Four Types ofFour Types ofOrganic MoleculesOrganic Molecules
Made by cellsMade by cells
Contains carbonContains carbon
Importance of CarbonImportance of Carbon
Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest is composed mainly of carbon compounds.is composed mainly of carbon compounds.Proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, and other Proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, and other molecules are compounds of carbon molecules are compounds of carbon bonded to other elements.bonded to other elements.Carbon often bonds to H, O, N, S, and P in Carbon often bonds to H, O, N, S, and P in organic compounds.organic compounds.
Properties of CarbonProperties of Carbon
Has four valence electrons; can form Has four valence electrons; can form covalent bonds with four other atoms covalent bonds with four other atoms ((tetravalencetetravalence))
Carbon bonded to four atoms forms a Carbon bonded to four atoms forms a tetrahedron-shaped molecule.tetrahedron-shaped molecule.
Carbon can form single, double, or triple Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms.bonds with other atoms.
Carbon chains form the backbone of most Carbon chains form the backbone of most organic molecules.organic molecules.Chains can be straight, branched, or Chains can be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings.arranged in closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain carbon and Hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen only, and are hydrophobic. H—C hydrogen only, and are hydrophobic. H—C and C—C bonds are nonpolar.and C—C bonds are nonpolar.Hydrocarbons make up fossil fuels, and Hydrocarbons make up fossil fuels, and parts of cellular organic molecules such as parts of cellular organic molecules such as fats and phospholipids.fats and phospholipids.
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates- used as fuel and - used as fuel and building materialbuilding material
2. Lipids2. Lipids-energy storage-energy storage
3. Proteins3. Proteins-structure, movement, enzymes-structure, movement, enzymes
4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids-store and transmit -store and transmit hereditary information.hereditary information.
All four are All four are macromoleculesmacromolecules because of because of their large size.their large size.
The largest The largest MacromoleculesMacromoleculesare called are called polymerspolymers
Created by linking Created by linking smaller subunits smaller subunits called called monomersmonomers..
Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water
Monomers are linked together by covalent bonds
Dehydration
Dehydrationreaction
Unlinkedmonomer
Short polymer
Longer polymer
HydrolysisPolymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water
Breaks covalent bonds between monomers
Hydrolysis
1.1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
monosaccharidesmonosaccharides - one ring sugars - one ring sugars glucose, galactose and fructoseglucose, galactose and fructose
* A 6-carbon sugar
* The sugar in our blood
* A 5-carbon sugar
* the sugar that sweetens fruit
* A 6-carbon sugar * Found in peas.
Diabetes Disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production
Monitored with blood glucose device.
disaccharidesdisaccharides - two monosaccharides (2 ring - two monosaccharides (2 ring sugar)sugar)Glucose + fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose + glucose = Maltose (malt sugar)
Lactose intolerant If the enzyme lactase is not present, the body is unable to break down lactose. Allowing it to reach the large intestines. Normally, sugars do not reach the large intestine. This is what causes a stomach ache!
polysaccharidespolysaccharides - long chains of repeating units of - long chains of repeating units of monosaccharides, these are energy storing monosaccharides, these are energy storing molecules or structural moleculesmolecules or structural molecules
Energy:Energy:starch starch (plants produce for a storage molecule.)(plants produce for a storage molecule.) glycogenglycogen (storage molecule in muscle and liver cells.) (storage molecule in muscle and liver cells.)
Structural:Structural:chitin (used by insects and crustaceans to build an
exoskeleton.)cellulosecellulose (plants produce for cell wall construction.) (plants produce for cell wall construction.)
indigestible because we lack enzymes to break it down.indigestible because we lack enzymes to break it down.
Starch, Cellulose & GlycogenStarch, Cellulose & Glycogen
All the sugars are oriented in the same direction
Every other sugar molecule is "upside-down
Branched or "forked"
Review Q:Review Q:
Polymers of carbohydrates are all Polymers of carbohydrates are all synthesized from monomers bysynthesized from monomers by
A)A)the joining of disaccharides.the joining of disaccharides.
B)B)hydrolysis.hydrolysis.
C)C)dehydration synthesis.dehydration synthesis.
D)D)ionic bonding between monomersionic bonding between monomers
E)E)cohesion.cohesion.
2.2. ProteinProteinMade ofMade of a long chain of amino acidsa long chain of amino acidsMake up 50% of cellular dry weightMake up 50% of cellular dry weight
Amino acids (building blocks)
Have an amino group and a carboxyl group
Also a chemical group symbolized by R
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Aminogroup
Peptidebond
Dipeptide
Dehydrationreaction
Carboxylgroup
Amino acid Amino acid
– Dehydration reaction links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid
– The covalent linkage resulting is called a peptide bond
Proteins function as…Proteins function as…
SupportSupport keratin for hair and nails & collagen for keratin for hair and nails & collagen for
ligaments, tendons, skinligaments, tendons, skin
Proteins function as…Proteins function as…
EnzymesEnzymes to speed up reactions to speed up reactions
Example: Example: AmylaseAmylase is an enzyme in saliva is an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch into glucose monomers.that breaks starch into glucose monomers.
Saliva Identification - AmylaseSaliva
TransportTransport across cell membranes across cell membranes HemoglobinHemoglobin
DefenseDefense from infection from infection AntibodiesAntibodies
HormonesHormones Insulin Insulin
Proteins function as…Proteins function as…
Insulin is a hormone that helps your body use glucose.
ProteinProteinstructure is structure is key to their key to their ability to ability to function.function.
**A protein can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality..
Review Q:Review Q:
The linkage between the monomers of The linkage between the monomers of proteins are identified asproteins are identified as
A)A)Peptide bondsPeptide bonds
B)B)Glycosidic linkagesGlycosidic linkages
C)C)Ionic bondsIonic bonds
D)D)Covalent bondsCovalent bonds
E)E)Ester linkagesEster linkages
Review Q:Review Q:
Which two functional groups are always Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?found in amino acids?
A) Carboxyl and sulfhydrylA) Carboxyl and sulfhydryl
B) Carbonyl and carboxylB) Carbonyl and carboxyl
C) Carboxyl and aminoC) Carboxyl and amino
D) Alcohol and aldehydeD) Alcohol and aldehyde
E) Ketone and sulfhydrylE) Ketone and sulfhydryl
3.3. Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsStores informationStores information
Two types:Two types:
DNADNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)(deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA RNA (ribonucleic acid)(ribonucleic acid)
NucleotidesNucleotides are are the building the building
blocks of blocks of Nucleic acids.Nucleic acids.
HydrophobicHydrophobic – Will not mix with water – Will not mix with water
Types of Lipids:Types of Lipids: Phospholipids Phospholipids - form cell membranes - form cell membranes
4.4. Lipids Lipids
The polar heads are towards the water, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the cell.
SteroidsSteroids cell messengers cell messengers examples: testosterone, estrogen examples: testosterone, estrogen
WaxesWaxes protection & waterproofingprotection & waterproofing
TriglyceridesTriglycerides fats and oils fats and oils fats are made of chains of fats are made of chains of fatty acidsfatty acids
Saturated & UnsaturatedSaturated & Unsaturated
SaturatedSaturated - no double bonds - no double bonds solid at room temperaturesolid at room temperature
UnsaturatedUnsaturated - have double bonds - have double bonds liquid at room temperatureliquid at room temperature
Review Q:Review Q:
Which macromolecule is the main Which macromolecule is the main component of cell membranes?component of cell membranes?
A)A)GlucoseGlucose
B)B)SteroidsSteroids
C)C)CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
D)D)PhospholipidsPhospholipids
E)E)DNADNA
Review Q:Review Q:Which of the following macromolecules below Which of the following macromolecules below could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, or involved in cell movement or or involved in cell movement or communication?communication?
A)A)Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsB)B)ProteinsProteinsC)C)LipidsLipidsD)D)CarbohydratesCarbohydratesE)E)MineralsMinerals
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