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Page 1: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve
Page 2: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

First, the more frequent land conflicts and

disputes occurring in most parts of

Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

various parties both among/between certain

governmental institution and the people,

between people and institutions and the

people, between people and investors,

among/between governmental institution,or

among the people themselves. The disputes

can also take place in almost all sectors;

industries,tourism, mining, forestry, etc.

.

Page 3: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Second, land ownership and land tenure are concentrated in

the hands of a small group of people. In rural areas this

concentration of land tenure can be seen from the results of

agricultural censuses of the last few decades. The

agriculture census of 1993 shows that 69% of agricultural

landwas under the control of 16% of rural households while

31% of agricultural land is controlled by small and landless

farmers, which contribute to 84% of rural households. On

the other hand, in the last three decades, the average size

of land tenure of agricultural household’s is decreasing,

namely from 1.05 hectare in 1983 to 0.74 hectare in 1993,

and this number is predicted to be falling sharply in

agriculture census in 2003.

Meanwhile, an illustration of the concentration of land

ownership and landholding in urban areas can be seen

through the increasing number of poor groups who get

marginalized and even have lost their land for the various

interest of the development. This is related to the urban

planning that does not give enough access for the poor

people group to share the benefit of land use conversion.

Page 4: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Third, the weak legal guarantee over land can

be seen through the lack of protection of

people’s rights over land, especially the poor

group. In the last couple of years there have

been processes of land takeover, including

the ulayat land controlled by a certain

indigenous group, or various needs without

sufficient protection.

During the economic crisis, the occupation of

land thathad been registered of provided its

rights occurred in both rural and urban areas.

Such condition at lastgives rise to poverty

that is accompanied with social and political

turbulence in the society

Page 5: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Istilah land reform mempunyai arti yang sangat luas. Di dalam artikelnya Toward a Theory of Land Reform, Michael Lipton menunjukkan, jika kita mencoba untuk membuat definisi land reform maka akan menimbulkan tiga masalah yaitu:

They may be insufficient … and an insufficient definition of land reform permits something not correctly or normally counted as land reform to slip in.

Definitions may be more than sufficient … A more than sufficient definition of land reform excludes something correctly or normally counted as land reform.

A definition can be plain wrong, specifying characteristic that do not really belong to the object defined, … A plain wrong definition of land reform would both exclude things that should be out

Page 6: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

H. Beers: “In Law it is property; in political science it is

source of power and strategy; in economics it is a factor of production and a form of capitals; in social psychology it is personalised guarantor of security; in anthropology it is an item of culture and impart of social system; in agriculture it means basically the soil; to geographers land can mean most of these things, but most of all perhaps surface of land use”

Page 7: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Karena pengertiannya luas, land reform diartikan berbeda-beda menurut pengertian tertentu yang berlainan pada setiap disiplin. Tetapi Russel King menunjukkan bahwa pada umumnya perbedaan pengertian dan definisi menyoroti 2 pengertian secara umum:

a. Land reform is invariably a more or less direct, publicly controlled change in the existing character of land ownership.

b. It normally attempts a diffusion of wealth, and productive capacity

Page 8: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Dalam kasus-kasus tanah land reform, dikenal dengan agrarian reform sekedar untuk memberikan pengertian perubahan dalam gambaran secara menyeluruh.

Sebaliknya, beberapa fihak menerjemahkan land reform secara sempit dan tradisional yaitu sebagai alat untuk mengadakan penyediaan tanah bagi penggarap , yang biasanya dikenal sebagai redistribusi tanah atau dianggap sebagai “land reform in practice

Page 9: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

1. Menurut PBB agrarian reform mencakup hal sebagai berikut

:

2. Land tenure, the legal customary system under which land

is owned;

3. The redistribution of ownership of farm property between

large estate and peasant farms of various sizes;

4. Land tenancy, the system under which land is operated its

product divided between operator and owner;

5. The organisation of credit, production and marketing;

6. The mechanism through which agriculture is financed;

7. The burdens imposed on rural population by government in

the form of taxation;

8. The services supplied by government to rural populations

such as technical advice, educational facilities, health

services, water supply and communication

Page 10: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Land Reform secara luas di Indonesia adalah berupa Agrarian Reform (“Panca Program”), yaitu:

1. Pelaksanaan pembaharuan hukum agraria, melalui unifikasi hukum

yang berkonsepsi nasional dan pemberian jaminan kepastian hukum; 2. Penghapusan terhadap segala macam hak-hak asing dan konsesi-

konsesi kolonial atas tanah; 3. Diakhirinya kekuasaan para tuan tanah dan para feodal atas tanah

yang telah banyak melakukan pemerasan terhadap rakyat melalui penguasaan tanah secara berangsur-angsur;

4. Perombakan mengenai pemilikan dan penguasaan tanah serta berbagai hubungan-hubungan hukum yang berkaitan dengan pengusahaan atas tanah dalam mewujudkan pemerataan kemakmuran dan keadilan;

5. Perencanaan persediaan, peruntukan bumi, air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya serta penggunaannya secara terencana sesuai dengan daya dukung dan kemampuannya.

Page 11: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

merupakan tindakan-tindakan dalam rangka Agrarian Reform Indonesia,

melakukan perombakan mengenai pemilikan dan penguasaan tanah serta berbagai hubungan-hubungan hukum yang berkaitan dengan pengusahaan atas tanah (termuat dalam butir 4 diatas).

Selanjutnya dalam pengkajian ini istilah Land Reform akan digunakan dalam cara yang lebih terbatas yang mengarah ke program Pemerintah menuju pemerataan kembali pemilikan dan pengusahaan tanah.

Page 12: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Dewan Pertimbangan Agung-RI dalam usulnya tentang “Perombakan hak tanah dan

penggunaan tanah menyatakan, bahwa land reform bertujuan: “agar masyarakat adil dan makmur dapat terselenggara dan khususnya taraf hidup tani meninggi dan taraf hidup seluruh rakyat jelata meningkat”.

Selanjutnya land reform bertujuan untuk: “memperkuat dan memperluas pemilikan tanah untuk seluruh rakyat Indonesia, terutama kaum petani”

Page 13: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Menteri Agraria Sadjarwo dalam pidatonya tanggal 12 September 1960 yang mengantarkan RUU Pokok Agraria di muka sidang Pleno DPR-GR menyatakan bahwa tujuan Land Reform di Indonesia adalah:

1. untuk mengadakan pembagian yang adil atas sumber penghidupan rakyat tani berupa tanah, dengan

maksud agar ada pembagian hasil yang adil pula, dengan merombak struktur pertanahan sama sekali secara revolusioner, guna merealisir keadilan sosial;

2. untuk melaksanakan prinsip “tanah untuk tani”, agar tidak terjadi lagi tanah sebagai obyek spekulasi dan alat pemerasan;

3. untuk memperkuat dan memperluas hak milik atas tanah bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan yang berfungsi sosial. Suatu pengakuan dan perlindungan terhadap privaat bezit, yaitu hak milik sebagai hak yang terkuat, bersifat perorangan dan turun temurun, tetapi berfungsi sosial;

4. untuk mengakhiri sistem tuan tanah dan menghapuskan pemilikan dan penguasaan tanah secara besar-besaran dengan tak terbatas, dengan menyelenggarakan batas maksimum dan batas minimum untuk tiap keluarga. Dengan demikian mengikis sistem liberalisme dan kapitalisme atas tanah dan memberikan perlindungan terhadap golongan ekonomi lemah;

5. untuk mempertinggi produksi nasional dan mendorong terselenggaranya pertanian yang intensif secara gotong royong dalam bentuk koperasi dan bentuk gotong royong lainnya, untuk mencapai kesejahteraan yang merata dan adil, dibarengi dengan sistem perkreditan yang khusus ditujukan kepada golongan tani.

Page 14: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

Presiden Soekarno dalam Pidato JAREK (Jalannya Revolusi Kita), yaitu pidato tanggal 17 Agustus 1960, menyatakan mengenai land reform :

1. “Melaksanakan land reform berarti melaksanakan

satu bagian yang mutlak dari Revolusi Indonesia. Revolusi Indonesia tanpa land reform adalah sama saja dengan omong besar tanpa isi”.

2. Di dalamnya disitir pernyataan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa bahwa: “defects in agrarian structure, and in particular system of land tenure, prevent a rise in the standard of living of small farmers and agricultural labourers and impede economic development” (Keburukan-keburukan dalam susunan pertanahan, dan terutama sekali keburukan-keburukan dalam cara-cara pengolahan tanah, menghalangi naiknya tingkat hidup si tani kecil dan si buruh pertanian, dan menghambat kemajuan ekonomi).

Page 15: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

1. Landasan Idiil: Pancasila

2. Landasan Konstitusional: Pasal 33 ayat 3 UUD 1945

3. Landasan Operasional:

4. Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) pasal 7, 10, 13, 15, 17 dan 53;

5. Undang-Undang (UU) nomor 56/Prp/1960 tentang Penetapan Luas Tanah

Pertanian;

6. UU nomor 2/1960 tentang Perjanjian Bagi Hasil Tanah Pertanian;

7. Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) nomor 224/1961 tentang Pelaksanaan Pembagian

Tanah dan Pemberian Ganti Rugi;

8. PP nomor 41/1964 tentang Perubahan dan tambahan PP nomor 224/1961;

9. PP nomor 4/1977 tentang Pemilikan Tanah Pertanian secara Guntai

(Absentee) Bagi Para Pensiunan Pegawai Negeri;

10. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri (PMDN) nomor 15/1974 tentang Pedoman

Tindak Lanjut Pelaksanaan Land Reform;

11. Instruksi Presiden (Inpres) nomor 13 tahun 1980 tentang Pedoman

Pelaksanaan UU no. 2/1960;

12. Keputusan Presiden (Keppres) nomor 54/1980 tentang Kebijaksanaan

Pencetakan Sawah;

13. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) nomor 3/1991 tentang

Pengaturan Penguasaan Tanah dan Obyek Land Reform Secara Swadaya;

14. UU nomor 24/1992 tentang Tata Ruang;

Page 16: First, the more frequent land conflicts and - FHUI GUIDE · First, the more frequent land conflicts and disputes occurring in most parts of Indonesia. These land disputes can involve

1. Larangan penguasaan tanah melebihi batas

maksimum;

2. Larangan pemilikan tanah secara guntai/absentee;

3. Redistribusi tanah-tanah yang selebihnya dari batas

maksimum, tanah-tanah yang terkena larangan

“absentee”, tanah-tanah bekas Swapraja dan tanah-

tanah Negara;

4. Pengaturan soal pengembalian dan penebusan tanah-

tanah pertanian yang digadaikan;

5. Pengaturan kembali perjanjian bagi hasil tanah

pertanian; dan

6. Penetapan luas minimum pemilikan tanah pertanian

dan larangan melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan yang

menyebabkan terpecahnya pemilikan tanah-tanah

pertanian menjadi bagian-bagian yang terlampau

kecil.