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EARTHQUAKE EFFECTSEARTHQUAKE EFFECTS
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Load Bearing wall systemLoad Bearing wall system
BeamBeam--column Frame systemcolumn Frame system
Dual systemDual system
Slab and column frame systemSlab and column frame system
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Com lete dama e to stone masonrCom lete dama e to stone masonrhouseshouses
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Dama e to a traditional houseDama e to a traditional house
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cracks on the corner art of
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ONRY BUILDINGSONRY BUILDINGS
Damage on masonry buildings start
from corner separation
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ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE BEHAVIOURANALYSIS OF DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR
OF BUILDINGSOF BUILDINGS
BUILDING FOUNDATIONBUILDING FOUNDATION--SOIL INTERACTIONSOIL INTERACTION
Buildings resting on firm soil/rock perform wellBuildings resting on firm soil/rock perform well
Buildin constructed on fills suffer severe dama eBuildin constructed on fills suffer severe dama e Structure on loose saturated sand may lead toStructure on loose saturated sand may lead to
liquefactionliquefaction
settlementsettlement
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COMMON TYPES OF DAMAGECOMMON TYPES OF DAMAGE
The inertia forces due to roof/ floor isThe inertia forces due to roof/ floor istransmitted to the to of the walls and iftransmitted to the to of the walls and if
the roofing material isthe roofing material is improperly tied toimproperly tied to
the wallthe wall it dislod esit dislod es TheThe failure of bottom cordfailure of bottom cord of roof trussof roof truss
as well as the whole buildingas well as the whole building
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The failure of pier occurs due to combinedThe failure of pier occurs due to combinedaction of flexure and shear. Near verticalaction of flexure and shear. Near vertical
cracks near corner wall joints occurcracks near corner wall joints occur
indicatinindicatin se aration of wallse aration of wall For motion perpendicular to the walls, theFor motion perpendicular to the walls, the
cracking and separation of the walls arecracking and separation of the walls are
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Generally, gable end wall collapsesGenerally, gable end wall collapses
walls, the wythe of masonry is eitherwalls, the wythe of masonry is either
..away of half the wall thickness on theaway of half the wall thickness on the
. .
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CAUSES OF FAILURE OF MASONRYCAUSES OF FAILURE OF MASONRY
BUILDINGSBUILDINGS
These buildings are very heavy and attract largeThese buildings are very heavy and attract large
inertia forcesinertia forces
Unreinforced masonry walls are weak againstUnreinforced masonry walls are weak against
tension and shear, and therefore, perform rathertension and shear, and therefore, perform rather
poor during earthquakepoor during earthquake
These buildings have large in plane rigidity andThese buildings have large in plane rigidity and
t ere ore ave ow t me per o s o v rat ont ere ore ave ow t me per o s o v rat on
which results in large seismic forcewhich results in large seismic force
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BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDINGSBEHAVIOUR OF BUILDINGS
Poor PlanningPoor PlanningUnsymmetrical section in planUnsymmetrical section in planLarge openingsLarge openingsProximity of buildingsProximity of buildings
Lar e s ans of wallsLar e s ans of walls
Poor Building MaterialsPoor Building Materials
Poor quality of material having less tensile andPoor quality of material having less tensile andshear strengthshear strength oor ua o mor ar oor ua o mor ar
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ANALYSIS OF DAMAGEANALYSIS OF DAMAGE
Poor DesignPoor Design
Lack of lateral strengthLack of lateral strengthUnequal distribution of mass or stiffnessUnequal distribution of mass or stiffnessLow time period of vibration and attract largeLow time period of vibration and attract largeearthquake forceearthquake force
Poor Detailing and Unsatisfactory ConstructionPoor Detailing and Unsatisfactory ConstructionAbsence of box like action, no earthquakeAbsence of box like action, no earthquake
bandsbandsLack of adequate joint connections, wall to wallLack of adequate joint connections, wall to wall
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e an pos on o open ngs, an r.c. an se an pos on o open ngs, an r.c. an s
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REINFORCED CONCRETE BANDREINFORCED CONCRETE BAND
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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANTEARTHQUAKE RESISTANTDESIGN OF MASONRYDESIGN OF MASONRY
BUILDINGSBUILDINGS
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SITE ANALYSISSITE ANALYSIS
Following parameters should be noted carefullyFollowing parameters should be noted carefully Earth uake ZoneEarth uake Zone
Ground SlopeGround Slope
Soil TypeSoil Type
Ground water tableGround water table
Building byeBuilding bye--lawslaws
SurroundingsSurroundings
SELECTION OF SHAPE AND PLAN OF BUILDINGSELECTION OF SHAPE AND PLAN OF BUILDING
-- A regular shape of building with plan symmetric about both axesA regular shape of building with plan symmetric about both axesshould be selected. Suitable separation joints may be provided toshould be selected. Suitable separation joints may be provided tomake the different arts re ular and s mmetricmake the different arts re ular and s mmetric
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DESIGN STEPSSTEPS IN MASONRY BUILDINGS - continued.
FOUNDATION DESIGNFOUNDATION DESIGN
A suitable foundation type should be selected according to theA suitable foundation type should be selected according to the
guidelines. Minimum depth should always be providedguidelines. Minimum depth should always be provided
WALL DESIGNWALL DESIGN
Wall thickness, brick strength and mortar composition should beWall thickness, brick strength and mortar composition should be
selected according to seismic zone and soil conditionsselected according to seismic zone and soil conditions
EATHQUAKE BAND AND VERTICAL REINFORCEMENTEATHQUAKE BAND AND VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
Earthquake bands and vertical reinforcement should be provided inEarthquake bands and vertical reinforcement should be provided in
DESIGN OF ROOFDESIGN OF ROOF
at roo s s ou e es gne n as per : . n case oat roo s s ou e es gne n as per : . n case o
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AVOID LONG WALLS
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UNDATIONS FOR MASONRY BUILDINGS
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AILS AT CORNERS AND THROUGH
To avoid
splitting of
rubble masonry,
stones should
be provided in
sufficient
numbers
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MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN
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RTHQUAKE BANDS AND VERTICAL
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ARTHQUAKE TIMBER BANDS FOR BRICK/
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ARTHQUAKE R.C. BANDS FOR BRICK/
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