson Moss
Energy Contracts• Steam for Hurum Fabrikker AB, a paper manufacturer
Minden Plant- 2002
Plant Description• Turnkey supply with O&M• Fuel capacity: 37,000 tonnes
per year• Energy production: 110 GWh per year
Ownership & Partners• ENERGOS Deutschland GMBH 100%
(Owned by E.On group)
Waste Contracts• MSW (50%)• RDF / SRF (50%)
Energy Contracts• BASF PharmaChemikalien GMBH• Steam from the ENERGOS plant replaces 19 Million m3 of natural gas
Forus Plant- 2002
Plant Description• First plant with integrated pre-treatment• facilities• Fuel capacity: 38,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 86 GWh per year• Footprint 1200 m2
• Fuel bunker capacity 1300 m3
Ownership & Partners• Lyse Energi 44.5% and IVAR IKS 44.5%
Westco 11%
Waste Contracts• Residual Municipal Solid Waste from
IVAR IKS, a local waste collection
company• Local Commercial waste
Energy Contracts• Lyse Energi AS Steam for district
heating and electricity for the grid
Sarpsborg1 Plant- 2002
Plant Description• First double-line plant• Fuel capacity: 75,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 190 GWh per year• Footprint: 2100 m2
• Fuel bunker capacity: 2500 m3
Ownership & Partners• Østfold Energi AS 100%
Waste Contracts• Local municipal and industrial waste
Energy Contracts• Borregaard Fabrikker, a large Norwegian
industrial chemical firm Steam from theENERGOS plant replaces 20,000 tonnes offuel oil
ENER-G Group
The Group has 4 product areas and is organised into four divisions:
• COGENERATION - Decentralised electricity generation with waste heat recovery
• RENEWABLE ENERGY - Produced from landfill biogas and including mines gas
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY - Intelligent energy management
• ENERGY FROM WASTE - Energy recovery from waste residues
Associated Companies:
• Biogas Technology – landfill gas systems and flares
• EcoMethane – CO2 trading. CDM projects in developing
countries in conjunction with Renewable Energy
ENER-G Group
International Operations
• Based in UK – ECPL, ENPL, EE, UAL & EfW
• Subsidiary in Netherlands – Nedalo ENER•G BV
• Subsidiary in Poland – ENER•G Polska
• Subsidiary in Norway – ENERGOS AS
Joint Ventures
• Spain – Hera ENER-G S.A.
• South Africa – ENER-G Systems pte
Agents
• Northern Ireland (AC Automation Limited)
• Republic of Ireland (Temp Technology Limited)
• Spain (Icogen SA)
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