AD Gajjar

Inspired By Matthew Jones

Production Phases

There are three phases of production common to most professionally produced motion pictures. These are:

Preproduction phaseProduction phasePostproduction phase

Preproduction Phase In general, the

preproduction phase encompasses all aspects of preparation that are performed before the camera starts to roll. Some aspects of preproduction include:

ScreenwritingStoryboardingFundingAssembling a crewCastingCostume DesignLocation ScoutingSet DesignProperties (“props”)Scheduling

Preproduction phase

Screenplay/Script: The screenplay supplies the general plan for the production of a film. There are two types:

The “spec” scriptThe “shooting” script

Preproduction Phase The “Spec” (Speculation) Script is the

version of a screenplay that writers distribute to producers in the hope that it will be “optioned” (i.e. considered for production). It primarily contains:Slug-Line (brief description of the setting, e.g.

“INT. ROOM – DAY” which means the interior of a room during the day)

Business (descriptions of characters/action)Dialog (the lines intended to be spoken by the

actors)

Preproduction Phase

The Shooting Script is a much more detailed version of the spec script that includes numbered scenes, specific camera angles and other technical information. An example of a page from a shooting script (from the film Pieces by Andrew Halasz shot here at William Paterson) can be seen on the next slide.

Preproduction Phase

Writing a screenplay and analyzing a film narrative require an awareness of similar concepts:CharacterConflictActionStoryPlot

Preproduction Phase

CharacterAgent of physical and social actionSubject to physical and social actionSubject to needs and desiresSubject to social norms, mores, and laws

Preproduction Phase In an instructional book on screenwriting,

Syd Field (1979) divides character into interior and exterior aspects. Viewers of a film don’t have access to the character’s interior life and so it must be expressed in the exterior life through actions taken in professional, personal, and private contexts. One pursuit of narrative analysis is the interpretation of character motives based on action.

Preproduction Phase

Preproduction Phase

ConflictThe source of narrative conflict is the needs

and desires of the character when they are met with oppositional forces. There are three basic types of narrative conflict:○ Character versus Nature (i.e. the physical

world)○ Character versus Character○ Character versus Self

Preproduction Phase

ActionIn a film narrative, a character is expressed

through his/her actions in responding to a conflict. Two overlapping types of character action are:○ Social Action (e.g. dialog, communicative

behavior)○ Physical Action (e.g. stunts, athletic behavior)

Preproduction Phase

StoryCooper & Dancyger (1994) define a story as

“any narration of events or incidents that relates how something happened to someone. The ‘someone’ will be considered the main character of a story, and, if the element of causality is added to the telling of how something happened to that character, the story will then be considered to have a plot” (p. 3).

Preproduction Phase

StoryThe Russian formalists made a distinction

between “fabula” and “syuzhet”:○ Fabula: The story as it occurs in its natural,

chronological sequence from beginning to end.

○ Syuzhet: The sequence in which events are presented in the telling of the story (the plot).

Preproduction Phase

StoryThere are a limited number of relevant

stories to be told because there are a limited number of human emotions and experiences. Plots, however, are limitless because emotions and experiences can elicited at in an infinite number of ways.

Preproduction Phase

StoryMyths or fairy tales are an excellent starting

point for the construction of a plot because they tap into the reservoir of unconscious, archetypal human experiences. As Cooper & Dancyger (1994) point out:○ “In most cases, the archetypal form of the

story remains, while the meaning and the underlying myth changes in response to the pressure of changes in society” (p. 5).

Preproduction Phase

Plot Syd Field (1982) describes the

construction of a screenplay according to three acts:

1. Setup

2. Confrontation

3. Resolution. A diagram of these three acts is available

on the next slide.

Preproduction Phase

Preproduction Phase

Plot Act I

○ According to Field (1982), the first act (or setup) must be directed toward arriving at the first “plot point” and accomplish three tasks within the first 30 pages or so. These are…1. Set up the story.

2. Introduce the main character.

3. State the dramatic premise.

4. Establish the situation.

Preproduction Phase

PlotPlot Point I

○ Field (1982) defines a “plot point” as “an incident or event that ‘hooks’ into the action and spins it around into another direction” (p. 192). In other words, the first plot point is an event that serves as a segue between the setup and the confrontation.

Preproduction Phase

PlotAct II

○ Just as the first acted is directed toward the goal of arriving at the first plot point, the second act must be directed toward arriving at the second plot point. The task of the second act is to show the confrontations that stand between the protagonist and his/her goal in approximately 60 pages.

Preproduction Phase

PlotPlot Point II

○ Similar to the first plot point, the second one is an event that segues between Act II and Act III. However, in this case, the event brings the events of the narrative back on track for the third act, leading to the climax of the film.

Preproduction Phase

PlotAct III

○ Act three completes the narrative paradigm by bringing the protagonist from confrontation to ultimate resolution. Just as Act I was directed toward arriving at plot point 1, and Act II was directed toward arriving toward plot point 2, Act III is directed toward arriving at the resolution.

Preproduction Phase

Plot Cooper & Dancyger (1994) suggest two

basic plot structures for the short film:1. The Journey Structure: In which the

protagonist sets out in pursuit of a goal.

2. The Ritual Occasion Structure: In which “adventure finds the main character in his or her situation” (p. 8).

Preproduction Phase Storyboarding: A storyboard is a series

of drawings intended to represent how the film will be shot, including how each frame will be composed and how subject and camera motion will occur.The storyboard articulates the mise-en-

scene of the film.○ Mise-en-scene: All of the elements that

compose the shot.

Preproduction Phase Funding: Films are generally expensive

to produce. Even small independent productions with unknown actors can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Because of the level of investment involved, most films rely on either production companies (“Hollywood” films) or independent investors (“Independent” films).

Preproduction Phase Assembling a Crew: A crew is the group

of workers on a film set who are responsible for facilitating production (as opposed to acting). Although large productions may employ many crew members in many different departments, there are only a few basic positions which are detailed later in the production phase.

Preproduction Phase Casting: Choosing actors to play roles. Costume Design: Choosing or

designing the clothing/costumes that the actors wear.

Location Scouting: Choosing the locations where the film will be shot.

Set Design: Constructing sets where the film will be shot.

Preproduction Phase

Properties (“Props”): Choosing the tools and objects used in the film.

Scheduling: Coordinating all aspects necessary to the production.