- 1.CHAPTER 4 Socioemotional Development in Infancy
2. Differential Emotions Theory
- Emotional expressions reflect both emotional experiences and
help the regulation of emotions themselves
- Caution & wariness shown by infants when encountering
someone unfamiliar
- Distress infants display when the usual caregiver leaves
- Smiling in reference to other persons
3. 3 Types of Crys
- Starts softly, then gradually becomes more intense &
usually occurs when a baby is hungry or tired
- More intense version of basic cry
- Begins w/sudden, long burst of crying, followed by a long
pause, & gasping
- Determine why baby is crying: hunger, wet, physical
discomfort
- If crying persists, physical contact can help; pick up to
shoulder & rock and walk
- Being upright, restrained, & in physical contact helps calm
babies
- Swaddling is also helpful
4. Experiencing Others Feelings
- Looking to the emotional responses of caregivers or other
adults when in an unfamiliar setting for cues to interpret the
situation
- Search others facialexpressions & imitates it
- Occurs in ambiguous oruncertain situations
5. Recognizing & Using Others Emotions
- Infants Recognize Others Emotions by 4 Months
- By 6 months can distinguish facial expression associated with
particular emotions
- Infants often match their own emotions to other peoples
emotions
6. Temperament
- Consistent style or pattern of behavior
- The strength of an infants emotional response to a situation,
the ease w/which it is triggered, & the easewith which the
infant returns to a nonemotional state
- The tempo & vigor of a childs activity
- A preference for being with other people
7. Hereditary & Environmental Contributions to
Temperament
- Recent research sees morphological connection:
- Infants & toddlers w/narrower faces are upset by novel
stimulation
- Often they become shy preschoolers
- Brain & facial skeleton originate in the same set of cells
in prenatal development
- Genes influence levels of hormones that affect both facial
growth & temperament
- Environment also contributes to temperament
- Positive emotional experiences produce a generally happy
child
8. Stability of Temperament
- Temperament somewhat stable in infancy & toddler
- Active fetus likely to be active infant & likely to be
difficult, unadaptive infant
- Some infants predisposed to be sociable, emotional, or
active
- Others act this way due to parental influences
- Infants temperament may determine parental experiences
9. Categorizing Temperament
- Positive disposition & adaptable
- Negative moods & slow to adapt
- Inactive & relatively calm in their reactions to the
environment & slow to adapt
- Moods are generally negative & withdraws from new
situations
- Withdraws from social situations & is anxious in new
situations
- Importance of Temperament
- Some temperaments are more adaptive than others
- Some temperaments are weakly related to attachment
- Cultural differences have a major influence on certain
temperaments
- Biological Basis of Temperament
- Temperament excites the limbic system, especially the
amygdala
10. Development of the Self
- Culture affects self-recognition
- Knowledge & beliefs of how the mind works & how it
influences behavior
- Capacity to understand anothersintentions grows during
infancy
- Experiencing anothers feelings
11. Growth of Attachment
- Baby may or may not cry when mother leaves, but when she
returns, baby wants to be with her & if crying, he stops
- Baby is not upset when mother leaves, when she returns, may
ignore by looking or turning away
- Baby is upset when mother leaves & remains upset or even
angry when she returns, & is difficult to console
- Disorganized (Disoriented) Attachment -
- Baby seems confused when the mother leaves & when she
returns, as if not really understanding whats happening
12. Trust & Attachment
- Eriksons Psychosocial Development
- Basic Trust vs Mistrust (Birth 1 year)
- Sense of trust in oneself & others is foundation of human
development
- With proper balance of trust & mistrust, infants acquire
hope
- Openness to new experience tempered by wariness that discomfort
& danger may arise
13. Trust & Attachment
- Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1 to 3 years)
- Child begins to understand he can control his own actions
- Begins to strive for autonomy (independence) from others
- Autonomy counteracted by doubt about ability to handle
demanding situations that may result in failure
- Blend of autonomy, shame, & doubt produces will
- Knowledge that, within limits, he can act on his world
intentionally
- Initiative vs Guilt (3 5 years)
- Begins identification w/adults & parents
- Play begins to have a purpose as children explore adult
roles
- Begins to ask questions re: the world & look at
possibilities for himself
- Initiative moderated by guild as child realizes initiative may
place him in conflict w/others & cant pursue goals without
considering others
- Realizes a sense of purpose
- balance between individual initiative & willingness to
cooperate w/others
14. Vygotskys Theory
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Difference between what a child can do with assistance &
what he does alone
- Cognition develops first in a social setting & gradually
comes under the childs independent control
- Teaching style in which adults adjust the amount of assistance
they offer, based on the learners needs
- Early in learning a new task much assistance is needed
- Defining characteristic of scaffolding: Giving help but not
more than is needed
15. Reciprocal Socialization
- Bidirectional socialization where children socialize parents,
just as parents socialize children
- Scaffolding occurs in the parents interactions with their
children
16. Gender Roles & Gender Identity
- Beliefs & images about males & females that may or may
not be true
- By elementary school gender stereotypes are learned
17. Variations in Childcare
- Many children have multiple caregivers
- Maternity, Paternity, Parental, Child rearing, &
Family
- Socioeconomic factors are linked to the amount & type of
childcare
- Group size, child-adult ratio, environment, caregiver
experience & behavior
- Family & Parenting Influences