AND ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS.”
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
Co- Guide Dr. YALLAPPA G.K M.D (Ayu.)
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIGNANA
K.V.G. AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL SULLIA – 574327
2014
i
BENGALURU, KARNATAKA
I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of
different
market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmacognostic
and
analytical parameters’ is a bonafide and genuine research work
carried out by me
under the guidance of Dr. BHAGYALAKSHMI T.R, M.D (Ayu.), and
co-guidance
of Dr. YALLAPPA G.K, M.D (Ayu.) in the Department of Post Graduate
Studies in
Dravyaguna Vignana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College, Sullia.
Place: Sullia Dr. HITHA.M
Dravyaguna Vignana
BENGALURU, KARNATAKA
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of
different market
samples of Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.) by pharmocognostic and
analytical
parameters’ is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. HITHA.M
in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine
in Ayurveda,
under my guidance.
Professor Department of P.G. Studies in Dravyaguna Vignana K.V.G.
Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia
iii
BENGALURU, KARNATAKA
CERTIFICATE BY THE CO-GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of
different market
samples of Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmocognostic and
analytical
parameters’ is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. HITHA.M
in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine
in Ayurveda,
under my guidance.
Reader Dept. of P.G. Studies in
Dravyaguna Vignana K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital,
Sullia
iv
BENGALURU, KARNATAKA
CERTIFICATE BY THE H.O.D.
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of
different market
samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmocognostic and
analytical
parameters.’ is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr. HITHA.M
in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine
in Ayurveda,
under my guidance.
M.D(Ayu.), Ph.D( Ayu.)
v
ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘Evaluation of
different market
samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.)by pharmocognostic and
analytical
parameters ’ is a bonafide research work done by Dr. HITHA.M under
the guidance
of Dr. BHAGYALAKSHMI T.R in the Department of Post Graduate studies
in
Dravyaguna Vignana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital,
Sullia.
Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N. M.D (Ayu.), Ph.D(Ayu.)
Professor and Head
and Hospital, Sullia.
Prof. Dr. N. S. SHETTAR BSAM, BAMS(Int), M.D (Ayu. ), CY Ed
Principal
COPYRIGHT
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that The Rajiv Gandhi University of Health
Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate
this dissertation/
thesis in print or electronic format for academic/ research
purpose.
Date:
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.Karnataka
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On this occasion of the successful completion of my dissertation, I
Bow on
the feet of Lord Almighty whose kindness always helped me to
achieve my goal.
I am very much happy to dedicate this work to my beloved Parents
,Husband
and Family whose prayers and support made me to complete this job
successfully.
I wholeheartedly thank Late Dr. Kurunji Venkatramana Gowda,
Founder,
K.V.G. Academy of Liberal educations, and Dr. K. V. Chidananda,
Vicepresident,
Academy Of Liberal educations, for giving me an opportunity to
study in this
institution.
I avail this opportunity to thank Dr. N. S. Shettar, Principal,
K.V.G.A.M.C.
for evincing keen interest in my endeavors and for continued
encouragement.
It is a great pleasure for me to express my gratitude with profound
respect to
my Guide Dr. Bhagyalakshmi T.R for her indefatigable guidance. I
offer my
sincere thanks for her scholarly guidance in carrying out this
research work.
I am fortunate for having been associated with my co-guide
Dr. Yallappa G.K. I pay my heartily thanks for his continuous
optimism concerning
the work, encouragement and support, which paved the way for the
successful
completion of the work.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.Rajasekhara,
HOD,
Department of Dravyaguna, K.V.G.A.M.C,Sullia.
I thank Dr.Nawaz, Scientist, TBGRI,Palode, Thiruvananthapuram for
giving
me permission for the collection of genuine sample for my
study.
I am also indebted to Dr.Rama devi and Dr.Jayanthi, Research
centre,
Kottakkal and to all the staff members, Care keralam, Koratty,
Thrissur for helping
me with the analytical study.
I express my deep gratitude to my respected teachers Dr. Rohini
Bharadwaj,
Dr. Leeladhar D.V, Dr.Vijayalakshmi P.B, Dr. Kavitha B.M, Dr.
Avinash K.V,
Dr. Purushotham K.G, Dr. Harshitha M and all the other teachers for
their
valuable suggestions.
viii
I am grateful to the office superintendent Mr. Chandrakumar K., all
the
staff members, and the librarians for their support.
I share the credit of my work with all my collegues Dr. Vinitha V
Nair,
Dr.Harikrishnan, Dr.Deepak Sudhi, Dr. Padmaja, Dr. Haritha. A.H,
Dr.Giby
Abraham, Dr.Sreejith,Dr. Soumyasree, Dr. Mathew K Sam, Dr.
Varghese
Thomas, Dr.Rakesh, Dr. Archana Kalluraya and all the Seniors and
Juniors who
helped me during my work.
I am very much thankful to my batch mates for their help and
support during
the study.
I am extremely happy to open the door of my greatful heart for my
dear
parents, Mr. M.Gangadharan and Mrs. A.Usha, whose love and care
with total
support and encouragement enhanced me to achieve my ever-cherished
ambition and
dream.
My heart is full with gratitude to my dear husband Mr. Manu .B for
his
continuous support.
I express my deep gratitude to my loving family members
Mr.Jayasuryan, Haritha and Sidharth, for their affection and
benediction, which
were intuitive during the entire phase of study.
Last but not least I express my deepest thankfulness to all the
persons who
have helped me a lot directly or indirectly in completing this
research.
Apart from this all, my thesis work is dedicated to those who
intensely loved
me and cared me without expectation. This dream is completed only
because of their
good wishes.
Bha.Ni Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
B.S Bangasena Samhita
ext Extract
F Fluorescence
Kal. Kalpasthana
Khi. Khilasthana
Su. Sutrasthana
xi
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda the holistic system of medicine gives a total approach to
health,
healing and longevity. Primitive man observed and appreciated the
great diversity of
plants available to him.
Many of commercial manufacturers are producing ayurvedic
formulations by
using raw drugs bought from different markets of the country. Some
of the drugs are
adulterated or substituted. Adultration in market samples is one of
the greatest
drawbacks in promotion of herbal products.
Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) is one of the most used drug in
ayurveda.
Bhavaprakasha has mentioned Chaturjata in which one of the drug is
Nagakesara.
Objectives
• To procure the different market samples of Nagakesara flower and
genuine
sample from natural habitat
• To compare the market samples with genuine sample by
Pharmacognostic and
Phyto-chemical parameters.
• Collection of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) flower from natural
habitat
and procurement of different market samples of Nagakesara.
• Pharmacognostic study of market and genuine samples
• Market samples are collected from the different parts of India
such as -
Thrissur, Delhi, kolkatta, and Pune for the present study.
• Aqueous and alcohol (Methanol) extraction of all the samples were
carried
out.
was done.
xii
• Qualitative analysis by T.L.C and H.P.T.L.C of alcohol extract
was carried out
for all samples.
• For the HPTLC work TLC chamber,silica gel G precoated
plate,UV
chamber,automotive sample applicator and HPTLC scanner are
used.
• Estimation of alkaloid percentage of all samples was done.
Result
After the pharmacognostic and analytical study Pune market sample
values are
very nearer to Genuine sample.
Keywords: Pharmacognostical, analytical, Pune, Delhi, Thrissur,
Kolkatta.
xiii
CONTENTS
4 METHODOLOGY 48
6 DISCUSSION 108
7 CONCLUSION 115
8 SUMMARY 117
7 References of Nagakesara in Chakradutta 11
8 References of Nagakesara in Rajamartanda 11
9 References of Nagakesara tn Vangasena Samhita 12
10 References of Nagakesara in Bhavaprakasha 12
11 References of Nagakesara in Gada Nigraha 13
12 Synonyms of Nagakesara 20
13 Gana/Varga of Nagakesara 21
14 Taxonomical classification of Mesua ferrea Linn. 23
15 Chemical Constituents of Nagakesara 28
16 Parts used according to different texts 30
17 Rasa panchaka of Nagakesara 31
18 Panchabhoutikatwa of the drug 31
19 Doshagnatha of Nagakesara 32
20 Karma of Nagakesara 32
21 Rogagnatha of Nagakesara 33
22 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Bhaishajya ratnavali 37
23 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Sharangadhara Samhita 37
24 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Yogaratnakara 38
25 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Yogatharangini 38
26 Important Yogas of Nagakesara in Sahasrayogam 39
27 Macroscopic features of different samples 66
28 Powder microscopic characters 81
29 Organoleptic characters 81
31 Physical characters of aqueous extraction of different samples
83
32 Physical characters of alcoholic extraction of different samples
84
33 Physical characters of benzene extraction of different samples
84
34 Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of different samples
85
35 Phytochemical analysis of alcohol extract of different samples
85
36 Phytochemical analysis of Chloroform extract of different
samples
86
37 Phytochemical analysis of Ether extract of different samples
87
38 Inorganic constituents in different samples 88
39 Fluorescence characteristics 88
40 Alkaloid percentage 89
41 TLC results of alcoholic extracts of different smples 92
42 HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of different smples
@254
nm
94
43 HPTLC results of alcoholic extracts of different smples
@366
nm
98
xvi
1 Rf values of Sample 1 @ 254nm 95
2 Rf values of Sample 2 @ 254nm 95
3 Rf values of Sample 3 @ 254nm 96
4 Rf values of Sample 4 @ 254nm 97
5 Rf values of Sample G @ 254nm 97
6 Rf values of Sample 1 @ 354nm 99
7 Rf values of Sample 2 @ 354nm 100
8 Rf values of Sample 3 @ 354nm 100
9 Rf values of Sample 4 @ 354nm 101
10 Rf values of Sample G @ 354nm 101
LIST OF PLATES
1 Chemical structure of Mesuaxanthone A 29
2 Chemical structure of Mesuaxanthone B 29
3 Chemical structure of Mesuol 29
xvii
3 Whole tree of Mesua ferrea Linn. 27
4 TS of Anther(Pune sample) 67
5 TS of Mature anther lobe(Sample G) 67
6 Entire Stamen (Sample G) 68
7 Microscopic character of Sample 3 68
8 Cross-sectional views of Petals (Sample 2) 70
9 Cross-sectional views of Petals (Sample 2) 70
10 Cross-sectional views of Sepals (Sample 2) 71
11 Cross-sectional views of Sepals (Sample 2) 71
12 Cross-sectional views of Petals (Sample 4) 72
13 Cross-sectional views of Petals (Sample 4) 72
14 Cross-sectional views of Sepals (Sample 4) 73
15 Cross-sectional views of Sepals (Sample 4) 73
16 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 1 74
17 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 2 75
18 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 3 75
19 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 3 76
20 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 4 77
21 Powder microscopic picture of Sample 4 78
22 Powder microscopic picture of Sample G 79
23 Powder microscopic picture of Sample G 80
24 TLC of Sample G,Under UV 254 nm 89
25 TLC of Sample G,Under UV 366 nm 89
26 TLC of Sample G,After derivatization 90
xviii
27 TLC of alcohol extract of Nagakesara @254 nm 90
28 TLC of alcohol extract of Nagakesara @366 nm 91
29 Market Sample 1 (Pune) 103
30 Market Sample 2 (Kolkatta) 103
31 Market Sample 3 (Delhi) 104
32 Market Sample 4 (Thrissur) 104
33 Sample G – Genuine 105
34 Choorna of Sample 1 105
35 Choorna of Sample 2 106
36 Choorna of Sample 3 106
37 Choorna of Sample 4 107
38 Choorna of Sample G 107
xix
Introduction
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda the holistic system of medicine gives a total approach to
health,
healing and longevity. The use of plants as medicine is older than
recorded history. It
was an integral part of the development of modern civilization.
Primitive man
observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to
him.
The knowledge of the plants began with use and ends in use. In pre
historic
age, man started to use plants around him in various ways as diet
and drug. Later on
when the concepts were developed their possible mode of action was
studied and
their properties were defined scientifically. The object of this
scientific knowledge
was again to enable physician to make judicious use in a more
effective way.
According to Charaka, the physician is distinguished by the
knowledge of their
judicious use in various disorders in order to alleviate human
suffering. He adds that a
plant even if well identified creates havoc if not used
properly.
|
|| (../)
‘The proper use makes a good remedy even out of poison while a good
medicinal
plants acts as poison if used improperly’1.
|
|| (../)
According to charaka, ‘the best among physicians is that who knows
the
external and internal administration of medicinal plants, their
combination and their
rational use’2.
Introduction
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 2
During the medieval period with the identification of newer species
many
more drugs were added to the list of substitutes.This provided the
physician a great
scope for selection of drug, which is most appropriate and easily
available. The crude
drugs are substituted with the inferior commercial varieties and
are use as adulterant
which may or may not have any therapeutic potential as that of
original drug.The
concept of substitution prevailed age back and in ayurveda we can
find this in the
treatise of Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara.They provided the
substitutes for the
various plant products which contributed tremendously for better
clinical approach.
Later during the modern era in an attempt to conserve the
flora,various plants
parts especially the aerial parts were screened for different
pharmacological
activities and emerged with encouraging results.This provided a new
dimension for
substitution.Substitution of the herbs is the need of the hour with
more than 300
medicinal plants becoming red listed.The most essential criteria
for this is the
pharmacological activity rather than morphology or
phytoconstituents.Substitution of
herbs achieved many goals through basic idea was to provide similar
therapeutic
effect as that of original drug.It provided a greater scope for the
physician to utilize
herbs that are easily available,cost effective and most appropriate
for the clinical
condition.It enriched Materia Medica with the survey of natural
resourses,and
contributed for conservation of flora.The manufacturers need to
identify the source
plant and utilize to achieve better therapeutic efficacy.
Plant materials are used throughout the developed and developing
world as
home remedies, in over-the-counter drug products, and as raw
material for the
pharmaceutical industry, and they represent a substantial
proportion of the global
drug market. Therefore, it is essential to establish
internationally recognized
guidelines for assessing their quality.
Introduction
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 3
In present days Ayurvedic physicians are largely dependent on
market,both for
raw drugs as well as formulations.Indiscriminate use of adulterants
in place of
genuine drug in the herbal markets is becoming rampet.Adulteration
in market
samples is one of the greatest drawbacks in promotion of herbal
products.To curb
such malpractices this is an attempt and a step ahead to study the
different samples of
Nagakesara and establish its genuinity.
Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)is one of the most used drug in
ayurveda.It is
used in different disorders like raktharshas, rakthatisara, shopha,
kushta, visarpa.
Sarangadhara emphasized ‘Nagakesara’(Mesua ferrea Linn.) as the
best drug for
Pachana3.It has important formulations like Kanakarishtam,Kalyanaka
ghrutam,
Jeevantyadi choornam, Bala tailam.Bhavaprakasha has mentioned
‘chaturjata’ in
which one of the drug is Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)4
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. and Cinnamomum Tamala Nees &Eberm
are
reported to be sold as Nagakesara(Mesua ferrea Linn.)5
So it is necessary to compare the quality of genuine and market
raw
materials on the basis of pharmacognostic and phytochemical
evaluation. Thus the
present study is intended to find which is the reliable source of
Nagakesara(Mesua
ferrea Linn.) by comparing the values with Genuine sample based on
the
pharmacognostical and analytical study.Samples were collected from
different
markets of Pune,Kolkatta,Delhi and Thrissur on April 2013.
OUTLINE OF PROPOSED DISSERTATION WORK:
The present study is undertaken and presented in the following
chapters.
1) Introduction: This chapter deals with brief description about
Ayurveda, and
plan of present study.
Introduction
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 4
2) Objectives: This chapter points out the aims and objectives of
the study with
hypothesis.
3) Review of literature:
a. Drug Review: The detail description about drug for a clear cut
drug
identity both classical and modern drug review was done.
4) Methodology: Given in 2 sections.
a) Pharamacognostical study: In this chapter,macroscopic and
microscopic study of flower of Nagakesara is described.
b) Analytical study: As a step towards standardization of the drug.
It was
subjected to physico-chemical analysis and phyto-chemical
analysis.
5) Observation and Result: Results of the research work are
enlisted in this
chapter.
6) Discussion: The observation made during analytical study are
discussed to
arrive at proper conclusions. Probable mode of action of the drug
and further
scope of the study elucidated here.
7) Conclusion: Finally, the essence of this dissertation is
enlightened.
8) Summary: Precise form of the dissertation
Objectives
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 5
2. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the present study are as follows –
1. Pharmacognostical study of all the samples collected from
market
2. To compare the genuine sample of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.)with
different market samples on the basis of pharmacognostic and
phytochemical
study.
4. Preliminary phytochemical analysis
a). TLC
b). HPTLC
6. To compile and compare the data generated during the study to
find out
whether there is any significant differences exist in
pharmacognostical and
phytochemical profiles of different market samples.
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 6
3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.1. DRUG REVIEW- NAGAKESARA
Botanical name : Mesua ferrea Linn.
The nirukti of word Nagakesara signifies that it is a plant
characterized by flowers
with hooded petals.
VEDIC PERIOD
Nagakesara is a well known plant;the reference regarding this drug
could be
traced out in Vedas.
• In Garuda Mahapurana,Nagakesara has been mentioned along with
other
Oushadi samuha8.
INTRODUCTION TO THE DRUG
Mesua ferrea (Ceylon Ironwood,Cobras saffron) is a species in the
family
Clusiacea.The plant is named after the heaviness of its timber and
cultivated in
tropical climates for its form,foliage and fragrant flowers.It is
native to tropical Sri
Lanka but also cultivated in Assam,Southern Nepal,Indochina and the
Malay
Peninsula.
The National Ironwood forest is a 238 acre forest in Sri Lanka
where Mesua
ferrea trees dominate the vegetation. It is the National tree of
Sri Lanka. It is said that
during King Dappula 1V’s period (8th century AD)this forest was
created and the
remaining trees are the shoots of it.Hence it is considered the
oldest man made forest
in Sri Lanka.According to botanists this is the only Ironwood
forest in the dry zone
with wet zone vegetation9.
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 7
Nagakesara is a very well known plant widely available in all parts
of
India.References regarding the drug Nagakesara is available in
ayurvedic
classics.According to the available references,Nagakesara plays a
significant role in
the treatment of many diseases.We do come across Nagakesara in
Brihatrayi
texts.From this it is clear that Nagakesara is known during the
ancient period itself.
HISTORICAL REVIEW:
In Kautilya Arthasastram, the drug has been mentioned along with
other
drugs10. The Description of this drug is mentioned in Samhitas like
Charaka
Samhita,Susrutha Samhita,Ashtanga Sangraha and Ashtanga Hridaya and
also
Nighantus like Madanapala Nighantu,Nighantu Adarsha,Raja
Nighantu,
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu,Shaligrama Nighantu,Kaiyadeva Nighantu,Priya
Nighantu
etc.
Nighantukaras explained Nagakesara in detail.They have explained
its
medicinal uses along with its morphology and identification
features with the help of
synonyms.Text books of modern period such as Dravyaguna Vignana by
P.V.Sharma
and Gyanendra Pandey,The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India,Wealth
of
India,Ayurvedic Materia Medica and other journals written by recent
scholars also
Give more of information about the Nagakesara.
SAMHITA PERIOD
compiled below.
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 8
Table No. 1. Showing references of Nagakesara in Charaka
samhita.
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO.
1 Content of Chandanadya taila Chi.3/258
2 Content of Kanakarishtam Chi.14/162
3 In Visarpa,Nagakesara+other drugs are used Chi.21/72
4 Preperation of Lajapeya Chi.14/199
5 In Rakthapitta chikitsa Chi.4/67
6 Visarpa chikitsa Chi.21/57
8 Content of Kalyanaka ghritam Chi.9/36
9 In Vruna Chikitsa Chi.25/47
10 Used in Arshas along with Navaneetha Chi.14/210
2.SUSRUTHA SAMHITA(1000B.C)12
Table No.2 Showing references of Nagakesara in Susrutha
Samhita:
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO.
1 Used in Kapha jwara Ut.39/187
2 Content of Twagadi panaka Ut.47/33
3 Explained in Murcha pratishedham Ut.46/17
4 Used in Pana vibhrama chikitsa Ut.47/41
5 In Panathyaya Nagapushpa+Maricha+Jeeraka+Twak
is used
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 9
3. ASHTANGASANGRAHA(5th A.D)13
GANA’.
Table No.3 Showing references of Nagakesara in Ashtanga
sangraha:
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO.
1 Mentioned under Anjanadi gana Su.16/6
2 Mentioned under Eladi gana Su.16/23
3 Used in Prayogika dhooma Su.14/7
4 Pittasamana drvya Su.14/11
various references of Nagakesara are given below.
6 Content of Ajeya ghruta Kal.2/47
7 Explained in Mooshakavisha agadayoga Kal.5/83
8 Explained under Anjanadi gana Su.38/41
9 Explained under Vachadi gana Su.38/26
10 Explained under Priyangvadi gana Su.38/45
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 10
Table No.4 Showing references of Nagakesara in Ashtanga
Hridayam:
SL. NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO:
1 Mentioned under Eladi gana Su.15/43
2 Nagakesara and other drugs used in Madatyaya chikitsa
Chi.7/44-45
3 Used along with other drugs in Timira Ut.13/65
4 Use of Nagakesara in Visha pratishedha adhyaya Ut.35/24
5 Lepa of Nagapushpa+other drugs in Sarpavisha Chikitsa
Ut.36/63
6 Chaturjatha guna Su.6/160
Table No.5,Showing references of Nagakesara in Kasyapa
Samhita:
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Andhaputana Chikitsa Chi. 4
/52
2 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Chardi due to Pitta
Khi.10/121
6. HARITA SAMHITA16
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Lehya of Nagakesara+other drugs mentioned in
raktapitta
10/73
3 Ingredient of Eladi gudika in Arshas 11 /54
4 Ingredient of Mustadya Vataka in Arshas 11/69
5 Ingredient of Bhallataka guda in Arshas 11/72
6 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Chalita garbha
Chikitsa
50/5
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 11
7.CHAKRADUTTA(11th A.D)17
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA.NO
1 Ingredient of Sivagutika in Rasayanadhikara 66/175
2 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Trushna nivaranam 64/58
3 Ingredient of Kutajadya ghritam in Arshas 5/128
4 Nagakesara is used along with other drugs in Kushta chikitsa
50/30
5 Ingredient of Chandanadya taila in Rajayakshma chikitsa
10/88
6 Ingredient of Lavangadya choornam in Rajayakshma
chikitsa
10/19
8. RAJAMARTANDA (11th A.D)18
1 Nagakesara choorna in Vandyatva 30/77
2 Ingredient of Kushtadi choorna 33/90
3 Ingredient of Marichadi lepam in Makshika damsam 29/71
4 Ingredient of Manjishtadi lepa in Luta visha 29/73
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 12
9.VANGASENA SAMHITA(12th A.D)19
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Ingredient of dasanga dhoopa in visharogadhikara
121,pg.no711
2 Ingredient of lakshadi ghrita in balarogadhikara
158,pg.no698
3 Garbhotpatana vidhi in strirogadhikara 145,pg.no666
4 Sasalya netra chikitsa in netrarogadhikara 573,pg.no644
5 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in visphota 27,pg.no532
6 Ingredient of Padmaka ghrita in visphota 34,pg.no533
7 Ingredient of narikelamrutha in amlapitta 69,pg.no523
8 Ingredient of Narikelakhanda in amlapitta 54,pg.no522
10. BHAVAPRAKASHA(16th A.D)20
SL.NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Choorna+Takra in Sveta pradara 69/11
2 Ingredient of Kunkumadi Tailam in Kshudra rogadhikara 61/47
3 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Visphota 58/25
4 Ingredient of Amra ballataka avalehya in Kushta 54/79
5 Ingredient of Mahaballataka avalehya in Kushta 54/98
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11. GADA NIGRAHA:21
SL. NO REFERENCES TO CONTEXT SLOKA NO
1 Explained in Pradara chikitsa 44, Pg.No 453
2 Use of Nagakesara+other drugs in Luta visha 4, Pg.No 589
3 Lepa of Nagakesara+other drugs mentioned in makshika
visha
NIGHANTU PERIOD
The era of nighantu is very much important for the systematic study
of drugs.Most
of the nighantus explained about Nagakesara.
Dhanwantari Nighantu(10th century A.D)22
VARGA and also mentions about different paryayas, its
rasa,doshaghnata
and rogaghnata.
and also explains about the karma,doshaghnata and rogaghnata.It
also explains
about chaturjata guna.
nighantu explains about the different paryayas.
Kaiyadeva Nighantu(15th century A.D)25
nighantu explains about the different synonyms, its guna,karma and
its
rogaghnata.It also explains about Chaturjataka guna.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 14
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu: (16th Century A.D)26
Bhavamisra mentions this drug under KARPURADI VARGA explains
about
the paryayas,gunas and karma.
Raja Nighantu mentions this drug under PIPALYADI VARGA
explains
about different paryayas,rasa,veerya,doshaghnata and matra.
Shaligrama Nighantu Bhooshanam(19th century A.D)28
Shaligrama Nighantu mentions this drug under KARPURADI VARGA.It
also
explains about the paryayas.
MODERN PERIOD
Modern period is the period just after nighantu period.Nagakesara
is explained
in most of the modern books and as follows.
Priya Nighantu: (20th century A.D)29
In this nighantu,Nagakesara is grouped under HAREETHAKYADI VARGA
and
explains about the guna,karma and its rogaghnata.
Nighantu adarsha:(20th century A.D)30
paryayas,utpatti sthana,upayuktha anga,rasadi gunas,upayoga and
amaika
prayogas.
DravyagunaVijnana: By Dr. Gynanendra Pandey.32
He has explained in detail the vernacular names, morphology,
chemical
composition, pharmacodynamics, properties and action, therapeutic
uses, part
used, dosage of the drug
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 15
Dravyaguna Vijnana: By Dr. J.L.N. Shastry33.
Detailed description about its morphology,chemical
constituents,classical
categorization,properties,useful parts,yogas,dosage and research
works.
Dravyaguna Vijanana: By D.S. Lucas34.
Describes vernacular names, habitat, habit, parts used, guna,
doshakarma,
rogaghnakarma, roganivaraka karma and dosage of the drug.
Dravyaguna vijnana:By Dr.V.G Neginhal35
A handbook of Dravyaguna:By Prof.J.K Ojha36
Explains about its morphology, habitat, Chemical constituents,part
used, dose,
therapeutic uses and preperations.
Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants: By P.V. Sharma37.
Therapeutic uses of the drug which is classically mentioned is
described.
Dravyaguna Hastamalaka by Banavarilal Misra38.
Describes distribution, morphology, guna-karma, therapeutic uses,
parts used and
dosage of the drug.
Medicinal plants of India with special reference to Ayurveda:By
C.K.N.Nair,
N.Mohanan39
Pushpayurveda :By P.V. Sharma.40
Sodasanga hrudayam: By P.V Sharma41
Brief description about Nagakesara is available.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 16
Ayurvedic Thesaurus or Paryaya Kosa(Herbs and Diseases):By
Kanchiv
Lochan42
M.Abdul Kareem43
Description regarding its distribution,parts used,properties and
uses.
Indian Medicinal Plants: By Kirtikar K.R. and B.D. Basu45
Detailed description regarding the morphology, uses and vernacular
names is
available in the text.
Describes vernacular names, habitat, properties and uses.
Materia Medica of India and their therapeutics: By R.N.Khory
and
N.N.Katrak47.
Constituents, preparations, action and uses are available.
Medicinal plants of India:By K.M. Nadkarni48.
Describes vernacular names, habitat, properties and uses of the
drug.
Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda:By G.S. Lavekar,
Sharma,
Yelne, Dennis49
chemical constituents, physical constants, pharmacological
activities,
formulations,therapeutic uses,substitutes and
adulterants,propagation and
cultivation.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 17
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India50
Describes in details the vernacular names, macroscopic and
microscopic
description, identity, purity and strength, TLC, chemical
constituents, properties
and actions, important formulations, therapeutic uses and dosage of
the drug.
Wealth of India51
available.
A Handbook of Medicinal plants a complete source book:By
Prajapati,
Purohit, Sharma and Kumar.52
constituents and uses of the drug is mentioned.
Agro’s colour atlas of Medicinal Plants: By Prajapati and
Purohit53
Describes vernacular names of the drug.
Medicinal Plants of India vol-1 Karnataka: By
S.N.Yoganarasimhan54
Description regarding distribution, therapeutic uses, chemical
constituents,
indications are available.
uses.
Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: By Irfan
Ali Khan
and Atiya Khanum56
A dictionary of medicinal plants:By A.S Sandhu and A.P
Singh57
Mentioned about habitat,part used,chemical constituents and
medicinal uses.
The useful plants of India:By Colonel Heber Drury58
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Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 18
Explains about the botanical description,medicinal and economical
uses.
Medicinal plants of India,An Encyclopedia:By Dr.Ravindra
Sharma59
Explains about its morphology and uses.
Medicinal herbs and flowers:By Prof.Supriya kumar Bhattacharjee and
Dr.L.C
De60
Flora of Udupi :By K. Gopalkrishna Bhatt61
Morphology of the plant is described.
Indian medicinal plants:By Dr.Prakash Paranjpe62
Mentioned about its morphology,chemical constituents, ayurvedic
properties,
medicinal uses and ayurvedic preperations.
Handbook of Aromatic Plants:By Prof.Supriya Kumar
Bhattacharjee63
Mentioned about characteristic features of Guttiferae family and
also mentioned
about the drug,its morphology,distribution,economical usages.
SYNONYMS WITH NIRUKTI 64,65
In the olden days,the prevailing system of description of a
medicinal plant
was through various synonyms that were indicative of its physical
characters,
properties, actions, habitat, therapeutic uses,specific natural
characteristics etc.
Hence, the knowledge of synonyms of the drugs play an important
role in
identifying a plant botanically in the present era.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 19
NIRUKTI
) : - : || (. )
) : - : || (. )
) : - || (. )
‘Nagakesara’ is a plant characterised by flowers with hooded
petals.
) - : || (. )
) - : || (. )
) - : || ( )
It is having golden yellow stamens.
) : - : : ||
( .)
Liked by elephants.
) : - || ( .)
Fruits are pitcher- shaped.
) - | || ( .)
It is called as because of its height.
) : - :|| ( .)
Gods like it.
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SYNONYMS
Table No.12, Showing the Synonyms of Nagakesara according to
different
acharyas:
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 21
Nagapushpam + - - + + - + + +
Nagarenuka - - - - - - - - -
Nageeyam - - - - - + - - -
Phanikesara - - - - - + - - -
Pincharam - - - - - + - - -
Punnagakesara - - - - - + + - -
Pushparechana - - - - - - + - -
Rukmam - - - - - + + - -
Shadpadapriya - - - - - - + - -
Suvarnakya - - - - - - + - -
Suvarnam - - - - - + + - -
CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification means the grouping of drugs having similar
characteristic
features,properties and actions.In most of the Nighantus,the groups
named according
to their first drug belonging to that group like Guduchyadi
Varga,Haretakyadi Varga
etc.
acharyas20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28
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4 Kayyadeva nighantu Oshadi varga
5 Bhavaprakasha nighantu Karpooradi varga
6 Raja nighantu Pippalyadi varga
7 Saligrama nighantu Karpooradi varga
8 Priya nighantu Harithakyadi varga
9 Nighantu adarsha Nagapushpadi varga
VERNACULAR NAMES45,51
Indian Languages
1.Assam : Nahor
2.Bengali : Nagesar,Nagkesar
5.Behar : Nagkeshur
6.Bombay : Nagchampa
7.Burma : Gangaru
8.Punjab : Nagkesara
9.Tamil : Irul,Nagappu,Nangu,Sirunagappu,Naganchampakam
16. Uriya : Nageshvar
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17.Marathi : Nagachampa
Family Name : CLUSIACEAE
Mesua pedunculata Wight
Mesua speciosa Chois
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Viridaeplantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Subphylum Euphyllophytina
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Dilleniidae
Superorder Theanae
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 24
Order Malpighiales
Family Clusiaceae
Subfamily Kielmeyeroideae
Tribe Calophylleae
Genus Mesua
Mountains of E.Himalaya and E.Bengal, Assam, Tenasserium,
Burma,
Andamans, Evergreen forests of N.Kanara and S.Konkan,forests of the
W.ghats from
S.Kanara to Travancore,up to 5,000 ft.Ceylon.
MORPHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF FAMILY CLUSIACEAE45,61
Members of this family are trees or shrubs with yellow or greenish
juice.
Leaf – Opposite or rarely,verticillate,usually coriaceous and
extipulate.
Flowers - Solitary or in axillary or terminal fascicles racemes or
panicles,white
Yellow or red,regular,dioecious polygamous or hermaphrodite.
Sepals - 4-12,imbricate in 2-3 series.
Stamens - Male: usually indefinite, filaments 1-6 adelphous or
quite free.
Female: Staminodes numerous,free or connate.
Ovary - 1-2 or many celled.style 1 usually short or 0,or rarely
styles2,
Stigmas free or connate,often peltate.
Ovule - 1 or 2 or many,axile,basal or rarely parietal.
Fruit - usually indehiscent and baccate,occasionally capsular
Seeds - large.
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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF genus Mesua45,61
Trees or shrubs.Leaves closely and finely penninerved.Flowers
are
hermaphrodite or polygamous,axillary,solitary,large.Sepals 4.Petals
4.Stamens
indefinite. Filaments free or connate at the very base.Anthers
erect,oblong,2-celled,
dehiscing longitudinally.Ovary 2-celled,Ovules 2 in each
cell,erect;style elongate;
stigma peltate.Fruit between fleshy and subwoody,1-celled by the
absorption of the
septum,at length dehiscing by 4 valves;valves often finely striate
without.Seeds 1-4,
exarillate; testa fragile.
young branches twiggy,slender.
young,afterwards shining above,glaucous and pruinose
beneath,rounded or acute at
the base and with close,inconspicuous nerves;petioles
6-8mm.long.
Flowers - Very fragrant,2.5-7.5cm.diam,axillary or
terminal,solitary or in pairs,
subsessile; buds subglobose;bracts 0.
than the outer.
often torn.
Stamens - Very numerous,golden-yellow,much shorter than the
petals,slightly united
at the base into a fleshy ring;anthers oblong.Style twice as long
as stamens;stigma
peltate.
Fruit - 2.5-3cm.long,ovoid with a conical point,surrounded by the
enlarged sepals;
pericarp tough,semi-woody,at length 2-valved.
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Photo No 1. Flower of Mesua ferrea Linn.
Photo No 2. Fruits of Mesua ferrea Linn.
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Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 27
Photo No 3. Whole tree of Mesua ferrea Linn.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 28
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Under this heading,we have to consider all the constituents of a
drug.The
action of the drug depends upon its constituents50,51,66
Table No.15, Showing Chemical constituents of Nagakesara
Stamens Bark Heartwood
Mesuaxanthone A & B
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Mesuaxanthone A Mesuaxanthone B
Of Mesuaxanthone A 0f Mesuaxanthone B
Mesuol
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PARTS USED
Part used Ni.A30 DG-PV31 DG-GP32 DG-JL33 DB49
Stamen + + + + -
Flower _ _ + _ +
Patra _ - - + +
POSOLOGY
The word Posology is derived from the greek word “posos” which
means how
much and logos means science.That means it is a branch of medical
science,which
deals with doses or quantity of drug,which when administered
produce required
pharmacological actions.
Choorna - 1-3gms33
Decoction – 10-20ml36
PROPERTIES:
RASAPANCHAKA
A drug acts by its potency,which implies all the qualities of drugs
by which
they act,viz Guna,Rasa,Vipaka,Veerya and Prabhava.A drug performs
certain local
and general actions by its Rasa and Guna and certain specific
therapeutic actions by
its Vipaka and Veerya.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 31
Table No.17, Showing the Rasa Panchaka of Nagakesara according to
different
acharyas
According to their Rasa Panchaka,Nagakesara has the following
Pancha Bhautika
composition.
RASA PANCHAKA PANCHA MAHABHOOTA
Katu Vayu + Agni
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 32
DOSHAGHNATA
Showing the Doshaghnata of Nagakesara according to different
acharyas:
Table No.19 ,Showing Doshaghnata of the drug according to different
acharyas:
DOSHAGHNATA
D.
NI22
M.P.
NI23
R.
NI27
K.
NI25
B.
NI26
Ni.
R67
Ni.
A30
P.
NI29
KAPHAPITTAHARA - + - + + + + +
KAPHAHARA + - + - - - - -
KARMA
Table No.20, Showing Karma of Nagakesara according to different
acharyas:
Karma D. NI22
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 33
ROGAGHNATA
acharyas:
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 34
PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION51
• It requires well drained,deep,fertile soil.S tiff,clay and low
lying situations are
unsuitable.Natural reproduction is generally profuse on account of
abundant
seeding.It is a strong shade bearer,particularly when young,and
this makes it a
valuable component of the middle storey forests.
• Artificial propagation may be done by direct sowing or by
transplanting
nursery raised seedlings.Transplanting is preferable under top
canopy shade
and may be carried out from the first to the third rainy season
after sowing.A
spacing of 6 ft.is recommended.The rate of growth is slow.The tree
grows
faster after transplantation than that in natural forests.Mesua
forests are
worked under selection or shelterwood methods.
FLOWERING AND FRUITING49,46
February-April
CONTROVERSIES68
In the bazars of Gujarat and Bombay,another kind of Nagakesara
is
available.It is unripe buds of the flowers of Ochrocarpus
longifolia.It is known as’
Rutun Nagakesara.’The unripe fruits of Cinnamomum tamala wightii
are sold as’
Karu nagakesara.’.Dillenia pentagyna fruits known as’ Malabar
nagakesara’.
SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS49,33
Calophyllum inophyllum,Cinnamomum Wightii and Myristica fragrans
are
sold as substitutes for Mesua ferrea.In markets of Gujarat and
Bombay unripe buds of
Ochrocarpus longifolius are sold in the name of Ratan
Nagakesara.Unripe fruits of
Cinnamomum tamala are sold as Kala Nagakesara.Nagakesara sold in
bazaars of
South India is reported to be fruits of Dillenia Pentagyna(Malabar
Nagakesara).Buds
of Mammea Suriga and Calophyllum inophyllum are reported to be used
as adultrants.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 35
TOXICOLOGY49
The LD50 of ethanolic extract of whole plant in mice was 500mg/kg
i.p;LD50
of acetone extract of stamens in mice was 400mg/kg,i.v.and non
toxic up to
1600mg/kg
THERAPEUTIC USES
Nagakesara has been known and valued as a medicine from olden days.
It has
been used in the management of various diseases in the following
two forms.
1. Bahya prayoga
2. Abhyanthara prayoga
1. Bahya prayoga37,69 :
Haridra cures poisonous effects of spider.(R.M.29.31)
• External application of the paste prepared by pounding
Maricha,Tagara,Sundi
and Nagakesara with water relieves poisonous effects of
bee.(R.M.29.23)
• The oil of the seeds is used as an application for rheumatic
joints.
• Powder of flower with butter is applied to bleeding piles and for
burning
sensation of the feet.
2. Abhyanthara prayoga:
• Decoction of the flowers is drunk by women after
childbirth.70
• Decoction of bark is a bitter tonic and is very useful in
gastritis and
bronchitis.
• Powder of Nagakesara is an excellent drug for checking
haemorrhage.(BS
Atisara 119)
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 36
• For Hiccough, should take Nagakesara mixed with sugar and honey
along
with juice of sugarcane and Madhuka.(S.S.U 50.23)
• Nagakesara should be taken with buttermilk for 3 days in order to
check
Leucorrhoea.(BS Stiroga 34)
• Powder of Nagakesara and Aracanut is an excellent formulation to
help
conception.(BS Striroga 145)
• Women taking fine powder of Nagakesara with cow’s ghee during
the
season keeping on milk diet conceives.(GN 6.5.21)
• By Regular use of Nagakesara,butter and sugar the bleeding
haemorrhoids
go away.
ECONOMIC USES51,45,71
• The oil is useful in soap making.
• The oleo-resin,which exudes from the base of immature fruits may
be diluted
with turpentine and used as a varnish.
• Stamens are reported to be used in Malaya for stuffing pillows
and cushions.
• Dried flowers ,along with other aromatics are used in the
preparation of
perfumed ointments.
• Heavy wood used for gun- stock,musical instruments and cabinet
work.
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 37
YOGAS
YOGAS Indication Reference
Yogas Indication Reference
Dasamoolarishtam Vatavyadhi 10/77-92
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 38
Draksharishtam Urakshata,Swasa,Kasa 10/69-73
Kamadeva ghrita Rakta pitta 9/27- 37
Kantarpasundara rasa Vajeekarana 12/267-275
Yogas Indication Reference
Yogas Indication References
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Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 39
SAHASRAYOGAM76
Yogas Indication Reference
Chavikasavam Gulma,Prameha Asavarishta yoga-36
Drakshasavam Arshas,Raktapitta,Pandu Asavarishta yoga-52
Nagaradi Taila Mukha roga Taila yoga-73
Patrangasavam Pradara Asavarishta yoga-58
Pushkarasavam Kasa,Kshaya Asavarishta yoga-66
Kanakasavam Kasa,Swasa,Urakshata Asavarishta yoga-15
Khadirarishtam Kushta Asavarishta yoga-24
Kharjurasavam Rajayakshma,Vishoochika Asavarishta yoga-26
69
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PREVIOUS WORK DONE
1. Bahadur Raj –Role of Manjishta and Nagakesara on diebetic
retinopathy-
Banaras Hindu university,Varanasi 199577
2. Patil Manoj– To study the efficacy of Nagakesara choorna
with
navaneetha and sugar in Raktharsha-Tilak ayurved
Mahavidyalaya,pune
200478
3. Sujatha A – A study on the effect of Nagakesara on Vandhyatva in
albino
rats- Dr. B.K.R.R. Govt. Ayurveda College, Hyderabad 200479
4. Roy Arnab – Evaluation of haemo-coagulation property of Mesua
ferra-
Nagpur Govt.Ayurveda college 200580
• A compound preparation comprising
Nagakesara,Ayapana,Jevanti,Kamboji
was subjected to clinical evaluation in controlled clinical trial
on 100 women,
who had bleeding episodes after insertion of cuT following M.T.P
satisfactory
response in control of bleeding either immediate or as menorrhagia
and
metrorrhagia was seen in 90% where as in control group it was
60%.(data
base)49
components of seed oil of Mesua
ferrea,Phytochemistry,Vol.10,PP.113181
• Gopalakrishnan.C(1980),Antiinflammatory and CNS depressant
activities of
Xanthones from Calophyllum and Mesua ferrea,Indian J.Pharmacol,
Vol.12,
PP.181.82
• Gupta B.K,Dhar K.L and Atal C.K(1976),Guttiferol a new
triterpinoid from
Mesua ferrea Linn.Indian J.Pharma,Vol.38,PP.15782
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Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 41
• Dennis T.J and Akshay Kumar(1998),Constituents of Mesua ferrea(A
review)
Fitoterapia,Vol.699(4),PP.291-30482
anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Mesua ferrea Linn.Indian
Drugs,
Vol.21,PP.261-26284
flowers of Mesua ferrea Linn,Proc.Indian Acad.Sci,Vol.91,PP.
21183.
• Meharji P.K(1978),Screening of Mesua ferrea Linn.for estrogenic
and
progentiational activity of essential oil of Mesua ferrea
Linn,Indian Drugs,
Vol.21,PP.261-262.85
• Antibacterial efficacy of leaf and fruit extracts on the growth
and morphology
of Staphylococcus aureus is evaluated.Both extracts displays
good
antibacterial activity against S.aureus with a minimum
inhibition
concentration of 0.048 mg/ml.Both extracts are bacteriostatic at a
minimum
bacteriostatic concentration of 0.39 mg/ml.The bacteriostatic
activity lasts for
24hrs,and then cells start to grow as normal as shown in time
–kill
analysis.Scanning electron microscopy study indicated potential
detrimental
effect of the extracts of leaf and fruits of M.ferrea on the
morphology of
S.aureus.(Arul das C.A,Marimuthu M.M,Ramanathan S.Effects of
Mesua
ferrea leaf and fruit extracts on the growth and morphology of
Staphylococcus
aureus.)PubMed 2013 Feb 19(1):254-26086
• The in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the extracts of Mesua ferrea
and
M.congestiflora against B-lymphoma cell,SNU-1,IMR-32 were
achieved
using MTT assay.In addition,only the nonpolar to semipolar extracts
of the
three Mesua species indicated cytotoxic effects on the tested panel
of human
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 42
cancer cell lines.Antioxidant assays were evaluated using DPPH
scavenging
radical assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method.(Mawardi
Rahmani,Zuraini
Ahmad.In vitro Cytotoxic,Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities
of Mesua
baccariana,Mesua ferrea Linn. extracts.)BioMed Research
International
,Volume 201387
• The ethanolic extract of flower of Mesua ferrea Linn.was screened
for its anti-
inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced rat paw edema using
rat
model.The extract was administered orally in the dose of 100mg/kg
body
wt,200mg/kg body wt.The ethanolic extract of 400mg/kg body wt.shows
the
maximum anti-inflammatory action with the comparison to the
standard anti-
inflammatory agents.(Subhangkar Nandy,Pinkesh Tiwari.Screening of
anti-
inflammatory activity of Mesua ferrea Linn.flower.)International
Journal of
Biomedical Research,Vol 3,No 5, 201288
• In this study a new microemulsified fuel system containing
different volume
percentages of vegetable oils extracted from Mesua ferrea L
seed,butan-2-ol
and ethanol is tried to develop.Different parameters such as
physical
stability,density,dynamic and kinematic viscosity of the prepared
system are
investigated and compared with those of diesel and biodiesel.The
experimental
results of various fractions of the samples prepared show that the
properties of
the fuel systems meet the requirements for biodiesel and
diesel
fuel.Interestingly,the different characterization carried out for
the samples
prepared in this study show that the fuel properties of Mesua
ferrea L.seed oil
could be improved by microemulsification
technique.(Dhanapati,Jutika. A
study on the development of Mesua ferrea L seed oil based
microemulsified
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 43
fuel system)International journal of emerging technology and
advanced
Engineering,Vol 3,Feb 2013,PP 47-5189
and biological activity,Journal of Chemical Society of
Pakistan,
Vol.15(3),PP.207-21190.
ferrea,Natural Product Letter,Vol.3(1),PP.53-5891
• Mesuaxanthones A,B and cuxanthone have produced varying degree of
CNS
depression,characterized by Ptosis,sedation,decreased spontaneous
motor
activity,loss of muscle tone,potentiation of phenobarbitone
sleeping time and
ether anaesthesia in mice and rats.These compounds were devoid of
analgesic
antipyretic,anticonvulsant and cvs actions.The xanthones exhibited
significant
anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenin induced paw
oedema,cotton
pellet test as well as against granuloma pouch technique in normal
and
adrenalectomised rats.The xanthones had no mast cell stabilizing
effect and
did not prevent the mast cell degranulating effect of standard
agents like
compound 48/80.Prothrombin time was also not altered by xanthones
in
rats.(Gopalakrishnan et al.1980c)92.
Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 44
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Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 45
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Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 46
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Review of Literature
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 47
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Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 48
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Analytical study
PLANT IDENTIFICATION:-
The plant Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) is identified on the
basis of its -
1. Synonyms given in classics of Ayurveda.
2. Morphology and family characters of the plant.
AUTHENTICATION:-
Genuine sample is procured from the natural habitat from Jawaharlal
Nehru Tropical
Botanical Garden and Research Institute
(JNTBGRI),Palode,Thiruvananthapuram
during the month of May 2013 and named as Sample G and get
authentified by the
Botanist.
COLLECTION:-
Literary data is collected from the library of K.V.G ayurvedic
Medical
College and hospital, Sullia and Internet.
Collection of the samples from markets of Pune, Kolkatta, Delhi
and
Thrissur was done.These samples were collected during April 2013
to
August 2013.
Sample S1 – Pune
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 49
Sample S2 - Kolkatta
Sample S3 – Delhi
Sample S4 – Thrissur
The word pharmacognosy is formed by combination of
‘Pharmakon’which
means drug and ‘gignosco’ which means ‘to acquire knowledge’.
Therefor,
pharmacognosy can be defined as a branch of bioscience that deals
with the
knowledge and authentication of medical and related products of
crude or primary
type obtaining from both plants and animals in detailed form.
The original and basic approach towards pharmacognosy includes
study of
Morphological system,study of cell structure and organization and
study of tissue
systems,which still hold a key in identification of the correct
species of the plant.
It includes both macroscopic and microscopic study of
samples.
a. Organoleptic study
The macroscopic characters of the drug were observed for colour,
size,
shape, odour, taste, texture.
b.Microscopic study
Microscopic study of the drug was carried out in the Department
of
Botany, Nehru Memorial College, Sullia.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Transverse sections of Nagakesara flower,stamens and flower buds
were taken
and photomicrography was done after proper mounting and
staining
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 50
Materials required:
Drug , 1% safranin stain, 50% glycerine, water, a sharp razor
blade, watch
glass, thin painting brush, needles, forceps, glass slides, cover
slips, blotting paper,
dropper, compound microscope.
Procedure:
• The drug was collected washed and soaked in water before carrying
out the
procedure.
• The drug was held between thumb and index finger in the left
hand, with the
help of a sharp razor blade, thin sections were taken and put into
watch glass
containing water.
• A thin uniform and entire section was selected and transferred on
to a clean
glass slide with the help of a brush.
• A drop of safranin stain was put and left for few minutes. Excess
stain was
removed by washing with water.
• Section was mounted with 1-2 drops of 50% glycerine and covered
with a
clean cover glass.
• Excess glycerine was removed by blotting paper and observed
under
microscope93.
POWDER MICROSCOPY:
A pinch of powder was warmed with drops of chloral hydrate on
a
microscopic slide and mounted in glycerine. Slides observed under
microscope and
diagnostic characters were observed and photographed using Zeiss
AXIO trinocular
microscope attached with Zeiss AxioCam camera under bright field
light.
Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the
scale-bars94.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 51
4.2 ANALYTICAL STUDY
Hand lenses were used for the detection of foreign matter.
For quantitative extraction (Aqueous, Alcoholic, Chloroform
and
Peroleum ether) of all samples, water bath, conical flasks etc. are
used.
Total ash, acid insoluble ash, and moisture content, are determined
by
using silica crucible, oven, desiccator, electronic balance &
muffle
furnace.
All chemicals and reagents used were of A.R. grade for the
qualitative
analysis of extracts.
Methodology
In physical methods quantitative standards like total ash, acid
insoluble ash,
water-soluble ash, moisture content, extractives, foreign matter
and pH are
determined.
DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE OF CRUDE DRUG:
Procedure:
• Weigh & ignite the flat thin porcelain dish or stared silica
gel.
• Weigh about 2 to 3 gms of the powdered drug into dish
/crucible.
• Support the dish on pipe-clay triangle placed on a ring of retort
stand.
• Spread the drug in an even layer &ignite it by gradually
increasing the heat to
500 to 600oC till vapours almost cease to be evolved until all the
carbon is
burnt off.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 52
• Weigh the dish & calculate the percentage of total ash with
reference to the
air-dried sample of the crude drug.95
Calculation:
Weight of the drug taken = y gm
Weight of dish + ash (after complete incineration)= z gm
Weight of the ash = (z-x) gm
Y gm of drug gives (z-x) gm of ash
Therefore, 100gm of crude gives 100 (z-x) gm of ash.
Y
Y
Procedure:
Proceed as per the steps mentioned in the procedure for
determination of total
ash value of crude drug. Then
Using 25 ml of dil HCl, wash the ash from the dish used for total
ash
into a 100ml beaker.
Place wire gauze over a bunsen burner & boil for 5
minute.
Filter through an ashless filter paper; wash the residue twice with
hot
water.
Ignite the crucible in the flame, cool & weigh.
Put the filter paper & residue together into the crucible, heat
gently until
vapours cease and then more strongly until all carbon has
been
removed.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 53
Cool in a desiccator.
Weigh the residue and calculate acid insoluble ash of the crude
drug
with reference to the air-dried sample of the crude drug.96
Calculation: Similar to previous experiment
Weight of residue (acid insoluble ash)= a gm
Y gm of air dried drug gives =a gm of acid insoluble ash
Therefore 100gm of the air dried drug gives - 100 x a of acid
insoluble ash
Y
Acid insoluble ash value of the sample - 100 x a %
Y
Materials:
Total ash, digital balance, muffle furnace, desiccator, ash less
filter paper,
electric bunsen, funnel, silica crucible.
Procedure:
• To the total ash obtained, 25ml of water was added and boiled for
5 minutes.
• It was filtered through an ash less filter paper to separate the
insoluble matter.
• The residue along with the filter paper was taken in a
pre-heated, weighed
silica dish.
• Transformed to muffle furnace and ignited for 15 minutes at the
temperature
not exceeding 450°C.
• The dish was cooled in a desiccator & weighed again.
• Heating was continued till constant weight of the dish was
obtained.
• The weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the ash was
substracted.
• The percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air
dried drug was
calculated.97
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 54
DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVE
Procedure:
• Weigh about 5 gm of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it
to a dry
250 ml Iodine flask.
• Fill a 100 ml graduated cylinder to the required mark with the
solvent (water +
chloroform). Washout the weighing bottle and pour the washings
together
with the remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.
• Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking
frequently
(maceration).
• Filter it into a 50 ml Cylinder. When sufficient filtrate has
been collected,
transfer 25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker as used
for the ash
value determination.
• Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an
oven at
100OC for about 10 –15 mins.
• Cool in dessicator and weigh
• Calculate the percentage w/w of extractive with reference to the
air- dried
drug.98
Procedure:
• Weigh about 5 gm of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it
to a dry
250 ml Iodine flask.
• Fill a 100 ml graduate cylinder to the required mark with the
solvent (90%
alcohol). Washout the weighing bottle and pour the washing,
together with the
remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 55
• Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking
frequently
(maceration).
• Filter into a 50 ml Cylinder. When sufficient filtrate has been
collected,
transfer 25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker as used
for the ash
value determination.
• Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an
oven at
100OC for about 10 –15 mins.
• Cool in dessicator and weigh.
• Calculate the percentage w/w of extractive with reference to the
air-dried
drug.99
The same procedure was repeated for petroleum ether extractive
value.
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
Powdered drug, digital balance, porcelain dish, desiccator, hot air
oven.
Procedure:
• Accurately weighed 5g of the coarsely powdered drug was taken in
a dried,
weighed porcelain dish.
• Dish was kept in hot air oven at 105oC for five hours.
• Dish was taken out, cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
• Drug was weighed at each one hour interval.
• Drying was continued till constant weight was obtained.
• Percentage of moisture content (loss on drying) with reference to
the air dried
drug was calculated.99
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 56
DETERMINATION OF FOREIGN MATTER
Procedure:
• 100gm of crude drug was taken and spread into thin layer.
• It is examined for the presence of foreign matter like mud,
leaves etc. with the
help of hand lens.
• The foreign matters were separated & the drugs were weighed
again.
Percentage of foreign matter was calculated.100
DETERMINATION OF PH
The pH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as the common
logarithm
of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in
gram per litre for
qualitative indication of the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution.
Procedure: The pH of a given solution can be measured with the help
of an
apparatus called pH meter, consists of a voltmeter connected with
two electrodes.
a. A standard electrode of known potential.
b. A special electrode enclosed in a glass membrane that allows
migration of
H+ ions.
The glass case contains a reference solution of dilute hydro
chloric acid. The
two electrodes are dipped in the solution to be tested. If this
solution has a different
pH from the solution in the probe, an electrical potential results.
Thus the potential
between the standard electrode and the glass electrode varies with
the pH of the
solution under test. This potential is recorded by an inbuilt
potentiometer of the pH
meter. The potentiometer reading is automatically converted
electrically to a direct
reading of the pH of the unknown solution.101
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 57
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF VOLATILE OIL
Apparatus:
2.A special steelhead contains
Procedure:
10 to 20 gram of powdered drug was taken with 250 to 300 ml of
water in
distillation flask added along with a few pieces of porcelain
Apparatus was arranged properly for the extraction
By closing the side tubes main tube was filled with water through a
pipette
Bunsen burner was used to heat the flask
Flask should be lifted from the furnace and shaken properly in
frequent
intervals till the liquid boils steadily.
Boiling was continued up to the maximum collection of oil.
Flame was adjusted properly to allow the sample for cooling
After the complete draining of liquid in condenser volume of the
oil was
measured102.
EXTRACTION:-
Methanol Extraction:-
Extraction of Flower, Stamens and flower buds of Nagakesara (Mesua
ferrea
Linn) is carried out according to the A.P.I procedures.
Ingredients: - a) Powdered drug – 5 gm
b) Methanol– 100 ml
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 58
Procedure:-
(i) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and
transferred it to a
dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(ii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with
the solvent, 90%
alcohol.
(iii) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking
with frequently at the
interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(iv) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has
collected; transfer 25 ml
of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
(v) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in
an oven at
1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(vi) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for
HPTLC
Aqueous Extraction (Water extract):-
- Water (95 ml)
Procedure:-
(vii) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and
transferred it to a
dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(viii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark
with the Methanol and
add in iodine flask.
(ix) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with
frequently at the
interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(x) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has
collected; transfer 25 ml
of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 59
(xi) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in
an oven at
1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(xii) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for
HPTLC
Fluorescence Analysis:-
The dry powder of all samples, both extracts of samples were
treated with
Methanol, chloroform and these were observed under U.V. light to
evaluate the
fluorescence.
ALKALOID ESTIMATION:
5gm of the sample was weighed into a 250ml beaker and 200ml of 10%
acetic
acid in ethanol was added and covered and allowed to stand for
4hrs. This was filtered
and the extract was concentrated on water bath to one quarter of
the original volume.
Conc. ammonium hydroxide was added drop wise to the ext. until ppt.
was
complete103.
Procedures:
Preliminary phytochemical tests: are used to detect the presence of
various organic
functional groups, which is the indicative of type of
phytochemicals present in the
plant. These tests indicate the presence of different class of
constituents present in the
extract. Tests were performed as per the methodology mentioned by
Harborne JB,
1973 (Phytochemical Methods. Jackman H. (Ed.), London, p.
70.)104
The following tests have been carried out for Petroleum ether,
Chloroform, Alcoholic
and Aqueous extracts.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 60
Tests for alkaloids
Dragendroff’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in alcohol, a
few drops of acetic
acid and Dragendroff’s reagent were added and shaken well. An
orange red
precipitate formed indicates the presence of alkaloids.
Wagners’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, a
few drops of
Wagner’s reagent was added. A reddish brown precipitate formed
indicates the
presence of alkaloids.
Mayer’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, a
few drops of Mayer’s
reagent was added. A dull white precipitate formed indicates the
presence of
alkaloids.
Hager’s test: To a few mg of extract dissolved in acetic acid, 3 ml
of Hager’s
reagent was added, the formation of yellow precipitate indicates
the presence of
alkaloids.
Tests for carbohydrates
Molisch’s test: To the extract, 1 ml of α-naphthol solution and
conc. sulphuric acid
were added along the sides of test tube. Violet colour formed at
the junction of the
two liquids indicates the presence of carbohydrates.
Fehling’s test: A few mg of extract was mixed with equal quantities
of Fehling’s
solution A and B. The mixture was warmed on a water bath. The
formation of a brick
red precipitate indicates the presence of carbohydrates.
Benedict’s test: To 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent, a few mg of extract
was added, and
boiled for two minutes and cooled. Formation of a red precipitate
indicates the
presence of carbohydrates.
Anthrone-sulphuric acid test: A few mg of the extract was mixed
with equal quantity
of anthrone and treated with two drops of conc. sulphuric acid. It
was then heated
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of Different Market samples of Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea
Linn.) by Pharmocognostic and Analytical Parameters 61
gently on a water bath. Dark green colour formed indicates the
presence of
sugar/glycoside.
Test for steroids
Libermann-Burchard test: To the extract dissolved in chloroform, 1
ml of acetic acid
and 1 ml of acetic anhydride were added, then heated on a water
bath and cooled. Few
drops of conc. Sulphuric acid was added along the sides of the test
tube. Appearance
of bluish green colour indicates the presence of steroids.
Salkowski test: The extract was dissolved in chloroform and equal
volume of conc.
Sulphuric acid was added. Formation of bluish red to cherry red
colour in chloroform
layer and green fluorescence in the acid layer indicates the
presence of steroids.
Test for saponins: To a few mg of extract, distilled water was
added and shaken.
Stable froth formation indicates the presence of saponins.
Test for tannins: To the extract, a few drops of dilute solution of
ferric chloride was
added, formation of dark blue colour shows the presence of
tannins.
Test for flavonoids
Shinoda’s test: To the extract in alcohol, a few magnesium turnings
and few
drops of conc. hydrochloric acid were added and heated on a water
bath. Formation
of red to pink colour indicates the presence of flavonoids.
Test for phenol
To the extract in alcohol, added two drops of alcoholic ferric chlo