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0
E EFFECT OF MEMBRANE THICKNESSES ON THE PERFOMANCE OF MICROBIAL
CELL RESEARCH
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement ofBACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE
InCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
In theFACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Of theUNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG
By
Magoda K(201181921
S!"#$%ISO$&'r $ )ubert*Signature& ++++++++++++++++
2, -"$I. 201/
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Candidate
On this Day of
On this Day of
Supervisor
On this Day of
Co-Supervisor
On this Day of
On this Day of
Co-Supervisor
DECLARATION
I hereby to delare that thi* di**ertation hih I hereby *ubmit a* partial fulfilment of the
qualifiation of&Baccalaureus Tech!l!"#ae # Che$#cal E"#eer#" %o the !ni3er*ity
of 4ohanne*burg, 5aulty of #ngineering and the Built #n3ironment 'epartment of
6hemial #ngineering i* apart from the reogni7ed a**i*tane from my *uper3i*or* my
on or hih ha* not pre3iou*ly been *ubmitted by me or any other per*on to any
in*titution to obtain a diploma nor a degree
Pr!&ess!r N%ul# a' Mr Bela#'
"roet 6oordinator and .eture*
1
Pr!& E'#s! Mu(e'a
"roet* .eturer and 6oordinator
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ACKNO)LEDGEMENTS
I ould lie to than* my *uper3i*or and o:*uper3i*or* Dr Hu*er%s+ Mr T M,he,huand
Mr A-N Ma%her#for their patiene and guidane gi3en to me in maing thi* proet a
*ue**
I ould al*o gi3e than* to the proet ommittee for their guidane in report riting and
the helpful guidane
2
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ABSTRACT
;-B.# O5 6O#M#
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.i*t of 5igure*A
6)-";#$ O
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?/ -naly*i* of 'ate28
?/1 6urrent %oltage "oer den*ity and 6urrent den*ity analy*i*28
6)-";#$ ,& $#S!.;S -eneration of poer den*ity and the polari7ation ur3e*?,
6)-";#$ /& 6O
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6#MGGGGGGGGGGG6ation #Ehange Membrane
6#GGGGGGGGGGGG6oulombi #ffiieny
6MMGGGGGGGGGGG 6harge Mo*ai Membrane
6O'GGGGGGGGGGG6hemial OEygen 'emand
I#MGGGGGGGGGGGGIon #Ehange Membrane
!5GGGGGGGGGGG!ltrafiltration Membrane
'M56GGGGGGGGGGG'iret Methanol 5uel 6ell
M#-GGGGGGGGGGGMembrane #letrode -**emble
L#s% !& Ta*le
;able 1& O6% generated in M56* operated ith different membrane thine**e*22
;able 2& 6O' fed in the M56* reator* and 6O' treated2,
6
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L#s% !& "ures
5igure 1& Shemati repre*entation of a Mirobial 5uel 6ell operating priniple/
5igure 2& 6athode eletrode* (Me*h *tainle** *teel18
5igure ?& -node hamber ith anode and athode eletrode19
5igure ,& Mirobial 5uel 6ell* de3ie *etup20
5igure /& Multimeter de3ie20
5igure @& %oltage* from day 1 until day 1@ ith eEternal re*i*tane reduing from (2,:02
H for M56* unit* in parallel onnetion2?
7
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5igure A 6urrent profile* under eEternal re*i*tor* range from (2,:02 H in M56 de3ie
operated ith 00/ mm
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CHAPTER ONE/ INTRODUCTION
11 Baground and 4u*tifiation
-n inrea*e in aarene** of the po**ible anthropogeni effet* on limate hange in
ombination ith the in*tability of the fo**il fuel maret politially moti3ate* to redution
of greenhou*e ga* emi**ion and the promotion of reneable energy ;he greate*t problem
e ill fae in future lie* in atering to the orld groing energy demand* hile
*imultaneou*ly reduing greenhou*e emi**ion ga*e*
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Mirobial fuel ell* are de3ie* that utili7e *eparated aerobi and anaerobi biohemial
proe**e* to produe eletriity ;hey are ompo*ed of an anode and a athode
ompartment *eparated by a membrane that pre3ent* the miEing of anodi and athodi
*olution and allo the tran*fer of ertain ion* *uh a* proton* On the anaerobi *ide a*te
organi material i* deompo*ed to arbon dioEide and eletron* 2J
On the aerobi *ide eletron* are on*umed by ferri ion* to produe ferrou* ion* ;he*e
an be oEidi7ed ba to ferri ion* and hydrogen ion* u*ing oEygen )ydrogen ion* diffu*e
through a membrane to the aerobi *ide to omplete the eletrial iruit #letriity i*
generated diretly from organi a*te ithout any intermediate proe**e* *uh a*
ombu*tion 2J
'i3er*e organi *ub*trate* ha3e been u*ed a* eletron donor* to produe eletriity
inluding pure hemial* *uh a*& fatty aid* alohol* *ugar protein* and ellulo*eompleE a*te* and a*teater *uh a* agriultural a*te and dome*ti a*teater and
other type* of a*te and a*teater Se3eral type* of terminal eletron aeptor* ha* been
u*ed in M56* tehnology *uh a* ferri ion mangane*e and permanganate inluding
oEygen ;o mae M56* ompetiti3e ith other reneable energy generation a*teater
and oEygen are on*idered mo*t promi*ing eletron donor and aeptor for M56 de3ie
beau*e they are free and *u*tainable -l*o one of the bigge*t hallenge* in pratial
appliation for the M56 tehnology i* to identify lo:o*t and high effiieny material*
that pro3ide large *urfae* area* for a baterial to adhe*ion or oEygen redution in a ay
that allo for *alable arhiteture 2J
Other *tudie* ha3e *hon that *eparator* are 3ery important in the M56* de3ie but *o far
there ha* been too little information on the effet of *eparator on poer generation and
6oulumbi effiieny (6# -n ideal *eparator mu*t ha3e high proton tran*fer oeffiient to
en*ure that material doe* not blo proton* from reahing the athode amber and lo
oEygen tran*fer oeffiient to impro3e 6# Separator* *uh a*
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*eparator* ha* been u*ed *uh a* nylon ellulo*e and polyarbonate filter but their effet*
on poer generation ha* not been ell eEplored ?J
12 "roblem Statement
;he ontinue* inrea*e in a population and the effet of limate hange on the
en3ironment and the in*tability of fo**il fuel maret other tehnologie* that an generate
reneable energy that are en3ironmentally friendly mu*t be implemented to redue or
limit greenhou*e ga* emi**ion and the fore3er o3ergroing demand of energy ;hey are
different eEi*ting tehnologie* that an generate reneable energy *uh a* *olar *y*tem that
are en3ironmentally friendly but in thi* *tudy e ill fou* on the Mirobial 5uel 6ell
tehnology beau*e it ha3e open up a ne ay* to utili7e reneable energy and thi* *tudy
ill arried out eEperimentally u*ing a*teater and
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CHAPTER T)O/ LITERATURE REVIE)
21 Mirobial fuel ell
;he M56 i* almo*t a entury old no *ine it a* demon*trated in 1911 by "otter ;hi*
tehnique for generating eletriity during baterial mediated oEidation #letrial energya* produed from li3ing ulture* of #*herihia oli and Saharomye* u*ing platinum
eletrode* -lthough intere*t in mirobial fuel ell* a* relati3ely high in the 19@0* the
momentum for *tudy of M56* only *tarted to pi up in the 1980* ;he M56 ha* muh in
ommon ith a la**i fuel ell and on*i*t* of an anodi and a athodi hamber *eparated
by a membrane or other type of *eparator a* *hon in figure 1 In the to:hamber M56
hih are anode and athode eah plaed in aqueou* *olution* *eparated by a proton
eEhange membrane ("#M Mirobe* in the anode hamber oEidi7e fuel (eletron donor
generating eletron* and proton* ,J;he generation of urrent i* due to the nature of miroorgani*m* a* they tran*fer eletron*
from a redued eletron donor to an eletron aeptor at a higher eletrohemial potential
-node:re*piring bateria (-$B in an anode biofilm arry out an oEidation (half:ell
reation of organi matter produing proton* and thu* an eletrial urrent from the
bioma** 6arbon dioEide may e3entually be obtained a* an oEidation produt #letron*
and proton* are on*umed in the athode hamber reduing oEygen to ater and
generating eletriity Studie* of M56* typially u*ed arbon anode material* *uh a* *olid
graphite graphite:felt arbon loth arbon paper arbon *ponge and foam and platini7ed
athode* ba*ed on oated arbon paper oated graphite and titanium )oe3er utili7ation
of metal eletrode* *uh a* *tainle** *teel and modifying arbon to impro3e *urfae
propertie* and modifiation ith *ome ompleE metal ha* been u*ed to impro3e poer
output and redue o*t ?J 5igure 1 belo it the *hemati repre*entation of Mirobial
5uel 6ellere a bateria i* on the anode ompartment that tran*fer* eletron* obtained
from an eletron donor to the anode eletrode and the membrane *eparate an anode and the
athode eletrode 'uring eletron prodution proton* are al*o produed in eEe** ;he*e
proton* migrate through the membrane into the athode hamber ;he eletron* flo from
the anode through an eEternal re*i*tane to the athode here they reat ith the final
eletron aeptor (oEygen and proton* /J
4
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of a Microbial Fuel Cell operating principle
22 #ffet of membrane* in performane of mirobial fuel ell
;he ideal funtion of the mirobial fuel ell (M56 membrane i* to *eparate the anode and
athode reation in an eletrohemial *y*tem hile permitting *eleti3e tran*port of
proton* from the anode to the athode and pre3enting tran*port of oEygen into the anode
hamber - porou* *eparator al*o *er3e* a* a barrier *eparating the anode and athode
reation but any ion* an be tran*ported from the anode hamber to the athode through
diffu*ion proe**e* ;he ideal membrane need* to be a good ioni ondutor an in*ulator
ion *eleti3e (eg proton onduting durable hemially *table bioompatible
un*u*eptible to fouling and logging (e*peially hen u*ing fuel* of unnon and
hangeable ompo*ition *uh a* a*teater and ineEpen*i3e In reality a ompromi*e
mu*t be reahed beteen performane and o*t 5or a*teater treatment lo o*t
together ith durability and re*i*tane to fouling may be the mo*t important requirement
for an eonomially 3iable *y*tem generating energy e3en though lo 3alue* of oEygendiffu*ion ioni re*i*tane and ro**o3er are de*irable for higher poer generation @J"re3iou* *tudy AJ ha* *hon the effet* of membrane* u*ing to:hamber M56* by
plaing to different membrane* *uh a* anion eEhange membrane (-#M and ation
eEhange membrane (6#M in the enter of a , m long ubi M56 ith a bru*h anode in
one hamber and the athode on the di*tant *ide of another amber -ll the M56* ere
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inoulated u*ing a miroorgani*m *u*pen*ion obtained from an M56 (originally inoulated
ith primary larifier o3erflo operated in bath proe** mode for o3er one year ;he
de3ie ere fed ith aetate of (1 g. in pho*phate buffer *olution (/0 mM holding
mineral (12/ m.. and 3itamin (/ m.. *olution and the*e reator* ere operated under
an ambient temperature of ( 233 AJ
;he re*earher* AJ found that poer den*ity generated in M56 a* redued to (1@ 2
=m? u*ing an ion eEhange membrane ompared to that of the ation eEhange
membrane (21 2 =m? >rounded on their earlier te*t* u*ing to:hamber reator*
they predited that the performane of M56* to be better ith the -#M than 6#M
membrane but hat they atually notied a* that the membrane* beame deformed after
operation of the reator o3er *e3eral yle* ith the -#M bending toard* the bru*h and
the 6#M bending inard* and toard* the athode ;hey onluded that deformation
reate a 3oid *pae of ater and thi* deformation ourred a* the re*ult* of membrane
*elling during ion tran*portation AJ;he *ame author* found that due to tho*e aumulated trapped 3oid *paing ater ould
re*ult in a *olution ith a higher p) derea*ing the M56 effiieny and they al*o notied
that the -#M deformed more quily than a 6#M and thi* re*ult* a better performane of
6#M than -#M in their te*t* maing u*e of hydrogen beteen the membrane and
eletrode ;hey te*ted their deformation hypothe*i* by plaing a *tainle** *teel me*h
again*t the membrane to eep it firmly pre**ed again*t the athode and the me*h
*ignifiantly inrea*ed the poer den*ity of the M56 ith the -#M to (,@ , =m?
AJ
;he poer den*ity AJ that a* found it a* higher than that of 6#M (?2 2 =m? after
10 day* of alimati7ation on*i*tent ith pre3iou* re*earh ;hey further eEplored the
effet of type of membrane on the performane of M56* reator* by maing u*e of to:
hamber reator "ermeability te*t of ater a* done onduted by filling the anode
ompartment ith *olution but not on the athode ompartment it a* di*lo*ed that the
membrane a* not hydraulially permeable a* ater in the anodi ompartment ould not
pa** through the membrane to the athode ompartment Membrane deformation a*
notied in to:ompartment M56* after ?0 day* of *et:up they noted that membrane
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ur3ed in the *ame ay* but thi* time deformation a* greater than hat they ob*er3ed
before AJ6ation eEhange membrane* ha3e been idely u*ed a* a *eparator for the M56* and they
are ommonly referred to a* proton* eEhange membrane* a* they are intended to tran*port
proton* in M56*
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ahie3ed loer poer den*itie* of ?89 m=m2and 1/ =m?3olumetri poer den*ity
;hey al*o notied that a different internal re*i*tane of the*e membrane* in the air athode
M56* ere ahie3ed ere Nirfon initially had internal re*i*tane of ?8 F and 5uma*ep
had 228 F ;he o*t of Nirfon i* 80 of that of the other and the other membrane* al*o ha*
loer internal re*i*tane 9J
2? ;reatment of =a*teater u*ing M56 de3ie
;he M56* ere ell:thought:out to be u*ed for handling muniipality a*teater early in
1991 beau*e muniipality a*te ontain* ma**i3e organi ompound* that an be fuel to
M56* $e*earher* 10J ha3e found out that the quantity of poer produed by M56* in
the hea3y a*te treatment proe** an atually hal3e the eletriity needed in a
on3entional treatment proe** that on*ume* a lot of eletri poer aerating ati3ated
*ludge M56* har3e*t /0C90 le** *olid* to be di*po*ed of -dditionally organi
ompound *uh a* aetate propionate and butyrate an be arefully broen don to arbon
dioEide and ater 10J- miEture inorporating ith eletrophile* and anodophile* are mainly *uitable for treating
a*teater beau*e more organi* ompound an be biodegraded by a 3ariety of organi*
M56* u*ing ertain miroorgani*m* ha3e an eEtraordinary apability to tae aay *ulfide*
a* required in a*teater treatment Mirobial 5uel 6ell an enhane the groth of bio:
eletrohemially ati3e miroorgani*m* during a*teater treatment thu* they ha3edeent funtioning *tabilitie* Same author* di*o3ered that endle** flo and *ingle:
hamber M56* and a membrane:le** M56* are preferred for treating a*teater due to
orrie* in *aling up of M56* 8J Sanitary a*te* food proe**ing a*teater and *ine
a*teater are all great bioma** *oure* for M56* beau*e they are rih in organi
matter* !p to 80 of the 6O' an be remo3ed in *ame a*e and 80 of 6oulombi
#ffiieny had been reported 10J
2, ;he future of M56 on generation eletriity;he *ame re*earher* 10J ha3e e*tabli*hed that Mirobial 5uel 6ell* tehnology ha* to
ompete ith the eEi*ting tehnology *uh a* methanogeni anaerobi dige*tion
tehnology that ha* *een ide ommerial appliation* beau*e they an on*ume bioma**
in 3arie* a*e* for energy generation M56* are apable of tran*forming bioma** at
temperature* belo 20 P6 and ith lo *ub*trate onentration* hih both of hih are
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problemati for methanogeni dige*ter* Main di*ad3antage of the M56* i* their
dependeny on a biofilm* for mediator:le** eletron tran*fer hile anaerobi dige*ter*
*uh a* up:flo anaerobi *ludge blanet reator* remo3e thi* di*ad3antage by effiiently
reproe**ing the mirobial on*ortium ithout ell immobili7ation It a* liely that the
M56 tehnology ill o:eEi*t ith the methanogeni anaerobi dige*tion tehnology in the
future;he*e re*earher* 10J al*o notied that to ad3ane the poer den*ity yield ne
anodophili miroorgani*m* that ad3ane the eletron tran*portation rate from the biofilm
o3ering an anode to the anode are *ignifiantly required ;he*e re*earher* laimed that
an M56Q* the flo of urrent an be inrea*ed by four order* of magnitude if >eobater
tran*fer of eletron* to the anode at the *ame rate a* it doe* to it* natural eletron aeptor
ie ferri iron Mutagene*i* and e3en reombinant '
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noledge ha* been gained in M56 re*earh there i* *till a lot to be learned in the *aling
up of the M56 appliation* 10J
2, #ffet of Bath and 6ontinue* feed rate of liquid in poer den*ity
Other re*earher* 11J ha3e operated M56 in a four different mode* by flutuating theliquid flo in eah ompartment of the ell 5ir*tly both anodi and athodi ompartment
ere ran in a ontinuou* mode ;hen the anode a* ept in bath mode herea* the
athode a* in ontinuou* mode In the third *et the anode a* *et in ontinuou* mode
and the athode in bath mode .a*t but not lea*t both the ompartment a* ran in bath
mode ;hey di*o3er higher 3oltage in their earlier eEperiment gi3en by methylene blue
ga* and additional *tudie* a* arried out to e*timate the poer prodution in M56 It a*
aompli*hed by u*ing methylene blue a* mediator;he *ame re*earher* 11J produed graph* that depited the poer output ith time for
different operational mode* of the M56 ;he rate at hih the liquid a* replaed in an
anodi or a athodi hamber of a mirobial fuel ell hanged it* output poer ;hey
e*tabli*hed that the poer output a* higher hen the anode a* maintained in bath
mode and the athode in ontinuou* mode )ene a ontinuou* *upply of fre*h oEidi7ing
agent impro3ed poer output in M56 ;he maEimum poer hih a* obtained a* 9A9
m=m2MaEimum urrent den*ity a* itne**ed a* 11/ m-m2 ith 3oltage drop of 08/ %
aro** an 82 ! re*i*tor It a* al*o di*o3ered that the mode of operation al*o affeted the
internal re*i*tane of the M56 ;hey di*o3er that after 1/ hour of operating all fi3e ell*
ere filled ith their re*peti3e *olution* =ere the M56 de3ie a* operated ith anodi
hamber in ontinuou* mode they notied a maEimum hange in an internal re*i*tane ith
time ;hey al*o *a that internal re*i*tane delined hen athode a* operated in bath
mode and it impro3ed hen athode a* operated in the ontinuou* mode It a* ob*er3ed
that the internal re*i*tane *tayed *table at a on*tant *tate hen the anode ompartment
a* ept in bath mode regardle** hether the athode a* bath or ontinuou* )igher
poer output a* di*o3ered hen the M56 a* operated in bath anode than hen it i*
operated in ontinuou* mode -* a re*ult ob*er3ation* a maEimum poer output a*
e*tabli*hed ith anode in bath mode agreed ell ith the ation* of the internal re*i*tane
in thi* mode 11J
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2/ Sale:up of Mirobial fuel 6ell
;he M56* *tudie* mo*t of them ere onduted at lab *ale* ne3erthele** *aling up of
the M56* i* ine3itable to pro*per le3el* of poer required to poer an atual eletrial
de3ie* In order to mae Mirobial 5uel 6ell appropriate for atual appliation* *uh a*
treatment of a*teater it i* ruial to aompli*h a high poer den*itie* on a large *ale
;aing thi* tehnology out of the laboratory *eem* to be hallenge in the M56
de3elopment* due to the high poer den*itie* and lo o*t* material* i* required and
other* *tudie* had di*o3ered that poer den*ity redue* in the *ale:up of M56 *y*tem*
Maing u*e of the 3olume in*tead of *urfae area i* *uitable hen the eEat ati3e *urfae
area annot be e*tabli*hed and alloing a relati3e ompari*on among*t reator* of 3arie*
3olume* 12J
;hey notied that enlarging the 3olume of the M56 reator ill lead* to an e*alation inthe 3olume:ba*ed re*i*ti3ity and thi* re*i*ti3ity an be eEamined in term* of a number of
element* that all ontributed to the total internal re*i*tane lie anodi and athodi o3er
potential onentration o3er potential membrane re*i*tane and *olution re*i*tane
Saling:up of M56* reator* need a better under*tanding of the effet* of reator de*ign
and operation mode on 3olumetri poer den*itie* #letrode* (anode and athode ith
3arie* material* and their *urfae area* are quite important in the olletion of urrent in
order ad3ane generation of eletriity and the harater of *eparator* in reator de*ign are
re3ieed It a* furthermore re3ieed onerning the pilot te*t* that are being undertaen
to under*tand ho to on*trut and run *alable reator 12J"re3iou* *tudie* 12J regarding the *ale:up of M56* and the ab*ene of a modern re3ie
or onerning the hard or made to de3elop lo o*t material* )oe3er on*truting
larger M56* an hange eletrode *paing and thi* an affet poer den*ity 3ia a hange*
in the internal re*i*tane area ;he*e re*earher* 12J u*e a *urfae area on the athode
larger than the one of the anode to mae *ure that the anode urrent a* limiting ;heir
re*ult* *hoed that maEimum poer den*ity of 0?29 m=m2for the *malle*t eletrode
u*ed (192 m2 a* ahie3ed and inrea*ing the eletrode *urfae area 80 time* lead* to
reduing of poer den*ity to le** than half (01,1 m=m 2 MaEimum poer den*ity
generated by a M56 a* not diretly proportional to the *urfae area of the anode but i*
in*tead proportional to the logarithm of the *urfae area (poer den*ityT U 00?@9 V ln
(*urfae area W 0??A1 that hat they ha3e di*o3er Same re*earher* 12J al*o loo at
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the effet of eletrode *urfae area on the M56 performane u*ing dome*ti a*teater
;hey e*tabli*hed that repliation the athode *i7e an e*alate poer by @2 but
repliation the anode *i7e only e*alate poer by 12 ;he*e re*ult* reommend that the
athode *peifi *urfae area i* one of the mo*t ruial element* for *aling:up M56* 12J
;he *ame re*earher* 12J in3e*tigated ho the di*tane of eletrode effet the
performane of an M56 reator and they di*o3er that eletrode di*tane and plaement
they are the main fator that affeted the poer den*ity internal re*i*tane and *peifi
area ;he*e re*earher* onluded that in a *ale:up larger reator poer den*ity an be
maintained by maintaining the arhiteture or by reduing eletrode *pae .arge 3olume
ell mu*t be u*ed in order pre3ent ompliation* of eletrode *paing area and orientation
of *aling up of the M56 *ta onfiguration an be on*idered beau*e it ha3e being
pro3en that it an ahie3e effeti3e poer output* de*ired for the atual appliation*5urthermore they notied that parallel onfiguration* 3erified to be eEtra effiient than
*erie* onfiguration*=hen the M56* reator* are oined in *ta* *tepping up of 3oltage and urrent depend on
the *ta *i7e and onfiguration and thi* i* atually u*eful *ine the energy reque*t* an be
enountered by modifying the *i7e of the *ta through the remo3al of unit*
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;he membrane permeability a* itne**ed and it a* *tated that hanging the temperature
barely affet the permeability *o the eletriity prodution on the M56 *eem* not to be
affeted by modifying the membrane permeability It a* notied that regarding the ohmi
re*i*tane the temperature effet on thi* parameter normally pre*enting a linear trend ith
a derea*e in the internal re*i*tane on the M56 ith an inrea*e on temperature ;hi*
redution ould be de*ribed by the *tatement that *tate that the inrea*e in ioni
onduti3ity lead to the inrea*e in temperature and therefore it re*ult* in loer ohmi
re*i*tane
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M56* at higher temperature ill inrea*e the performane and after the *tart:up M56 an
be operated at loer temperature 12J
2A #ffet of p) on the M56 de3ie
-node reation in the M56* reator generate proton* that flo* to the athodi hamberhere ill reat ith oEygen generating ater If M56 reator an be operated
ontinuou*ly an au*e aidifiation at the anodi hamber a* the re*ult* of proton*
aumulation produed on the mirobial oEidation of organi ompound* due to *loer
and unfini*hed proton diffu*ion and reloation through the membrane -lali7ation a*
notied on the athode hamber beau*e of the ontinuou* on*umption of proton* by the
oEygen redution reation and due to the la of replaement of proton* from the anode
oEidation reation 12J;he*e onder* ill lead to a membrane p) onentration gradient hih put* an
eletrohemial re*trition on M56 performane ;he inrea*e in p) in the athode
hamber an derea*e the urrent prodution aording to the
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28 )o thine**e* of membrane* affet poer den*ity in M56
"re3iou* *tudie* 1?J ha3e u*e
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210 'i*ad3antage* and -d3antage* of *equential anodeCathode M56
2101 -d3antage* of *equential anodeCathode mirobial fuel ell* It ha* the ability to proe** a*teater at 3arying organi loading (1AC?9 g
6O'm?d to produe an effluent ith loer 6O'
>reater 6O' remo3al an be ahie3ed beau*e the athdi proe** at* a* an eEtraaerobi poli*hing *tep folloing the *tandard anode treatment -node of the M56
do not ha3e the apability to remo3e biodegradable 6O' *loly a* *hon by
on*i*tently inomplete 6O' remo3al* It ha* the po*iti3e effet of ri*ing atholyte p) ;hey are apable of produing four:fold urrent and three:fold poer ompared to
non:*equential onfiguration*2102 'i*ad3antage* of *equential anodeCathode mirobial fuel ell* ;he*e require alert operation to pre3ent eEe**i3e 6O' entering the athode
If eEe**i3e 6O' goe* in the athode it may au*e groth of aerobi heterotroph*hih ould *ooner or later limit oEygen *upply to the athode biofilm and hene
pre3enting eletriity prodution Monitoring of the anode effluent 6O' i* needed daily and ontinuou* monitoring
of the athode potential i* e**ential beau*e derea*ing an be a *ign of inipient of
6O' arry:o3er
- *peial de*ign of the M56* reator* are required for either aeration of the
atholyte or liquid reirulation o3er an open:air athode in order to pro3ideoEygen to the athodi biofilm and to maintain liquid ontinuity beteen athode
and 6#M
16
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CHAPTER 3/ METHODOLOGY
?1 #Eperimental Setup
;o Mirobial 5uel 6ell* (M56* ere on*truted u*ing .-BO;#6 #oBath model& 1?0
de3ie* and ere operated ;he M56* de3ie* that ere u*ed in thi* *tudy are to:
hamber* M56* on*i*ted of anode and athode hamber* =here 10 Z of tap ater a*
u*ed to fill the athode hamber* and the p) it a* adu*ted by *ulphuri aid ()2SO, to
mae it an aidi *olution of an aeptable p) range of (18:18, mean hile the anode
hamber* ere filled ith 2/0 mZ of a*teater from primary larifier and 100 mZ of ra
*ludge from ra *amp from 'aar*poord a*teater treatment plant and the p) of anode
hamber* ere adu*ted u*ing *odium hydroEide (
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1000 mZ of tap ater and thi* *olution a* poured in*ide the athode* hamber* until a
de*ired p) range are reahed - p) meter a* u*ed to monitor the p) of the athode* and
the anode* hamber* of the M56* during the adu*tment* ;he ba*i *olution on*i*ting of
,0 g *odium hydroEide and 1000 mZ tap ater to adu*t the p) of the anode hamber* to
an aeptable range of (A0:A, and thi* *olution a* poured to anode hamber* until
de*ired range ere reahed
-fter e3ery *eond day of operating M56 a* topped up by tap ater to it* original le3el
to ompen*ate the amount of ater lo*t by e3aporation and the p) a* al*o monitored to
mae *ure that the de*ired p) range ere *till maintained
?2 Material of 6on*trution* of M56*
Mirobial 5uel 6ell (M56 a* on*truted u*ing .-BO;#6) (model& 1?0 a* ith a3olume of 1, . a* a athode hamber and .-BO;#6 (model& 10? a* a heater to maintain
a temperature of ?/ and the athode eletrode* ere on*truted ith a round Me*h
*tainle** *teel ith a proeted *urfae area of 000? m 2 5igure 2 belo i* the athode
eletrode* on*truted ith a Me*h *tainle** *teel
5igure 2& 6athode eletrode* (Me*h *tainle** *teel
;he anode a* on*truted u*ing pleEigla** and the anode eletrode a* on*truted u*ing
6arbon 5abri (10A1 )6B and the eletron* generated from an anode hamber
*ub*equently flo to the athode 3ia an eEternal *il3er ire herea* the proton* reah the
18
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athode through 3ariou* *egment* of the ell lie liquid eletrolyte biofilm internal
membrane et !pon reahing the athode hamber the*e eletron* and proton* are
utili7ed for the purpo*e of reduing the a3ailable oEygen a* an eletron aeptor #letrode*
pre*ent in both the hamber* funtion a* the eletron aeptor *in of the ell 1/J 5igure
? belo i* the anode hamber ith anode and athode eletrode onneted to a *il3er ire
in order to tran*port eletron* hile generating bioeletriity
5igure ?& -node hamber ith anode and athode eletrode
?? .i*t of #quipment*
??1 Mirobial 5uel 6ell* (M56*
;he M56* u*ed in thi* *tudy ere on*trted by a .-BO;#6) that ere u*ed to maintain
a tempereture of ?/ on the athode hamber* a* *hoed in 5igure , beloand they
ere al*o on*truted by a #oBath that ere u*ed a* a athode hamber* a* *hoed in
figure , belo;hey ere al*o on*truted by pleEigla** a* *hoed in 5igure ? abo3e and
they ere plaed in*ide the athode* hamber a* an anode* hamber a* *hoed in figure ,
belo 5igure , belo i* the full *etup of Mirobial 5uel 6ell*
1
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5igure ,& Mirobial 5uel 6ell* de3ie *etup
?22 Multimeter
5igure / belo i* a multimeter de3ie that a* u*ed in thi* *tudy to mea*ure the 3oltage
(%olt* and the eEternal re*i*tane (" a* *hoed in figure , abo3e
5igure /& Multimeter de3ie
?2? %ariable $e*i*tor
%ariable $e*i*tor i* a de3ie u*ed in thi* *tudy to load eEternal re*i*tane reduing from 2,
"to 02 "e3ery / minute* of M56 operating a* *hoed in figure , abo3e
20
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?2, )-6) de3ie (Model '$ ?900
;hi* de3ie a* u*ed to mea*ure 6hemial oEygen demand (6O' u*ing *tandard method*
(high range (20C1/00 mg.[ )-6) 6O' *y*tem ()ah 6o .o3eland 6O
?, Material* 'e*ription
10 Z of tap ater ere u*ed to prepare aidi *olution on the athode hamber* hile a
*ulphuri aid *olution a* u*ed to adu*t a p) to aeptable range of 18 to 18, on the
athode of M56* reator* and =a*teater and ra *ludge ere u*ed to fill the anode
ompartment of the M56* ere 6O' a* treated hile generating eletriity - p) meter
a* u*ed to mea*ure the p) on the athode and the anode hamber* of the M56* de3ie*
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and the lid a* lo*ed ;he 3ial* a* heated for 2 hour* and let it ool in the reator for 20
minute* ;he 3ial* a* ooled to 120 P6 or le** ;he 3ial* a* put tube ra to ool to
room temperature ;he prepared *ample that a* heated a* in*erted into the ell holder
of ,?/ 6O' )$ and analy*e the 6O'
CHAPTER 5/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
,2 $e*ult* and 'i*u**ion
,21 6omparing of Open 6iruit %oltage* (O6%* generated in M56*
;able 1 *ho* different O6%* generated in the M56* operated ith
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(
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initiating oEidation:redution reation that i* for tran*ferring eletron* from ell terminal
proteinen7yme to the anode *urfae 1/J
,2? 6alulated urrent (m- u*ing Ohm* la generated in M56* daily
5igure A *ho* the urrent (m- generated in M56* operated ith
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a*teater and *ludge a* added to the anode hamber It a* al*o ob*er3ed that the M56
operated ith 018 mm
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ith 018 mm membrane and a 3alue of 2?9/ mg. 6O' for M56 operated ith 00/ mm
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0 0#1 0#2 0#3 0#4 0#5 0#6 0#70
0#02
0#04
0#06
0#08
0#1
0#12
0#14
0#16
0
0#5
1
1#5
2
2#5
3
3#5
4
+ota'e (+ots) o.er Density (u/$2)
Current Density ($$2)
+ota'e( +ots) o.er Density (/$2)
-**e**ment of poer prodution for the to M56* *etup* ha* been done from the
polari7ation ur3e* obtained upon 3arying the eEternal re*i*tane from 2, "to 02 "
;he maEimum poer den*ity 3alue determined from the*e polari7ation ur3e* a*
ob*er3ed for M56 operated ith 018 mm
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CHAPTER 4/ CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
/1 6onlu*ion
It a* onluded that indeed optimum membrane eEi*t* and in thi* eEperiment 018 mm
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/2 $eommendation*
It i* reommended to u*e more effiient proton aeptor than oEygen *uh a*
ferriyanide in athode ompartment It i* reommended to mae u*e the membrane mainly failitate* the migration of
proton* toard* athodi ompartment and alloing the ounter flo diffu*ion of
oEygen to the anode ompartment
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6ell* ;he !ni3er*ity of ueen*land Bri*bane .' 2011 #l*e3ier B%
2J D Nuo S 6heng and B# .ogan Ion #Ehange membrane athode* for *alable
mirobial fuel ell #n3iron Si ;ehnol2008 ,2 @9@A:@9A2
?J F Nhang S 6heng F =ang F )uang and B# .ogan Separator 6harateri*ti* forInrea*ing "erformane of Mirobial 5uel 6ell*#n3ironSi;ehnol2009 ,? 8,/@:8,,@
,J S6O;; K 201, 10 : Mirobial fuel ell*& tran*formation of a*te* into lean energy
In& - >!>.I!NN- and - B-SI.# ed* Membrane* for 6lean and $eneable "oer
-ppliation* =oodhead "ubli*hing pp 2@@:?00
2
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/J $-B-#y K[ %#$S;$-#;# = Mirobial fuel ell*& no3el biotehnology for energy
generation ;rend* Biotehnol 200/ 2? 291:298
@J Kim )4 "ar )S )yun MS 6hang IS Kim M Kim B) (2002 - mediator:
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AJ F Nhang S 6heng F )aung and B# .ogan Impro3ed performane of *ingle:
hamber mirobial fuel ell* through ontrol of membrane deformation Bio*en*or*
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8J Sangeetha and M Muthuumar 'i*tane on Bioeletriity "rodution from Sago:
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promi*ing tehnology for a*teater treatment and bioenergy Biotehnology -d3ane*
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10J '! N .I ) and >! ; 200A - *tate of the art re3ie on mirobial fuel ell*& -
promi*ing tehnology for a*teater treatment and bioenergy Biotehnology -d3ane*
2/(/ pp ,@,:,82
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