93 /93 /
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ALE
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011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
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on 7
.0.8
Filtrage transverse programmable
• détection + rayonnement sur chaque canal commande d’antenne
• sommation sur une photodiode unique filtrage transverse
coupleur 1 vers N+1
a1
retard t
N retards
photodiodeLaser modulateurMach Zehnder
x(t)
y(t)
coupleur N vers 1
pondération d’amplitude
a2
aN
fréquence
tran
smis
sion
du
filtr
e
94 /94 /
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.0.8
Time delay generation and analysis
• extension to parallel filtering :• weighting with a spatial light modulator• control of the filter shape and frequency
• optically carried microwave signal
• operation over a 2-18 GHz BW
10 ps time delayed
samples provided by
a diffractive grating
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
5,0E+08 1,5E+09 2,5E+09 3,5E+09
Fr e que nce (Hz )
Am
plit
ud
e (d
Bm
)
95 /95 /
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011.
Tem
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e tr
tp v
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.0.8
Optical processing of RF signals“slow light” based delay lines
analog optoelectronic link
Laser sourceLaser source
SOA
« slow light » in a semi-conductoroptical amplifier
« slow light » in a non linear optical fiber
photodiode
S(t-)
RF modulation
S(t)
photodiode
S(t-)
dispersive fiber
« slow light » in a photonic crystal membrane
« dispersive » analog optoelectronic link
Laser source
S(t)
tunable laser
RF modulation
Need of variable delay lines for basic processing functions:• beam control of phased array antennas, • programmable filtering• spectral analysis of large BW microwave signals
96 /96 /
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ALE
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Tem
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tp v
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on 7
.0.8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
gro
up
in
dex
ng
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620
wavelength (nm)
waveguide dispersion
laser accordable modulateur RF
@ 4GHz
S(t)photodiode
S(t-)
struct. photoniquelaser accordable modulateur RF
@ 4GHz
S(t)
laser accordable modulateur RF
@ 4GHz
S(t)photodiode
S(t-)
photodiode
S(t-)
struct. photonique
()= n ().L / c
n () = 5 for =30 nm
• device length: L = 1 mm
• measured phase shift: 30 deg @4GHz
• corresp. time delay: = 21 ps
tuneable laser RF modulation @ 4 GHz photonic crystal
structure
45
40
35
30
25
20
pro
pag
atio
n d
elay
,
ps
161516101605160015951590wavelength, nm
30
40
50
60
ph
ase shift
, deg
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
gro
up
in
dex
ng
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620
wavelength (nm)
waveguide dispersion
20 ps
Preliminary demonstration of integrated time delaysphotonic crystal membrane
97 /97 /
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Tem
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on 7
.0.8
200 ps time delay in 1.5 mm long waveguide
constant RF delay over 0-20 GHz(only limited by testing eq.)
3 nm
~200 ps
Tunable Laser MZM Photodiode
VNA
PhC waveguide
98 /98 /
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ALE
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Tem
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e tr
tp v
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on 7
.0.8
RF filters based on time delays in photonic crystal membranes
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency (GHz)
RF
po
we
r va
riatio
n (
dB
)
Full tunability
• stability
• contrast
• compactness
of the RF Filter thanks to monolithic integration
Nx1
si(t)
IM
0
1
2
3
Nx1
si(t)
IM
0
1
2
3
PhC
so(t)so(t)
99 /99 /
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ALE
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Tem
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e tr
tp v
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on 7
.0.8
Coherent Population Oscillations (CPO): Principle
t
Input optical intensity
1/fRF
RF signalInjected current I
MZM SOA
Carriers: Coherent Population Oscillations (CPO)
Gain modulatedin antiphase t
Laser
Only if fRF < 1/s ( GHz)
RF frequency1 GHz
Temporal grating strength
Phase
-180° Gain (antiphase)
-90° Index
100 /100 /
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ALE
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Tem
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on 7
.0.8
Usual architecture based on CPO
SOA
arg(
S21
) P
hase
(°
)|S
21|2
Gai
n (d
B)
Photodetector
VectorNetworkAnalyser
Amplification (CPO not considered)
1 10 100 GHz-10
0
10
20
-180
-90
0
90
180
1 10 100 GHz
Phase
-180° Gain (antiphase)
-90° Index
CPO
1 GHz
Gain (antiphase)
Index
RF frequency
101 /101 /
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ALE
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011.
Tem
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e tr
tp v
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on 7
.0.8
Limitation of the operation frequency
SOA Photodetector
VectorNetworkAnalyser
Operation frequency < 1GHz
Instantaneous bandwidth < 1GHz
Delays < 400 ps
Phase shift < 50 deg
arg(
S21
) P
hase
(°
)|S
21|2
Gai
n (d
B)
1 10 100 GHz-10
0
10
20
-180
-90
0
90
180
1 10 100 GHz
102 /102 /
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ALE
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Tem
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e tr
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on 7
.0.8
arbitrary,f0>1/s
Tunable delays by Up-CPO in SOAs
• « Usual » CPO : RF gain dip around fCPO<1/s
• Additional modulation sideband at arbitrary high frequency f0
• CPO induced XGM generates signals at f0+/-fCPO
Gain window and associated phase/delay generation in f0+/-fCPO bandwidth
Optical domain
Frequency
carrier
fCPO~1GHzFrequency
Up-CPO
RF phaseat f0+fCPO
and f0-fCPO
RF phase
RF domain
~1GHz
CPO
103 /103 /
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ALE
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Tem
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.0.8
Tunable delays by Up-CPO in SOAs
5 GHz 16 GHz10 GHz
Linear phase variation over ~0.5GHz bandwidth(at arbitrary central frequency) ~0-400ps delay
• Delay generation : narrowband resonance (gain or absorption) witharbitrary central frequency
104 /104 /
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ALE
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Tem
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on 7
.0.8
Future ADCs
Take Away – message clé du transparent: Arial 24
EW
SAR
Radar
Com
bandwidth
dynamic range
Courtesy of G. Valley, Aerospace Corp.
105 /105 /
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ALE
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Tem
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e tr
tp v
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.0.8
RF
LO
IF
short term : sampling on I.F
Filter
nowadays systems : sampling in base band
RF
LO
IFBase band
IF
ADCFilter DSP
longer term : sampling directly on carrier simplification of receive chain
ADCRF
Filter DSP
S/H
ADC DSPS/H
S/H
critical building block
Evolution of EW receive architectures
106 /106 /
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ALE
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Tem
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.0.8
Optically assisted ADCs
RF signal to be sampled
ps modelocked laser
high speed (ps) photoconductive switch (e.g LT GaAs)
ADCDatabits
analog-to-digital conversion of a
10 GHz signal with 10 bits
dynamic range requires a clock
with a10 fs jitter
10 fs jitter modelocked laser
see S. Formont et al, session S12 Friday 14:45
107 /107 /
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ALE
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.0.8
Preliminary realisation of a mode locked laser@ 0.8 µm
• SOA + fiber loop
• P 2mW,
• 8 ps @ frep = 18GHz,
• jitter ~ 47fs
SOA
MZM
RFV
FILTER COUPLER
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Frequency Offset (Hz)
Ph
as n
ois
e (d
Bc/
Hz)
MLL additive phase noise at 18GHzRF synthesizer at 18 GHz absolute phase noise
Additive jitter 9 fs
Absolute jitter 46 fs
state-of-the art results for additive jitter @ 0.8 µm.
108 /108 /
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Tem
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.0.8
R&T results (4)
Compactness
MZM
Bragg
SOA
Coupler
30 cm
30 cm
For a more compact configuration:
Need for a more compact optical circulator
Or need for « Transmissive » Chirped Bragg grating @ 800 nm (To avoid the use of an
optical circulator)
Circulator
109 /109 /
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ALE
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Tem
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.0.8
Pulse to pulse timing jitter (1)
Pulse-to-pulse timing jitter Low jitter ensured by long fibred cavity configuration (class-A dynamics, free of relaxation
oscillations) Phase noise spectra at 4 GHz and 18 GHz repetition frequency
* where f is the signal frequency, S is electrical phase noise and [f1, f2] is integration bandwidth
110 /110 /
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Tem
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.0.8
R&T results
Pulse-to-pulse timing jitter Additive jitter as a function of integration bandwidth for pulsed laser @ 4GHz
Jitter can be further decreased:
With a pulsed RF modulation Jitter divided by 3 at 2GHz repetition frequency (integration from 10
Hz to 10 MHz)
Jitter expected to be equal to 25 fs for a 4 GHz repetition frequencypulse (integration from 10 Hz to 10 MHz)
With an optimized configuration based on an opto-electronic oscillator or with a longer cavity for RF phase noise filtering .
Integration bandwidth Additive jitter (fs)[10 Hz-10MHz] 55 [100 Hz-1 MHz] 40[100 Hz-100 kHz] 17
111 /111 /
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Tem
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tp v
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.0.8
RF spectrum analysis
collaboration with Lab. Aimé Cotton / CNRS
• spectral hole burning based RF spectrum analysis:
• dynamic range: > 45dB
• bandwidth: up to 10 GHz
• resolution: 500 kHz
• acousto-optic based RF spectrum analysis limited to:
• typ. 1 GHz bandwidth
• typ. resolution: 1 MHz
112 /112 /
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e pr
oper
ty o
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ALE
S.
You
are
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
113 /113 /
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rmat
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aine
d in
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s do
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ent a
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ts a
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
114 /114 /
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info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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ent a
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ts a
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
115 /115 /
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info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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ent a
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ts a
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e pr
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ritte
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prov
al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Introduction
Spectrum analysis in E.W is :
• required for signal identification / classification, for goniometry
• largely done today in the digital domain
but
• most of existing syst. are not able to cover the whole 2 - 20 GHz range
1 to few GHz is processed “instantaneously”
processed bandwidth is scanned across the 2-20 GHz range
decreases probability of intercept
• classification requires:
• a frequency resolution < 1MHz
• resolution on the time of arrival <1µs
• large sensitivity and linear dynamic range (typ. > 40 dB)
116 /116 /
The
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rmat
ion
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aine
d in
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s do
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Introduction
Spectrum analysis of 20 GHz with 1MHz resolution and 100% probability of intercept needs:
(time x bandwidth) product > 104
over an 20 GHz instantaneous B.W
potential use of optoelectronic architectures
coherent processing in the RF domain and coherent processing in the optical domain
dual frequency laser or SSB mod.
high speed photodiode
S(t)
S(t-)
fibre (dispersive or not)
photonic crystals
SHB material
dual frequency laser or SSB mod.
high speed photodiode
S(t)
S(t-)
fibre (dispersive or not)
photonic crystals
SHB materialSpectral holography in SHB material
117 /117 /
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ion
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aine
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ritte
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prov
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
0.1- 20 GHz
Spectrum analysis application
Spectrum analysis in electronic warfare
Signal identification
Classification
Goniometry…
118 /118 /
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info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
0.1- 20 GHz
Spectrum analysis application
Spectrum analysis requires:
large instantaneous bandwidth
high frequency resolution
reconfiguration
large sensitivity and linear dynamic range (typ. > 40 dB)
119 /119 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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ts a
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
0.1- 20 GHz
Spectrum analysis application
but existing systems, based on wideband ADCs or on super-heterodyne scanning receivers :
have a dynamic range severely limited by spurious
manage high data rates (Tb/s) and high computation levels (10’s of Tflops)
1 to few GHz is processed “instantaneously” (SH)
processed bandwidth is scanned across the 2-20 GHz range probability of intercept << 100 %
H2O HD CO2
WB ADCs
super-heterodyne
120 /120 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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ent a
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ts a
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You
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Electro-opticModulator
ProcessingOptical
0.1- 20 GHz
Spectrum analysis application
Laser
?
H2O HD CO2
121 /121 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
cum
ent a
nd a
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ts a
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e pr
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al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Electro-opticModulator
Laser
Rare-earth doped crystal =
frequency angle converter
« Rainbow » spectrum analyser
Crystal
)t(ERF
ν)(E~
θ)(E RFout
ProcessingOptical
122 /122 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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ent a
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ts a
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Key of the system : Spectral Hole Burning
Rare-Earth Ions doped Crystal : Tm:YAG @T<5K
=793nm
inh > 20GHz bandwidth
h < 150kHz resolution6
3 H
43 H
43 F (10ms)793nm
(0.5ms)
Thulium
123 /123 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
cum
ent a
nd a
ny a
ttach
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ts a
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e pr
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You
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Rainbow architecture
Electro-opticmodulator
Signallaser
Rare-earth iondoped crystal
Detector
RF signals
fRF
USBLSB
(i) (ii)
Signal beam (#1)
Diffractedbeams (#2)
Programmingbeams
(#3) (#4)
124 /124 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
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ent a
nd a
ny a
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ts a
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e pr
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ALE
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You
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al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Crystal programming
Tm3+ doped crystal
Holograms recording :
1 monochromatic grating for each spectral channel
a specific angle is associated to each frequency
gratings life-time : 10ms
gratings have to be refreshed continuously
1
2
Principle of the « rainbow analyzer »
optical frequency
abso
rptio
n
125 /125 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
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ent a
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ts a
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e pr
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You
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ritte
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al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Read-out of the gratings for RF spectrum analysis
polychromatic beam
Angular splitting of the spectral components
Tm3+ doped crystal
Principle of the « rainbow analyzer »
optical frequency
abso
rptio
n
Diffraction of the optically carried RF on the holograms :
frequency resolution given by the spectral holes selectivity, not by Bragg selectivity !
f
USBLSB
126 /126 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
cum
ent a
nd a
ny a
ttach
men
ts a
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e pr
oper
ty o
f TH
ALE
S.
You
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is d
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ted
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les
prio
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ritte
n ap
prov
al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Read-out of the gratings for RF spectrum analysis
polychromatic beam
Angular splitting of the spectral components
Tm3+ doped crystal
Principle of the « rainbow analyzer »
optical frequency
abso
rptio
n
Diffraction of the optically carried RF on the holograms :
frequency resolution given by the spectral holes selectivity, not by Bragg selectivity !
f
USBLSB
127 /127 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
cum
ent a
nd a
ny a
ttach
men
ts a
re th
e pr
oper
ty o
f TH
ALE
S.
You
are
her
eby
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inat
ion,
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is d
ocum
ent i
s st
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Tha
les
prio
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ritte
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prov
al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Rainbow architecture
Electro-opticmodulator
Signallaser
Rare-earth iondoped crystal
Detector
RF signals
fRF
USBLSB
(i) (ii)
Signal beam (#1)
Diffractedbeams (#2)
Programmingbeams
(#3) (#4)
(iii)
Programmingbeam (#4)
Programmingbeam (#3)Diffracted
beams (#2)
Signal beam(#1)
128 /128 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
cum
ent a
nd a
ny a
ttach
men
ts a
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e pr
oper
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f TH
ALE
S.
You
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s st
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ted
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ritte
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al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
simultaneous spectrum analysis and grating recording
100% probability of intercept
3D configuration
Programming beams(#3 et #4)
RF signal
Signal beam (#3)
Diffracted beams (#2)
Crystal
129 /129 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
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ent a
nd a
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ts a
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e pr
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al. ©
TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
3D configuration
Programming beams(#3 et #4)
RF signal
Signal beam (#3)
Diffracted beams (#2)
Crystal
simultaneous spectrum analysis and grating recording
100% probability of intercept
130 /130 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
cum
ent a
nd a
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ttach
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ts a
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e pr
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You
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
3D configuration
• simultaneous spectrum analysis and grating recording
100% probability of intercept
• 1 photodetector 1 RF channel with enveloppe
detection
131 /131 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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ts a
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
Preliminary demonstration
bandwidth: 3.3 GHz number of channels : 100
L. Ménager et al., Opt. Lett. 26, 1245, 2001
V. Lavielle et al., Opt. Lett. 28, 384, 2003
AO for angular sweep of one of the chirped engraving beams
1D CCD array
205 mrad
3.3 GHz
132 /132 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
205 mrad
3.3 GHz
1D CCD arraySingle external
cavity laser
Helium bathcryostat Acousto-optics
deflectors
L. Ménager et al., Opt. Lett. 26, 1245, 2001V. Lavielle et al., Opt. Lett. 28, 384, 2003
Preliminary demonstration (CNRS-LAC)
bandwidth: 3.3 GHz number of channels : 100
European Space Agency (ESA) funding
133 /133 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
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s do
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TH
ALE
S 2
011.
Tem
plat
e tr
tp v
ersi
on 7
.0.8
1D CCD arraySingle external
cavity laser
Helium bathcryostat Acousto-optics
deflectors
L. Ménager et al., Opt. Lett. 26, 1245, 2001V. Lavielle et al., Opt. Lett. 28, 384, 2003
Engraving Read out
Time (µs)
Lase
r fr
eque
ncy
(a.u
.)
Preliminary demonstration (CNRS-LAC)
bandwidth: 3.3 GHz number of channels : 100 refresh time : 1 ms No RF signals analysis PI 50 %
134 /134 /
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
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hibi
ted
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frequency
Potential zoom effect
fully programmable resolution according to the combined:
• the reolution of the scanning of the laser wavelength
• the recording angles
SHB crystal
135 /135 /
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rmat
ion
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aine
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s do
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ent a
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ttach
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ts a
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e pr
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ied
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rev
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, di
ssem
inat
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utio
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opyi
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is d
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« Rainbow » analyser : performances
demonstrated performances:• probability of intercept: 100%• bandwidth: 10 GHz• temporal resolution : 10 µs• number of channels: 200• dynamic range: 30 dB
targeted performances :• transportable demonstrator• volume < 50 L• test on real radar signals• bandwidth: 20 GHz• channels: >400• temporal resolution 1 µs• dynamic range: 50 dB
plaque froide à 4.K
enceinte à 50K
support de lentilles
cristal Tm3+:YAG
4.K cold plate
50K chamber
lenses mounting support
Tm3+:YAG crystal
xy
z
136 /136 /
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info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
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s do
cum
ent a
nd a
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ttach
men
ts a
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e pr
oper
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ALE
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are
her
eby
notif
ied
that
any
rev
iew
, di
ssem
inat
ion,
dis
trib
utio
n, c
opyi
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is d
ocum
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s st
rictly
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Tem
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New challenges
Single externalcavity laser
Helium bathcryostat
Acousto-opticsdeflectors
Mechanical resonantdeflector
Closed-cyclecryostat Maturity
InstantaneousBandwidth
Probabilityof Interception 100%
Numberof channels
Engraving laserDFB tunable over 20 GHz
Engraving laserDFB tunable over 20 GHz
Read-out laserExternal cavity laser
Read-out laserExternal cavity laser
Temporalresolution
camera High-speed camera
137 /137 /
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rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s do
cum
ent a
nd a
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ttach
men
ts a
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e pr
oper
ty o
f TH
ALE
S.
You
are
her
eby
notif
ied
that
any
rev
iew
, di
ssem
inat
ion,
dis
trib
utio
n, c
opyi
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is d
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ent i
s st
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Demonstration: set-up
AngularscanP
rogr
amm
ing
bloc
k
DetectionNumerical
processing and display
Cryostat
modulator
Signal laser (stabilized on
programming laser)
RF signals
Syn
chro
nisa
tion
Signal block
Detection block
#3
#4#1
#2
Programming laser (frequency scanning -
stabilized)
138 /138 /
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aine
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s do
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ts a
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e pr
oper
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ALE
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any
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inat
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utio
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opyi
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is d
ocum
ent i
s st
rictly
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Tem
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Analysis of complex signals spectrum
AWGBW 125 MHzComplex form
Generator(0-20 GHz)
up-converter
Generator (VCO) 0-20 GHz(frequency can be swept over 2GHz in 10ms)
Combiner3dB
Generator (0-20 GHz)Frequency steps
Pulsed
switch
Rainbow analyser
139 /139 /
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Experimental results
Spe
ctru
m #
100
200
300
400
500
600800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Pixels
Frequency (GHz)0 4 8 12 16 20
20
30
40
50
60
10
Tim
e (ms)
0
20 GHz / 400 channels / 10 kHz refresh rate
140 /140 /
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s do
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800 1000
Pixels
0 4Frequency (GHz)
Spe
ctru
m #
100
50
10
Tim
e (ms)
5
Experimental results
20 GHz / 400 channels / 10 kHz refresh rate, zoom
141 /141 /
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rmat
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s do
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Experimental results
Spe
ctru
m #
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800Pixels
100
200
300
400
500
600
20
30
40
50
60
10
0
Frequency (GHz)T
ime (m
s)
0 1 2 3 4 5
5 GHz / 400 channels / 10 kHz refresh rate
142 /142 /
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aine
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Spe
ctru
m #
1600 1800
Pixels
100 10
0
Frequency (GHz)
Tim
e (ms)
4 5
Experimental results
5 GHz / 400 channels / 10 kHz refresh rate, zoom
143 /143 /
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Conclusion - Perspectives
to provide current performances of microwave photonics components, in
packaged modules compliant with the system constraints
(compactness, robustness, reliability and cost, airborne and space qualification)
• to spread out optoelectronics into radars systems
to increase performances of microwave photonic components
(bandwidth, efficiency, noise figure, linearity)
• to match the requirements of airborne applications
to develop more complex functions and subsystems taking advantage of
uniques features of optoelectronic architectures
(e.g OEOs, photonic ADCs, programmable filters,..)
• to provide additional functionalities to radars systems to climb the value chain
acknowledged partial support:
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