Estimated cumulative global groundwater depletion (1900-2008) (from Konikow, 2011)
Examples and governance measures to effectively manage GDASEsPeter Dillon
NATIONAL RESEARCH FLAGSHIP
Draft Thematic Paper #4 for GEF/FAO facilitated by IAH through World Wide Ground Water
[email protected] Small holder GDASE Workshop, Nov 2014
The bad news... • Outcome of international groundwater governance experiments
...and the very good news• Examples of highly successful groundwater management• Synthesis of new pathways to sustainable systems
Types of groundwater storage management
Conventional• Laisser-faire (let the aquifer decide)• Improve water use efficiency• Entitlement to groundwater linked to land ownership• Prior rights• Centralised system of consumption constraints
Innovative• Groundwater user collectives• Decentralised system of tradable entitlements and allocations• Managed aquifer recharge (in fresh and brackish aquifers)• Substitutional supplies
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Region Mean annual storage decline
2000-2008 (km3 / yr)
Dominant groundwater entitlement system based on:
Current groundwater
storage projections
Dominant groundwater
use
USA 25.5* Land ownership or prior rights depletion irrigation Northern India 52.9* Land ownership depletion irrigation Saudi Arabia 13.6* Land ownership depletion irrigation North China Plain
5.0* State ownership but licensing ranges from comprehensive to
effectively unlicensed
sustained production to
depletion
irrigation
Nubian Aquifer 2.4* Land ownership depletion Irrigation & city supplies
NW Sahara 2.2* Land ownership depletion Irrigation Australia <0.3** State ownership and water
access entitlement sustained
production Irrigation, stock and domestic
Philippines <0.1** Shared use of common pool resource
sustained production
Irrigation
* from Konikow (2011); ** estimated
Dominant groundwater entitlement systems and groundwater uses in relation to storage decline
Farmer water management school activities at Pasuquin, Philippines
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Pump operation and measurement of discharge Field day and exhibition stations manned by FWMS farmers
Recording monthly rainfalls and groundwater levels
photos by Samuel Contreras, Philippines Bureau of Soil and Water Management
• Coastal aquifer not yet over-exploited• Electricity supply coming• High social cohesion of villagers and willing to act cooperatively• Farmer-led groundwater management based on training by govt staff in soil, irrigation and groundwater monitoring and management
Hivre Bazaar, Maharashtra, India
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(Sources from various Hivre Bazaar websites).
catchment before intervention
a percolation tank for aquifer recharge consequent productive irrigated agriculture
Namoi, NSW, Aust - Water sharing plan with groundwater trading (from NWC, 2011)
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Value of water uses from Roberts et al (2006) (units A$, 2004)
Cap and trade system for s/w & g/w • g/w use increases to 78% in dry years• 12 zones with different water stresses• Annual entitlements issued 2006: 376Mm3 s/w and 250Mm3 g/w including non-tradeable supplementary licences which reduce to zero over 3-10yrs depending on zone. • Groundwater trading of up to 12Mm3/yr and s/w 18Mm3/yr to compensate for decline in supplementary licenses.• Overall g/w use is decreasing and reallocated to higher valued uses based on trading between irrigators.
Sand dams to spread water
Relining a recharge pit
Infiltration of river water, Burdekin Delta, Queensland
Soil Aquifer Treatment, with recycled water, Alice Springs, NT
SAT basins first fill in June 2008 photo by NT Power and Water
DAF at water reclamation plant
“Los Arenales” aquifer, Castilla y León, Spain
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Diagram of recharge basin on pipeline from river that recharges groundwater
Water from wastewater treatment entering recharge ditch Water replenishing wetland
Recharge to offset over-exploitation for irrigation, established by government and transferred to communities of irrigators. However irrigation is increasing.
Three pronged approach to managing groundwater storage in Arizona, USA
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1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Cumulative deliveries (Mcm)
Agua Fria Recharge Project infiltration basins recharge CAP water to replenish groundwater and accumulate a recharge credit for future groundwater use (from Arizona Water Banking Authority).
Cumulative water deliveries by Arizona Water Banking Authority 1997-2008 (Arizona Water Banking Authority 2011)
1. Law quantifies groundwater rights2. Water banking to increase storage3. Substituting s/w for g/w
Integrated water resources management through MAR and conjunctive use
Water supply sustained andEcosystem protected
Ground water
Surface water
MANAGED AQUIFER
RECHARGE
CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT
Natural water
Urban storm water
Treated sewage
Desalinated water
Hydrologic equilibrium reached through reducing extraction, providing alternative supplies or MAR
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Demand management
MAR to replenish aquifer
Groundwater deficit in
over-exploited aquifer
Groundwater use
Groundwater supply-able
without excessive adverse impacts
Alternative supplies
Initial situationManagement interventions Final situation
Groundwater used without
excessive adverse impacts
Conjunctive use
MAR
Native groundwater
Economics of incorporating managed aquifer recharge and alternative supplies
14 |Cumulative volume saved or supplied
Unit cost of loss from demand
reduction or of implementing MAR or alter-native supply
A decision tree proposed for policy reform to achieve agreed objectives in stressed and unstressed aquifers
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Integrated water resources assessment;Size of allocatable resource; current use of resource; economics to expand supply
for each of: Surface water, groundwater, sewage/stormwater, seawater
Is groundwater, (or connected surface
water) over-allocated?
Is there existing social capability for
collective action?
Yes
Are sufficient other water
sources available, allocatable and
economic?
No
YesYes
NoNo
User collective manages with tech support
from govt.
1.Specify entitlements (eg =existing use)2.Centralised g/w management3.Build g/w user awareness and capability for collective action4. When ready, user collective manages with tech support from govt.
1. Evaluate economics of increasing water use efficiency, and value of crops per unit of water used, and alternative water supplies either reticulated directly, or via managed aquifer recharge.2.Inform groundwater users3.Establish new entitlement system4.Establish groundwater allocation plan.5.Provide technical support and review to progress against plan6.Incorporate consultative processes in periodic revision of allocatable volume.
1. Evaluate economics of production elsewhere for each product of groundwater use.2.Inform groundwater users3.Establish new entitlement system4.Establish groundwater allocation plan –either for mining with maximum utility or reduce demand to reduce rate of further storage decline.5.Provide technical support and review to progress against plan6.Oversee closure of resource when exhausted if mining option adopted.
eg, Pasuquin,
Philippines; Andhra
Pradesh, India
eg, Namoi, Aust.; Arizona Water Banking Authority, USA
eg.?
eg. Alice Springs, Aust
Towards Water Quality Guidelines for Managed Aquifer Recharge in India
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AusAID project (with Central Ground Water Board to conclude 2014) will develop MAR Guidelines that relate to information available and improve protection of human health with water safety plans Photos by Dr D.K. Chadha
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Hazards Affecting GDEs receptor and associated monitoring methods
• Excessive changes in water tables orpressures
• Aquifer microbial community
• Aquifer stygofauna
• Organisms in connected surface water ecosystems• Vegetation in groundwaterdependent ecosystems
• Marine organisms
• Water quality changes (includingpesticides)
Presentation title | Presenter name
Ecosystem impacts
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Presentation title | Presenter name19 |
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