Galen’s Theory of the Four Galen’s Theory of the Four TemperamentsTemperaments(130-200 A.D.) (130-200 A.D.)
Blood – Cheerful, sanguine, warm-hearted, volatile
Black Bile – Sad, Melancholic
Yellow Bile – Fiery, Quick-Tempered, Person of Action
Phlegm – Slow Moving, Cautious, Phlegmatic
When are Traits Good Predictors of When are Traits Good Predictors of Behavior?Behavior?
When they are specific and limited
When an individual is extreme on the trait
Traits predict general behavior over time better than single instances
More specific situations help make traits better predictors
The influence of any personality trait can be overpowered by strong situations
The Metatrait HypothesisThe Metatrait Hypothesis
Personalities of different individuals contain different clusters of traits, so that traits that are important for you (self-schematic traits) are more useful than traits that are not relevant to you (aschematic traits)
The “Big Five” Personality The “Big Five” Personality TraitsTraitsExtraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness (Will to Achieve)
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Openness to Experience
The Measurement of The Measurement of PersonalityPersonality
OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY
Global Measures – MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
Specific Measures – Locus of Control
PROJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY
EXAMPLES:
Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test
The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test
The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test
The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test
Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)(TAT)
Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)(TAT)
Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)(TAT)
Sigmund Freud & Sigmund Freud & PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Freud: 1856-1939
Freud’s View of Human Freud’s View of Human NatureNatureMotivation due to the Pleasure PrincipleWe are driven to action by instincts
◦ Eros: The Sex Instinct Libido – Psychic energy associated with the sex
instinct.
◦ Thanatos: The Death InstinctPsychic Determinism: Nothing happens
by chanceThe Unconscious: Part of the personality
that is inaccessible to the person
Freud’s View of Human Freud’s View of Human NatureNature
Freud’s Model of the Freud’s Model of the PersonalityPersonality Id
◦ Entirely unconscious◦ Irrational, impulsive, selfish◦ No conception of reality or morality◦ Primary Process Thought
Ego◦ Develops around 6-8 months◦ Sane & rational; The Reality Principle◦ Secondary Process Thought◦ Anxiety is the Ego’s response to threats
Superego◦ Morality; internalizes rules; sense of right and
wrong◦ Ego Ideal – what person would like to be◦ Punishes with guilt
Psychosexual Stages of Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentDevelopmentOral Stage ( Lasts for first12-18 months)Anal Stage (1-1.5 years through age 3 or so)Phallic Stage (about 3 until about 6)
◦ Oedipus ComplexLatency Stage ( 6 until puberty)Genital Stage (puberty through adulthood)
Anxiety & Defense Anxiety & Defense MechanismsMechanisms Repression- Ego keeps impulses from consciousness Denial- Refuse to perceive reality Displacement- Substitute acceptable for unacceptable
things Sublimation- Rechannel impulses to creative, socially
acceptable behavior Projection- Attribute one’s own undesirable
characteristics to others Reaction Formation- Behave opposite to impulses Rationalization- Justify through excuses Intellectualization- Dissociate from feelings; focus on
logic Undoing- Perform desirable act to make up for
undesirable one Compromise Formation- Use contradictory behaviors
to gain satisfaction from undesirable impulse
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisGoal: Seek insight into the
unconscious, achieve catharsis & release from tension
Tools of Psychoanalysis:◦ Hypnosis◦ Free Association◦ Analysis of Dreams
Other Influential People in Other Influential People in PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisCarl Jung (1875-1961)Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Karen Horney (1885-1952)Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)Otto Rank (1884-1945)
Carl Jung (1875-1961)Carl Jung (1875-1961)Psychic energy still an outcome of conflict
between opposing forces in personality, but it is not all about sex.
There is a personal AND collective unconscious◦ Instincts & Archetypes
The Persona The Shadow The Animus & Anima
His “Theory of Psychological Types” is very influential in psychology today; the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Developed advanced techniques for the interpretation of dreams.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Alfred Adler (1870-1937) He called his system “Individual Psychology” An Individual’s Goals direct his or her behavior
◦ Striving for perfection & completion◦ Overcoming feelings of inferiority & striving for superiority
Organ Inferiority Masculine Protest Inferiority Complex
Social Interest Style of Life Early Childhood Experiences are Critical for
Development◦ Parenting Style (pampering vs. neglect) determine style of
life◦ Birth Order is a critical variable
Goals of Psychotherapy: To promote a socially interested style of life & overcome feelings of inferiority◦ Uses standard psychoanalytic techniques, especially dream
interpretation
Third Force PsychologyThird Force PsychologyA Reaction against determinism of
Behaviorism & Psychoanalysis◦ Human behavior is NOT determined◦ Humans are free to choose their own existence
A Combination of Humanistic & Existential Psychology
Focus is on helping healthy individuals achieve full potential
Humanistic Psychology: People are innately good; We strive to actualize our inner potential
Existential Psychology: We need to create meaning in our life and “Take charge”
Third Force PsychologyThird Force PsychologyFamous Third-Force Psychologists
◦Martin Heidegger (Existential)◦Rollo May (Humanistic)◦Erich Fromm (Existential)
Psychopathology results from cultural forces that prevent us from creating meaning
◦Abraham Maslow (Humanistic) Psychopathology results from failure to
satisfy needs (especially self-actualization needs)
◦Carl Rogers (Humanistic) Psychopathology results from a lack of
positive self-regard created by “conditions of worth”
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