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perception
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Perception It is the process of attaining
awareness or understanding of
the environment by organizing andinterpreting sensory information .
Constancy
is the ability of perceptual systems torecognise the same object fromwidely varying sensory inputs
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Why is Perception Important?
peoples behavior is based on theirperception of what reality is, not onreality itself.
How we view and interpret the eventsand situations in the world shapes ourperception & eventually our behavior.
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Factors influencingFactors influencing
PerceptionPerception
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Factors in the perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target Motion
Sounds
Background
Similarity
Factors in the situation
Time
Work Setting
Social Setting
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Perceptual ProcessPerceptual Process
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Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,needs,age,Interest,
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
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1111Organizational Behavior / PerceptionOrganizational Behavior / Perception
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WE DONT SEE WE DONT SEETHINGS AS THEYTHINGS AS THEY
ARE, WE SEE ARE, WE SEETHINGS AS WE ARE.THINGS AS WE ARE.
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Types of perception Of sound
Hearing (or audition) is the ability toperceive sound by detecting vibrations
Of speech
Speech perception is the process bywhich the sounds of language areheard, interpreted and understood.
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Touch
Haptic perception is the process ofrecognizing objects through touch
Taste
Taste is the ability to perceivethe flavor of substances including, butnot limited to, food.
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Of the social world
Social perception is the part ofperception that allows people tounderstand the individuals and groupsof their social world.
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Person Perception: MakingPerson Perception: Making
Judgments About OthersJudgments About Others
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Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally orWhen individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or
externally caused.externally caused.
observation Interpretation Attribution of cause
Consistency
Consensus
Distictinctiveness
Individual behavior
Internal
External
Internal
External
Internal
ExternalH
L
H
L
H
L
H high L- Low
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Distictiveness
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
Yes
High
Consistency
No
Low
Consistency
No
LowConsensus
Yes
High
Consensus
YESLow
Distinctiveness
NO
High
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in theSame manner?
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this samemanner at other
times ?
InternalAttribution
ExternalAttributi
on
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Shortcuts in judging others
Selective Perception :
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
Halo Effect :
Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a
single charecteristics.
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Contrast Effect :
Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are effected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank
higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Projection :
Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
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Projection :
Attributing one's own characteristics to other people
Stereotyping :
Judging someone on the basis of
ones perception of
the group to
which that persons belongs
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PERCEPTUALPERCEPTUAL
GROUPINGGROUPING
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2828Organizational Behavior / PerceptionOrganizational Behavior / Perception
PERCEPTUAL GROUPINGPERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into aOur tendency to group several individual stimuli into ameaningful and recognizable pattern.meaningful and recognizable pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to beIt is very basic in nature and largely it seems to beinborn.inborn.
Some factors underlying grouping areSome factors underlying grouping are
--continuitycontinuity
--closureclosure
--proximityproximity
--similaritysimilarity
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Organizational Behavior 29
Similarity Proximity
Continuity
Closure Symmetry
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if we have incomplete perceptions, which we practically always do to a
certain extent, our minds fill in the rest.
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3232Organizational Behavior / PerceptionOrganizational Behavior / Perception
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Thank you
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