EVS PRESENTATION

PRESENTING BY:-1)JAYESH LAYCHA (85)2)PRANAY TIWARI (86)3)SHUBHAM KOTECHA (87)4)AAKANSH ZUNZUNWALA (88)5)DARSHAN JAIN (89)

‘Biological diversity’ or biodiversity is that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at different scales in space, locally, in a region,in the country and the world, and various types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic,within a defined area.

What is Bio-diversity?????????

Genetic diversity Each member of any animal or plant species

differs widely from other individuals in its genetic makeup because of the large number of combinations possible in the genes that give every individual specific characteristics. Thus, for example, each human being is very different from all others.

Types of biodiversity

Genetic diversity

Genetic diversity

• Species diversity

The number of species of plants and animals that are present in a region constitutes its species diversity. This diversity is seen both in natural ecosystems and in agricultural ecosystems

Values of Biodiversity: Food: About 80,000 edible plants and about 90% of present

day food crops have been domesticated from wild.Drugs & Medicines: About 75% of world’s population depend on plants or

plant extracts.Fuel: Forests have been used since ages for fuel wood.

Fossil fuels are also products of Biodiversity.Social Value: Many of the plants like Tulsi, Lotus, Peepal etc are

considered holy plants.

About 2.1 million species have been identified till date, while many more species are believed to exist.

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction.

An area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at least 0.5% of plant species as endemic.

There are 25 such hot spots of biodiversity on a global

level.

These hot spots covering less than 2% of the world’s land area are found to have about 50% of the terrestrial biodiversity

Hot- spots of Biodiversity:

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Thar Desert of Rajasthan.

BIOGEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OFINDIA

Criteria for determining hot-spots: No. of Endemic Species i.e. the species which are found

no where else.

Degree of threat, which is measured in terms of Habitat loss.

What is a Habitat?

A habitat is the physical and biological environment used by an individual, a

population, a species, or a group of species.

What is Habitat Loss?

Habitat Loss has occurred when quality of the environment is so low

that it is no longer usable by a given species.

What is Habitat Degradation?

Habitat Degradation is the process by which habitat quality for a given species is

diminished.

What are Causes of Habitat Loss?

Causes of Habitat Loss include man made objects such as roads, dams,

Etc.

Habitat Loss-Roads

Roads are structures used to facilitate movement. However, they are barriers for

animals such as amphibians, small reptiles, and invertebrates.

Habitat Loss-Dams

Damming streams and rivers have destroyed many aquatic ecosystems. Many

animals move up and down the streams searching for places to breed.

What are the Consequences of Habitat

Loss?Consequences of Habitat Loss include the

endangerment and extinction of species, as well as the destruction of land and

ecosystems.

Habitat Loss-More Examples

Other structures that are considered to be a cause of Habitat Loss are parking lots,

mines, buildings, and railroads.

What are Causes of Habitat Degradation?

Causes of Habitat Degradation are Air Pollution, Water Pollution, and Pesticides.

Habitat Degradation-Air Pollution

A combination of CFC’s and halons reduce the concentration of the ozone, allowing UV

rays to reach the earth surface, forming toxic clouds called smog.

Habitat Degradation-Water Pollution

Water Pollution includes material such as mud that smothers the bottom of aquatic

ecosystems at high concentrations.

Habitat Degradation-Pesticides

Pesticides, Insecticides, and Rodenticides are used to kill animals that would eat our

crops.

How to reduce habitat loss?

Protecting remaining intact sections of natural habitat.

Educating public about the importance of natural habitat and biodiversity.

Devloping family planning programs in areas of rapid population growth.

Finding ways to increase the agricultural output by organic farming.

BIODIVERSITY

refers to the variety of species in a specific area

increases as one moves toward the equator (WHY?)

BIODIVERSITY

Why is biodiversity important?

According to ecologists…

…without it, we will not survive.

BIODIVERSITY supports many basic natural services for

humans, such as fresh water, fertile soil and clean air

helps pollinate our flowers and crops, clean up our waste and put food on the table

Loss of Biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity Habitat loss Habitat fragmentation Edge effect Habitat degradation Water pollution Land pollution Exotic species

Habitat Loss

Habitat Fragmentation

Edge Effect

Habitat Degradation

Water Pollution

Land Pollution

Exotic Species

Exotic Species

Conservation of Biodiversity Conservation Biology – study and

implementation of methods to protect biodiversity

Legal Protections of species Preserving habitats Habitat corridors

Conservation of Biodiversity Working with people (park rangers and the

like) Reintroduction and species preservation

programs Captivity Protecting plant species

Think Green...!

Poaching of Wildlife

What is Poaching ? Poaching is the illegal hunting, killing or

capturing of animals Simple as taking an animal without a permit Using a prohibited weapon/ trap Stealing an animal from a zoo/ sanctuary Common in developing countries Poaching leads to extinction

Elephant and Rhino Poached

Tusks-ivory

Rhino

horn BushMeat

Rhinoceros horns- $93,000 per kg

Why poach animals?

Reasons Hides ,meats, and bones

are sold to dealers Clothes, food, and jewelry

production Religious significances/

shaman usage Collectors

PoachersMasked poachers

Poaching for money

Quick profit

Weapons

What do poachers buy with the money?

Drugs

Weapons

Captured Poachers

The military

Caught in act

Natives

Fined

Weapons

What happens to the animal?

Technology/ Equipment

Model 50050 Cal.

“Uses” for Poached Animals Parts• Ivory from elephant tusks: jewelry, flatware

handles, piano keys, sculptures• Leopard skin: said to give kings magical

powers when placed upon his throne• Tiger Penis: Used in Asia as a pain killer or

aphrodisiac • Lion Meat: said to give superhuman

strength and increase sex drive

Most Commonly Poached Animals Elephant Rhinoceros Leopard Tiger Lion Panda

Were Does Poaching Happen?

East Africa

Siberia

India

South America

How to Stop Poaching? Robotic animals Rangers

Petitions

Funds

Rising awareness

Why Stop Poaching?

Friendship

What can WE do? You personally? Nothing realistic. Donating money to your favorite wildlife

protection and conservation organization helps, but does little to fundamentally stop international poaching

The best thing would be to join one of these organizations and volunteer as an anti poaching ranger. Good luck with that.

MAN ANIMAL CONFLICT IN ADJACENT TO FORESTS – IMPACT

ON FOREST AND CROP LANDS

Introduction The word ‘ conflict’ is defined as ‘ an

incompatibility between opinions or principles

‘ a situation that arises because of differences in perception, attitude and insufficient

understanding, mostly, on part of the wiser party.’

‘ any conflict that arises where the behavior of one (either people or wildlife) is

unacceptability disadvantageous to the other’.

Cont,,,, INTRODUCTION…..

With the increase in wildlife population in response to protection, human-wildlife conflict also has increased.

Large-scale forest degradation, rapid infrastructure development and population explosion, conflicts between domestic stock and wild carnivores have increased.

Man – wildlife conflicts: The conflict between man and wildlife started with

the evolution of man, but intensity increased due to the activities of modern man

Due to the lack of stable food and disruption of movement, wild animals came out of forest area and attack the agricultural field and humans and in turn got killed by the humans.

Conflicts with

Tiger

Wild Dog

Wild Boar

Leopard

Elephant

Conflict with Tiger

Due to the minimum disturbance caused by the residents with in the buffer zones to the habitat, the prey base is considered to be balanced

Therefore the conflict related to the tiger is very minimum though not absolutely nil.

Conflict with Wild Dog

Main problem of the man animal conflict is caused by the wild dogs (Cuon alpinus) and the leopard (Panthera pardus)

The main reason for the conflict from the wild dog is that the wild dogs are occasionally found in groups and with the combined effort, it easily kills the livestocks specially and the cattle’s become victim

Conflict with wild Boar

Wild Boar is the greatest enemy of the residents of the area who cultivates potatoes as their cash crop

Conflict with Leopard

Second most prevalent conflict with the leopard

The conflict caused by the leopard kill is more on sheep and horses and its preferences to these species over other animals are not yet known

Human Elephant Conflict

Studies by Raman Sukumar in three locations in India suggested that up to 20% of elephant deaths were caused directly by crop defence. These studies took place in 1982 and the situation is thought to have worsened since.

In Sri Lanka it is reported that up to 150 wild elephants are shot or poisoned by farmers every year.

Type of conflicts

Damage to Agri. crop

Killing of livestock

Killing of Humans

House Damage

Accidental injury

Wildlife damage in India

Year Livestock Human

1998 244 92

1999 207 84

2000 253 121

2001 375 122

2002 269 105

Ref : Shri Dhirendra Bhargava, IGNFA

In West Bengal

Year Crop Loss (ha.)

Houses (No.)

Humans (No.)

2002 -03

3903 1508 30

2003-04 4211 1071 43

2004-05 4201 1674 41

2005-06 4697 1194 33

Ref :Shri Dhirendra Bhargava, IGNFA

In Tamil Nadu

From 2001 to 2006

◦ 100 people lost their lives

◦ 781 ha. Of crop has been damaged

◦ 61.5 lakh Rs. Has been spent on compensation

Livestock killed by Wild Animals

Tiger – 125

Snow leopard – 23

Bear – 65

Leopard - 499

Bear9%

Tiger18%

Snowleop-ard3%

Leopard70%

LIvestock Killed, 2004

Ref: Lhendup Tharchen F.T , IGNFA

Causes Anthropogenic/Man made causes

Habitat lossAgricultural practicesEntry into forestsInsufficient prey basePovertyPopulation pollutionExploitation of forestsCulture and society

Causes of the conflict There are some common field between Man

and animal, Which ultimately leads to conflict due to resource limitation like:SPACEFOODSHELTER

Increasing population of human beingsLoss of forestDecrease in quality of forestDevelopment activities

Conflict mitigation Reaction and Preventive methods Mitigation Reaction:

◦ Driving away wild animals

◦ Removing problem animals

◦ Killing problematic animals

◦ Law enforcement

Preventive methods:

◦ Creation of physical barrier. (Wall & Fencing)

◦ Habitat enrichment

◦ Preventive Spatial separation (By wall formation)

“Conservation is the application of common sense to the common problems for

the common good.”

Thank you

Thank You for Watching my Power Point

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