4/3/2013
FAASALELEAGA WIRELESS MESH
NETWORK – ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND
DEPLOYMENT INFRASTRUCTURES
by
Leutele L.M. Grey Academic Journal
Leutele Lucia Maria Greu WHITIREIA NZ, PORIRUA, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND
1
ABSTRACT
While access to the internet is already
available mainly in the commercial area of
the District of Faasaleleaga, a wireless mesh
network (WMN) infrastructure is up for
consideration. This paper produces a solution
for a WMN (or Wireless Local Area
Network/Wireless Fidelity (WLAN/WiFi)
architecture design and deployment
infrastructure for the district of Faasaleleaga
which is located in the Island of Savaii
Western Samoa in the South Pacific. Since
this will be a novel initiative for the country,
this paper supports the Institute of Electrical
Electronic Engineers (IEEE 802.11)
standards’ mixed mode technologies and
applications for the Faasaleleaga community
WMN system. The success of this project
relies heavily on previous work of researchers
and writers in the field as well as similar real
case scenarios. A survey of the coverage area
was conducted using the Google 3D map in
coordination with information from the
Wikipedia website .The paper examines
multiple medium and the potentials of the
IEEE.11 a/b/g/n and how they can be used
appropriately to address current needs of a
developing community. While off the shelf
products may be easily accessible by most
people, these standards are also incorporated
and integrated into commercial mesh
technologies of trustworthy proprietors. A
minor concern involves finding someone to
administrate the network. The audience of
this paper include government policy makers
and WMN administrators and management.
Keywords: IEEE802.11 standards, Faasaleleaga
Savaii Western Samoa, WLAN/WIFI, Wireless
Mesh Network.
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to provide a
solution for a WMN architecture design
and deployment infrastructure suitable in
addressing current and future needs of the
district of Faasaleleaga Savaii Western
Samoa. WMNs are, non-expensive
decentralised, self-configured, self-healing
and tend to need lower power since the
network is distributed across many
tropically light weight nodes (Fedoua &
Feham, 2012). This initiative adopts the
four WMN possible deployments as
defined by (Fedoua et al. 2012) including:
residential (or digital home), WLAN/WiFi
general infrastructure, the Internet for
public general use, and finally as a
wireless network disaster infrastructure.
Fedoua et al (2012) explain that a WMN is
capable for creating low cost and ease of
deployment with excellent wireless
coverage. In addition, the key motivation
behind the popularity of a WMN is
underpin by its connectivity potentials,
wireless performance, reliability,
scalability, decentralisation and automatic
self-healing capabilities. Currently, it is an
alternative technology for last-mile
broadband. Jun and Sichitiu (2003) state
that internet access can provide good
reliable, market coverage, and scalability
as well as low upfront investment to
networks. (Akyildiz, Wang and Wang
2005) insist that a WMN can deliver
wireless services using a variety of
applications ranging from personal to a
local campus to metropolitan areas. Figure
1 is an illustration of a hypothetical
solution for a WMN architecture design
and deployment infrastructure for the
Faasaleleaga community which recognize
the potentials of a mesh network for a
district where there is not much, if any,
infrastructure in terms of wires, lines or
multiple wireless access points. Study
looks at situations from a reality case
scenario. In planning and designing the
deployment of the WLAN Infrastructure, a
survey of the coverage area was conducted
using the Google 3D map and Google
SAMOA FAASALELEAGA WIRELESS MESH NETWORK – ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND
DEPLOYMENT INFRASTRUCTURES
Leutele L.M. Grey
Whitireia NZ Educational Institute
Faculty of Business and Information Technology
3 April 2013
2
images in coordination with information
available from Wikipedia website for
Fasaleleaga Savaii. The rest of this paper is
organized as follow: Section II examines
and analysed other related work, while
sections III, IV and V deal with problem
formulation, assumptions and limitations.
Section VI discuss and analyse
architecture design and deployment
requirements followed by section VII
which provides detail review and
discussions of the IEEE802.11 protocols
and standards followed by the conclusion,
acknowledgement, references and
bibliography.
SECTION II: RELATED WORK
Bicket, Aguayo, Biswas and Morris (2005)
outline and evaluate the design and
performance of an urban rooftop 802.11b
mesh network which favoured ease of
deployment using the omni-directional
antennas, self-configuring software, and
link-quality-aware multi-hop routing. The
study highlighted the effects of volunteer
participation resulting to the annual
increase of the network by 37 nodes and
by little administrative installation efforts
of the researchers. In addition, the average
throughput between nodes is 627 Mbps
while the entire network is well served by
a few internet gateways. Crepaldi, Lee,
Etkin, Lee and Kravets (2012) propose a
Channel State Information Sampling and
Fusion (CSI-SF) method for estimating
CSI for every multiple-input-multiple-
output (MIMO) configuration by sampling
a small number of frames transmitted with
different settings and extrapolating data for
the remaining settings. The results show
that CSI-SF can provide accurate and
complete knowledge of the MIMO channel
with reduced overhead. Moreover, CSI-SF
can be applied to network algorithms such
as rate adaptation, antenna selection and
3
association control aimed to improve
performance and efficiency. Fedoua and
Feham (2012) explore classification of
quality of service (QoS) and concluded
that one way to ensure QOS is to combine
effective solutions in the three layers
together. They also recommended that
changing the carrier senses multiple
access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
protocol in IEEE 802.11 where the link
layer is concern is not a wise option
although they support the use of MIMO to
increase speed. Zubow, Sombrutzki and
Scheidgen (2012) quantify the gain from
media access control (MAC) diversity as
utilized by opportunistic routing (OR) in
the presence of physical diversity as
provided by a MIMO (802.11) system.
They concluded that there are negligible
MAC diversity gains for both interference
prone 2.4GHz and interference free 5GHz
channels when using 802.11n. Hajlaoui,
Jabri and Jemaa (2013) investigate the
effects of most of the 802.11n MAC and
physical layer features on the ad hoc
network performance as well as the
interoperability and fairness of 802.11n
using real conditions scenarios. The results
showed the effectiveness of 802.11n
enhancement. In addition, it suggested that
reducing protocol overheads may improve
interoperability and fairness of 802.11n.
Murty, Veeraiah and Rao (2012) explore
the WiFi and WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access)
technologies and how they work to
maintain maintenance and deployment.
The outcome realized key WMN
challenges including: security, seamless
handover, location and emergency
services, cooperation and QoS. On the
other hand, Ho, Lam, Chong and Liew
(2013) when examining drawback of
WMNs multi-hop bandwidth degradation
suggested that the primary cause of
degradation is through contention and
radio interference. Moreover, they argued,
that the straightforward approach by
communities when using mesh nodes with
multiple radios and channels cannot solve
the multiple-hop Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) throughput degradation
problem in IEEE 802.11n mesh networks.
Finally, Zhu, Fang and Wang (2010) offer
solutions on how to secure multi-domain
WMNs.
A: ANALYSIS
The related research to this topic insofar
appear to be focusing on the same
fundamental building blocks and arbitrary
settings of the IEEE 802.11 technology
standards e.g. topologies, allocations and
combinations of coverage areas, data,
frequency bandwidths and weaknesses of
the MAC and Physical (PHY) layers of
WLAN/WiFi mesh infrastructure . While a
lot of these issues have now been
addressed by proprietary considerations in-
terms of product combinations for IEEE
802.11 standards, researchers are still
concern over the structure of the Ad Hoc
technology and its general effects over the
WMN mesh. This paper assumes that the
building blocks of the WMNs are
concentrated within the modified 802.11
a/b/g/n standards and that it is within this
area that the success of the mesh
technology totally depends upon. In
consideration of the readers of this study,
this paper intends to examine and analyse
in details the IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n
standards. In addition, the fundamental
framework of the Fassaleleaga WMN
architecture design and deployment
infrastructure favours utilizing the
IEEE802.11 WLAN standards to develop
the conceptual framework of the mesh
from which will later on be transformed
into a logical framework for implementing
deployment infrastructure and to identify
product requirement for the Mesh.
SECTION III: PROBLEM
FORMULATION
Before discussing IEEE802.11 standards
and building blocks and applications
relative to the WMN, this section
determines and formulates the research
problem. Firstly, the complexity of this
4
project derives from the fact that the
Faasaleleaga district may not fit under the
description of a municipal or that of a
modern city. Instead, it is a district that is
formulated by scattered villages and sub
villages and most of its challenges are
underpin by unpredictable natural
disasters, such as coastal erosions and
volcanic mountainous inland
environmental changes. The WLAN
IEEE 802.11’s fundamental control
schemes lies within its systematic
architectural building blocks including
the Basic Service Setting (BSS) and its
various forms of topologies such as the
Independent Basic Service Set (I/BSS)
(also known as an Ad Hoc Mode), the
Access Point (AP) with an
Infrastructure Mode which allows for
only one client to add to the network
and finally the Extended Service Set
(ESS) with an Infrastructure Mode
which tends to expand the basic
coverage area to more than one clients.
This paper assumes that the traditional
wireless network settings and arbitrary
standards are also the building blocks
of the WMN technology. The next
section aimed in constituting research
assumptions whereby the
Faasaleleaga’s theoretical WMN
architectural design and deployment
infrastructure will adopt throughout the
paper.
SECTION IV: ASSUMPTIONS
This study assumes that the
IEEE802.11 arbitrary standards contain
components and guidelines for product
requirements for the WiFi/WLAN
technology. Further, the standards
produce control and management
mechanisms of wireless network traffic
capacity. In addition, an infinity
amount of data are captured and
transmitted by network nodes
throughout the entire network. Also,
there is an existing controlling
mechanism for enforcing absolute
fairness in the distribution of data for
all nodes to each gateway which allows
for every node in the network to
receive equal share of bandwidth
available in the network. In addition, a
mixed mode network in consideration
of the backward compatibility
characteristics of IEEE802.11g and 11b
as well as IEEE802.11n with a/b/g if
use appropriately will significantly
improve data rates without requiring
additional power or RF bandwidth
allocation. Finally this paper assumes that
WLAN, WiFi and IEEE802.11 mean the
same thing, therefore to prevent further
confusion, the terms WLAN, WiFi and
IEEE802.11 are being used
interchangeably in this paper.
SECTION V: LIMITATIONS
This paper tackles the initial phase of the
proposed Faasaleleaga WMN design and
infrastructure .The key limitation stemmed
from the unavailability of an appropriate
testbed that will enable testing of research
assumptions. However, since it is still a
novel technological initiative for the
Island, the expected outcome aimed to
produce a guideline for further research
and in consideration of respective audience
in order to help them make informed
decisions.
SECTION VI: ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT
REQUIREMENTS
A: DEFINITON AND DESCRIPTION
Tang, Xue and Zhang, (2005) defines the
WMN as a multihop wireless network
that may contain a minimum to a large
number of nodes some of which are
called gateway nodes connecting to a
wired network. Akyildiz et al (2005);
5
Ho et al (2013) explain that WMNs
consist of mesh routers (MR) and mesh
clients (MC) in which MR have
minimal mobility and form the
backbone of the WMNs. Further, MR
provides network access for both the
mesh and conventional clients. In
addition, the integration of WMNs with
other networks such as the internet,
cellular, IEEE 802.11 technologies etc.
can be accomplished through the
gateway and bridging functions in the
MR. Contrast, MC can be either
stationary or mobile, and can form a
MC network among themselves and
with mesh routers (MRs). Further,
WMNs are expected to resolve
potential limitations and to improve the
performance of Ad Hoc networks,
WLANs, wireless personal area
networks (WPANs), and wireless
metropolitan area networks (WMANs).
Akyildiz et al, (2005) confirm that
WMNs can offer wireless services for a
large variety of applications in
personal, local campus, and
metropolitan areas e.g. a case in point
is the Meraki WMN deployment
(Johnson, Matthee, Sokoya, Mwboweni,
Makan, & Kotze, 2007). That said,
therefore, WMN can offer many solutions
for a small island district for multiple
reasons such as disaster response, public
access to internet and broadband, WiMAX
for business, and community access to
education content and health etc. Further,
the internet broadband and wireless
technologies can provide multiple indoor
and outdoor benefits in areas such as
agricultural services, remote village
farming, and entrepreneurial marketing
activities. Arguably, standard technologies
such as IEEE 802.11, WiMax, WPAN,
cellular, and hotspots have been limited to
international modern municipalities and
cities as well as large small and medium
size countries but omitted small islands
that don’t exactly match the description
enjoyed by others. Fortunately, the
delicensing of WiFi radio frequencies has
enabled community development and
deployment of WiFi radio frequencies e.g.
two cases in point is the Tegola Broadband
Project for Rural Scotland (Bernadi,
Bunnerman & Marina, 2009) and the
Dublin WMN (Weber, Cahill, Clarke, &
Haahr, 2003). In planning and designing
the architecture and deployment of the
WLAN, a survey of the coverage area was
conducted using the Google 3D maps and
the Google images of Faasaleleaga Savaii
in coordination with the district’s relevant
information available on the Wikipedia
website. The next session focus on the
geographic and demographic features of
the Faasaleleaga coverage area.
B: SURVEY OF THE DISTRICT
OF FAASALELEAGA SAVAI’I
The island of Savaiʻi is the largest in
Western Samoa as illustrated in Figure 2,
and home to about 43,142 people (2006
Census) making up 24% of the country's
population (Faasaleleaga Savaii Maps,
maps.google.nz., 2013; Faasaleleaga
Savaii, www.wikepiedia.co.nz, 2013).The
district of Faasaleleaga as pictured in
Figures 3 & 4 is located on the eastern
side of Savaii with a population of about
12,949 people and 266 km in size. In
addition, it contains 17 dispersed clusters
of small villages including Salelologa,
Salelavalu, Iva, Vai’afai, Vaisaulu,
Lalomalava and Safua, all of which are
located in the coastal area which is highly
prone to erosion. While the entire island is
characterised by a broad plain sloping
down to the coast from steep inland
mountains, the main mountains in
Faasaleleaga area are volcanic cones
including Mt Valusia, Mt Ologae and Mt
Uliva’a. The village of Salelologa is the
main commercial centre for Savaii as
depicted in Figure 5. The island’s main
airport is located at Maota about 4 km west
of the wharf road intersection with the
main power station at 1 km in the west.
6
Most commercial development is located
on the wharf road which runs from the
main road around the island to the ferry
wharf. Here, are development initiatives
including public amenities such as, the
market, several large trading stores, the
ANZ and Westpac bank, a travel agency,
shops, restaurant internet access, and
Western Union money transfer outlets.
Inland plantations and agriculture
dominate economic activities in the
villages. The main hospital is located in
Tuasivi in Faasaleleaga while several
public schools are dispersed in specific
villages.
Figure 2 - Map of the Samoa located in the Pacific Oceans
Source: Google Images via www.google.com.
Figure 3 -Map of Savaii Island showing Geographical
Structures. Source: Google Images
Figure 4 - A bird eye view of Faasaleleaga
Source: Google 3D Maps
Figuren5- Faasaleleaga Development Plan and Progress
Source: Government Planning and Development Documents
7
C: TYPES OF DEPLOYMENT
Mesh networks may provide solutions for
broadband internet for the district such as
disaster response, WiMAX to upgrade
commercial and remote entrepreneurial
activities, village farming and community
access to education content and health
services. For example, a WMN for
community learning can give citizens
access to the wider world of information
and educational content as well as for peer
to peer file sharing and collaborative
learning through the internet. Further, this
type of access could provide educational
solutions not only to a marginalize
community, but also to groups within the
community that may be further
marginalized or restricted in accessing
education.
D: APPLICATIONS
To achieve reliability and accessibility of
internet and broadband for the entire
coverage area the solution here is dynamic
routing rather than static routing
Therefore a ubiquitous wireless coverage
primarily using Wi-Fi technology, allows
a broad range of end-users (e.g. citizens,
students, tourists, businesses) to access the
internet at high speeds (up to 1-8 Mbps)
from desktop PCs, laptops, and Wi-Fi
equipped handhelds.
E: FAASALELEAGA COVERAGE
DATA FLOW ESTIMATION
The AP estimation by coverage area
depends heavily on the Fassaleleaga
environment and in consideration of
resources already available in the area.
The comparative analysis of Upolu and
Savaii with the concentrated coverage area
of Faasaleleaga is summarized in Table 1.
Given the difficult nature of the
Faasaleleaga environment, for this reason,
the proposed WMN considers the system
Table 1: Upolu and Savaii Statistical Demographic and Geographical
8
administrator to station from inland at
about 1.2km away from the coastland for
safety reasons and thus enabling smooth
simulation of the network (also with
consideration of the rough inland
structure). Moreover, like the district,
villages such as Saleleloga for example,
again, are broken down into smaller
dispersed sub villages. For example,
Figure 6 provides a demonstration of a
typical village structure, each being
formulated into an individual coverage
area embedded by the mesh topology.
Based on the whole area size which is 226
km and the additional 1.2km inland for
project simulation purposes, each of the 20
sub villages has been allocated an
estimation size of basically 13.3m to
enable fair placements of the nodes.
Therefore the study recommends that 20
APs would be a good number for building
the mesh topology as depicted in Figure 7.
Figure 6 - An Ideal structure of
applications and deployment for
coverage areas
Figure 7 - Wireless Mesh Forming the Backbone Infrastructure of the
Fassalelaga WMNs
9
The data flow estimation is summarised in
Table 2. Each coverage area’s data flow
estimation, is on the basis of the
preliminary survey results of the
Faaslelelaga coverage area and the .
The estimated total data flow for the entire
coverage area was calculated from the
estimated populations of the users, devices
including Mesh Access Points (MAPs) and
Router Access Points (RAPs), Internet
flow, gateways and control devices per sub
coverage area in coordination with
potential arbitrary settings of each
802.11a/b/g/n combination. While there
are still areas of confusion arising from the
802.11 standards applications, this paper
intend to embrace the mixed mode concept
Table 2.Estimates The Expected Overall Data Flow For Each Coverage Area By User Population,
Number of Devices MAP, RAP, Gateways and Control Devices And Arbitrary Settings of 802.11
standards
10
particularly the backward compatibility
features of 11b with 11a, and 11n/ with
a/b/g as shown in Figure 8. For example,
when a Linksys AP is configured to allow
both 802.11b and 802.11g clients, it is
configured to operate in a mixed mode
which is the focus of the next session.
F: BACKWARD COMPATABILITY –
MIXED MODE
This paper assumed that given the
backward compatibility features of the 11g
with b as well as 11/n with a/b/g, and in
terms of data flow, despite the speed rates,
this means that 11n allows incremental
increase in data flows amongst all
coverage areas based on user and client
population for all layers of the mesh.
Several processes take place in creating a
connection between a client and an AP
which requires configuring parameters
both on the AP and on the Client devices.
The term ‘wireless mode’ refers to the
WLAN protocols 802.11a.b.g.n. Because
802.11g is backward compatibility with
802.11b, APs supports both standards.
This means if all clients connect to an AP
with 802.11g, they all will enjoy the better
data rates provided as illustrated in Figure
8. However, when 802.11b clients
associates with the APs of 11/g this means
all faster clients contending for the
channels have to wait on 802.11b clients to
clear the channel before transmitting, thus
effectively reducing 802.11g clients to
802.11b speed (which is 11 Mbps
maximum). This not only indicates that the
backward compatibility of 802.11n
operates the similar way, but it also
indicates that there is a control mechanism
in action during this process to ensure fair
distribution of data and broadband
availability.
Figure 8: Coverage Area Mixed Mode based on IEEE 8023.11a/b/g/n Standards
Source: (Lewis 2008)
11
G. Channel Distribution
According to Lewis (2008) radio
transmitters and receivers on WLAN
devices operate over a range of frequencies
also known as frequency bands. The IEEE
802.11 standards consist of an established
channelization scheme for the use of the
unlicensed Industrial Scientific and
Medical (ISM) RF bands in WLANs as
depicted in Figure 9 which consists of
frequencies ranging from between 2.4 and
2.483 GHz.
Moreover while distribution of channels
varies in different countries, the 2.4 GHz
band is broken down into 11 channels for
North America and 13 channels for Europe
with a centre frequency separation of only
5 MHz as well as an overall channel
bandwidth of 22 MHz (Lewis, 2008). The
22 MHz channel bandwidth combined
with the 5 MHz separation between centre
frequencies allows for an overlap which
will exist between successive channels.
For example, WLANs which require
Figure 9: 2.4 GHz Channel Distribution
Source: (Lewis 2008)
12
multiple access points may have to use
non-overlapping channels as best practice
(Lewis 2008). This means that where three
are three adjacent APs, channels 1, 6 and
11 are the best options.
H. Management Consideration
Client Devices – In most cases, a wireless
network support older 802.11a/b/g devices
as well as newer (and faster) 802.11n
devices (Lewis, 2008). In the case of
Fasaleleaga Network, deploying dual-radio
APs such as the Meraki MR14 may be a
potential solution for consideration. For
example, these APs have the capability to
perform “band steering” by supporting the
older legacy devices (e.g., 802.11b/g
devices) on the 2.4 GHz band, while
steering the newer, faster devices (e.g.,
802.11n devices) to the 5 GHz band for
better performance (Meraki, 2009;
Johnson et al, 2007)).
Existing RF - Wireless devices that
operate in RF bands adjacent to the 2.4 and
5 GHz bands can interfere with the
coverage and performance of a wireless
network. Therefore, wireless phone
headsets, for example, can generate
channel interference in the 2.4 GHz even
though the headsets themselves operate
outside of the 2.4 GHz band. This means
that an administrator can address the
existing RF environment by enabling
automatic channel assignment periodically
using channel interference and channel
utilization statistics that it receives from
APs (Meraki, 2009, Johnson et al, 2007).
In addition, they may be able to enable
“channel spreading” to configure APs in a
network to broadcast on different channels,
thereby reducing channel utilization and
increasing client capacity across the
overall network (Johnson et al, 2007).
Gateways and Repeaters – APs that are
connected directly to an Internet uplink
connection, such as a DSL line from an
ISP, are called gateway APs. On the other
hand, APs that are not connected to a
wired internet connection are called
repeaters. Therefore as long as a repeater
provided power and has unobstructed
direct line of site with a strong wireless
signal from a nearby gateway, the repeater
will share the gateway’s internet
connection (Johnson et al, 2007). On the
one hand, both gateways and repeaters can
serve clients. On the other hand, if a
gateway were to lose its Internet
connection, it will automatically look for a
nearby gateway and failover to act as a
repeater while continuing to serve clients.
Therefore, it is possible to have multiple
gateways in a mesh network, and repeaters
will automatically choose the gateway to
which it has the strongest connection
(Meraki, 2009, Johnson et al, 2007).
Products and Services -There is a high
variety of manufacturers (e.g. Rukus,
Cisco, Motorola and FireTide) that are
producing products for WMNs which
indicate the increasing interests of the
industry in this topic. Further, the main
groups of standardizations define WMN
standards which will allow for better
interoperability between networks.
Finally, choosing right products for
building the mesh is paramount to the
success of the project.
Maximize line of sight: A wireless signal
travels most effectively through open
space. As such, an AP with an omni-
directional antenna should be positioned to
maximize its line of sight both to wireless
users and to the areas that it needs to cover
(Meraki. 2009; Johnson, et al, 2007). For
instance, an AP deployed in an office
building is often well positioned in a
hallway, where it has line of sight up and
down the hallway serving wireless users
sitting in cubes along the hallway, as well
as wireless users sitting in offices that
hang off the hallway.
13
I. MANAGEMENT CONTROL AND
SECURITY PROTOCOLS
While it is not the purpose of this paper to
study security, security requirements
anyhow are being considered in this
section. Gerkis and Purcell (2006)
suggested that using conventional WLAN
security mechanisms (e.g. WPA2/802.11i)
is the first option. Further, conventional
security mechanisms provide standardized
methods for authentication, access control
and encryption between a wireless client
and APs. Moreover, since most wide-area
mesh solutions strive to retain
compatibility with commercial off-the-
shelf WLAN client adapters, therefore,
existing standardized WPA2 mechanisms
are commonly retained (e.g. the mesh
network “looks like” an access point to the
client). However, there are many different
types of wireless mesh architectures,
where each type may use a different
approach for wireless security. Gerkis et al
(2006) argues that many approaches for
mesh security may be derived from ad-hoc
security research, but any future
commercial mesh product will standardize
security through 802.11s (e.g., will be
based primarily on 802.11i security
mechanisms). Further, most 802.11-based
wireless networks clients are standard
wireless LAN stations with no mesh
networking capabilities which means that
some vendors, such as Motorola and
PacketHop offer client mesh solutions
compared to Metro-WiFi technologies
which are intended to provide access to
non-mesh capable 802.11 stations (Gerkis
et al, 2006). Furthermore, client access
security may vary depending on the type
of network e.g., a Metro-WiFi network
may use open wireless authentication with
a Layer 3 billing service access gateway,
while an enterprise/private mesh network
will typically use WPA2-compliant
wireless access controls. Over all, some of
the concepts from ad-hoc network security
provide insights into key technologies for
mesh network security (Gerkis et al 2006).
SECTION VII - A REVIEW OF THE
IEEE 802.11 PROTOCOLS
STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS
This paper assumes that the difference
between the traditional wireless and
WMNs technologies is probably by
name and additional improvements of
the traditional wireless systems that
make the WMN what it is now, but the
basic settings remain the same. It
follows then that the way to
successfully build and deploy a WMN
is to first understand the IEEE802.11
standards and their arbitrary settings as
summarized in Table 3.
Table 3:802.11 WLAN WIFI Standards
14
According to Lewis (2008) the IEEE
802.11 standard defines how RFs in the
unlicensed ISM frequency bands, are used
for the PHY Layer and the MAC Sub
Layer of wireless links. Historically, the
initial IEEE 802.11 had a 1.2 Mbps data
rate in the 2.4 GHz bandwidth and from
thereon, the WLAN standards have been
modified with the release of IEEE
802.11a/b/g/ and n protocols. Lewis (2008)
explains that the choice of which WLAN
standard to use is largely based on data
rates. For example, 802.11a and 802.11g
can support up to 54 Mbps, whereas
802.11b supports up to a maximum of
11Mbps, thus making 802.11b the slowest
standard and the 802.11a and 802.11g the
fastest and the preferred ones. However,
WLAN 802.11n that was approved in year
2009 exceeds the current available data
rates of IEEE 802.11a.
According to Lewis (2008) the
IEEE 802.11n is the newest standard in
IEEE 802.11 family and is intended to
improve WLAN data rates and ranges
without requiring additional power or
radio frequency (RF) band allocation.
Moreover, 802.11n requires using multiple
radios and antennas at end points
broadcasting on the same frequency in
order to establish multiple streams (Lewis,
2008). In addition, it’s multiple-input-
multiple-output (MIMO) characteristic
divides and subdivides higher data rates
stream into multiple lower rates and
broadcast them over the available radios
and antennas thereby allowing a
theoretical maximum data rate of 248
Mbps using two streams (Lewis, 2008).
Lewis (2008) explains that the
WiFi alliance ensures interoperability of
products that are based on 802.11
standards and this can be achieved by
certifying vendors to ensure compliance to
industry norms and adherence to standards
certification involving all IEEE 802.11 RF
technologies as well as WPA and WPA2
security standards based on IEEE 802.11i
(Lewis, 2008). Moreover, IEEE 802.11n
standard also ensures extending today’s
WLAN standards by significantly
increasing reachability, reliability, and
throughput by producing new PHY and
MAC layer enhancements aimed to
provide data transmission rate of up to 600
Mbps.
The two main modulation
techniques are direct sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) and the orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).
On the one hand, IEEE802.11a adopts the
OFDM modulation technique and uses the
5 GHz band which means that 11a devices
operating in the 5 GHz band are not prone
to interference than devices that operate in
the 2.4 GHz. In addition, higher
frequencies allow for the use of small
antennas (Lewis, 2008). On the other hand,
IEEE802.11g adopts both the DSSS and
OFDM modulations with data rates of up
to 11 and 54 Mbps compared to 802.11b
which adopts the DSSS with data rate of
up to 11 Mbps. Finally, 802.11n have the
MIMO and OFDM modulations with data
rates up to 248 Mbps for two MIMO
streams and up to 600 Mbps. In summary,
5GHz devices adopting the OFDM
modulation tend to have faster data rates
and are less likely to experience
interference compared to 2.4GHz devices
which are likely to experience
interferences, and they are small, simple
and cheap. The other outstanding feature
of the 802.11n similar to 802.11g is its
backward compatibility characteristic
which allows better range for 2.4GHz and
5GHz clients. Also transmissions in this
band are not as easily obstructed as
802.11a. However, the main disadvantage
is the competition with other consumer
devices in this frequency range (Lewis,
2008). The next session discusses the
basics of the Wireless Operations.
15
A: BASICS OF WIRELESS
OPERATION
This paper assumes that the ad hoc
topology and the AP /BSS (Access
Point/Basic Service Set) and ESS
(Extension Service Set) infrastructures
formulate the mesh topology. In an Ad
Hoc topology, wireless mesh can operate
without APs as depicted in Figure 10.
Further, clients in this topology may
configure wireless parameters between
themselves. For example, the IEEE
standards refer to an ad hoc network as an
independent BSS which requires a MAC
IP address. In contrast, and AP connection
as illustrated in Figure 11 allows only one
person to join and provides an
infrastructure that add services and
improve ranges for clients (Lewis, 2008).
Finally, and ESS topology is available
particularly when a single BSS provides
insufficient RF coverage. This allows for
one or more clients to join the network
through a common distribution system in
an infrastructure using the extended
service Set (ESS) as illustrated in Figure
12.
Figure 10: Example of Wireless Ad Hoc Network that form the
Mesh technology
Figure 11: An AP Topology Connection
Figure 12: An EXX Topology using the Infrastructure mode
for the Extended Service Set
SECTION VIII - CONCLUSION
This paper provides a theoretical WMN
architectural design and deployment
infrastructure for the district of
Faasaleleaga Savai’i. It realizes the
strengths of the WMN IEEE802.11
mixed mode technologies that can with
stand the difficult environmental factors
impacting on the district. A mesh network
can offer many solutions for the island
district including : general public access to
faster internet broadband, disaster
response, WLAN/WiFi systems for
business village farming and agricultural
activities, public health and education
contents and opportunities. A preliminary
survey of the coverage area was conducted
in order to capture information relevant for
investigation and analysis. In addition, and
16
intensive review of the IEEE 802.11
standards was carried out. These
investigations have enabled quantifying
coverage area data flow presented in this
paper. The study supports the IEEE.802.11
a/b/g/n mixed mode as a starting point to
build the Faasaleleaga mesh on. The
recommended solution application
approach supports WLAN/WiFi/WiMAX
relative to each sub coverage area of the
proposed Network. Finally, while
acknowledging our limitations, this paper
considers the potential audience and so
aimed to produce reliable information in
order to help make informed decisions and
identify future research areas.
SECTION IX:
ACKNOLWEDGEMENT
The work for this paper was supported by the
Whitireia New Zealand Educational Institute,
Faculty of Business and Information
Technology, for year 2013 Semester One. The
author would like to thank lecturer Steve
Cosgrove for contributing on-going advice and
support in researching and writing this paper.
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