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Page 1: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Nicholas Canning BSc (Hons)Ruminant Nutritionist

Page 2: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

- Native ponies have usually undergone evolution to be able to survive in harsh conditions.

- They have adapted to utilize poor quality grazing and be constantly moving in search of fresh grazing areas

- The difficulty arises balancing up trickle feeding animals with higher quality pastures than they require.

- Their natural environment would allow up to 18 hours a day grazing.- Digestive tract:

- Mouth – masticate food and wet food with saliva- Stomach- Capacity of 9-15 litres, The cardiac sphincter doesn’t relax to allow

regurgitation.- Small Intestine- Makes up 30% of the digestive tract. Site of some starch

digestion, Amino acids, fats, Vitamins and mineral absorbed here.- Hindgut

- Cecum – Large Colon- Small colon. Fibre digesters most active around pH 6.2-6.8 whereas starch digesters prefer pH 5-6

Page 3: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Microbial Fermentation – Fibrous and non-Fibrous Carbohydrate attacked by microbes. Breaks down into VFA’s, Gas, B-Vitamins, Vit K. and protein/Amino Acids. VFA’s are metabolized for energy whereas gas is wasted energy.

Feeding the Pony:(Animal Protein/Energy Requirements)- (Supplied Feed) = Change in Body conditionIf the amount supplied is greater than required than an increase in body condition will occur. If the animal doesn’t receive enough then it will lose condition.

ProteinProtein is needed by the horse for growth and repair of new cells and tissues. Quality of protein is just as important as quantity. Growing horses need 14-16% protein total ration, Mature horses 8-10% with aged horses (>20years old) requiring protein levels similar to young growing horses

StarchMade up of non-structural carbohydrates which are broken down by the horse in the small intestine to provide energy. This energy is generally fast release which provides a Sudden burst of energy. This however can cause excitable Behaviour so is sometimes best to be avoided.

Page 4: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Requirements

Based upon the animals weight, status and work.

Weight can either be measured or calculated:

Girth (cm) x Girth (cm) X Body Length (cm)11877

Height Type Light Med. Heavy

10hh Pony 150 180 200

11hh Pony 200 220 270

12hh Pony 280 300 320

13hh Pony 300 320 340

14hh Pony 350 370 390

14.2hh Pony 400 430 460

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Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Energy requirements is measured in DE(MJ) =18 + BW(KG) 10

So for a 400kg Pony then the DE requirement for maintenance is 58MJ in total

Energy requirements will increased based on the amount and type of work the horse is undergoing.

Forage analysis is usually measure in MJ/kg DM

ME is approximately 83% of DE so therefore ME value would be 48 MJ in total

Page 6: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Macromineral Recommendation

Calcium 21g

Chlorine 80 mg per kg BW

Magnesium 15 mg/kg body weight

Phosphorus 14 g/day

Potassium 0.05 g/kg body weight

Sodium 0.02 g/kg body weight

Sulphur 0.15% of dry matter intake

Page 7: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Vitamin Deficiencies-

Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by night blindness, However, clinical signs of deficiency (mainly night blindness) are hard to induce in horses, and require very low levels of carotene intake over a long period of time (at least a year or more). Impaired growth has been reported in growing ponies deprived of carotene. As a result, it is thought that growth parameters are a more sensitive indicator of carotene deficiency than clinical signs.

Vitamin D deficiency is also not a huge concern as they need very little. Rickets is the disease that develops if a horse does not get enough D. Rickets is also called soft-bone disease, and the main symptom is bone deformities, especially in the limbs. In most practical horse-keeping situations, assuming the horse gets at least some exposure to sunlight, or some supplemental D in the diet, D deficiency is not going to be a problem.

Page 8: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Vitamin E -White muscle disease is the disease that is commonly thought of when vitamin E deficiency is being discussed. This disease is also known as nutritional muscular dystrophy, and is a degenerative disease that affects the heart and skeletal muscles of foals under a year of age.

Vitamin K- Problems with blood clotting is the major symptom of vitamin K deficiency. It is caused by those Gla-proteins being formed the wrong way and not being able to do their job correctly.In humans, K deficiency has also been implicated in diseases affecting bone and heart health. If the horse consumes K antagonists, deficiency symptoms can appear. One of these antagonists, dicoumarol, is produced by mouldy sweet clover hay. Problems with blood clotting from consuming mouldy sweet clover hay (and thus dicoumarol) HAVE been reported in horses.

Page 9: Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Current Grass Analysis

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Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies 27th October 2012

Current Fresh Grass Mineral Analysis

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Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies 27th October 2012

The Sums

Based upon the 15-19th October data (ME = 12.4MJ/KGDM , DM=14.9% and Protein =22.5%The Pony requires 48MJ in total for maintenance

E.G 1 The pony weighs 400kg and eats 2% BW Grass= 8kgDm8kg DM = 99.2MJ (overfeeding of 207%)

E.G 2 The pony weighs 400kg and eats 1.5% BW Grass= 6kgDM6kgDM = 74.4MJ (overfeeding of 155%)

E.G3 The pony weighs 400kg and is restricted to 1% BW Grass = 4kgDM4kg DM = 49.6MJ (overfeeding of 103%)

These same calculations apply for fermented forages.

To supply maintenance to this pony on an ad-lib feeding basis then the energy densityOf the total ration would need to be 6MJ/KG.

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Average Mineral Profiles 2012

Fresh Grass Scotland

Element8kg DMI 6kg DMI 4kg DMI Requirements

Calcium % 0.39 3.124706 2.343529 1.562353 21Phosphorus % 0.24 1.901176 1.425882 0.950588Magnesium % 0.14 1.12 0.84 0.56 6Sodium % 0.11 0.847059 0.635294 0.423529Potassium % 1.75 14.00471 10.50353 7.002353 20Sulphur % 0.14 1.101176 0.825882 0.550588Chloride % 0.66 5.317647 3.988235 2.658824 1.44CAB 220 1762.824 1322.118 881.4118

0 0 0Iron mg/kg 599.8 4798.682 3599.012 2399.341Manganese mg/kg 185.2 1481.52 1111.14 740.76Cobalt mg/kg 0.44 3.487059 2.615294 1.743529Zinc mg/kg 23.3 186.56 139.92 93.28Selenium mg/kg 0.059 0.468706 0.351529 0.234353Aluminium mg/kg 497.6 3980.894 2985.671 1990.447Lead mg/kg 0.84 6.738824 5.054118 3.369412Molybdenum mg/kg 1.36 10.85176 8.138824 5.425882

0 0 0Copper mg/kg 5.8 46.4 34.8 23.2

No. of samples 17

The Mineral Sums

Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies 27th October 2012

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Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Hay VS. Haylage

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Equine Nutrition- Native Ponies ` 27th October 2012

Biotin