Enlightenment
England
Elizabeth I died childless, so her cousin James from Scotland became king = James I
England
James I believed in divine right, absolute power = many fights with Parliament over $
James I was best known for supporting the creation of the King James version of the Bible
England
Charles I succeeded James and also believed in divine right
He wanted $ for his wars = petition Paliament
England Parliament exchanged $ for Charles I signing the
Petition of Right
The Petition of Right had 4 points King cannot imprison subjects without due cause King could not get taxes without Parliament King could not house soldiers in civilian homes King could not impose martial law in peacetime
England
Charles dissolved Parliament for 8 years until he needed $ to fight Scotland
Parliament tried to limit the king’s power = king arrested members = start of English Civil War
England
Charles (Cavaliers) v Parliament (Roundheads)
England Oliver Cromwell led the
Parliament forces and defeated Charles I
He then executed Charles I = 1st king executed
Cromwell then created the Commonwealth of England and became a military dictator
England
Cromwell outlawed sinful activities
After Cromwell’s death, England wanted the king to come back = Restoration = Charles II takes over
England
Habeas Corpus = a person cannot be held in prison for opposing a king
England Charles II = no children =
brother James II became king
James II was Catholic and England was not
Whig party did not want James and the Tories did
England James II had a son who would be Catholic = Parliament
got rid of James = Glorious Revolution
Called Glorious Revolution because of no bloodshed James’s daughter and her husband became king and
queen = William and Mary
England
Parliament created the English Bill of Rights = limited royal power
This turned England into a constitutional monarchy (laws limit the king’s power)
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Medieval View of Science
*Unquestioning
*Based on ancient teachings or The Bible
*Geocentric Theory of the universe-the Earth was at the center and all the rest revolved around it.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
The Scientific Revolution was a new way of looking at the world based on careful observation and a questioning of accepted beliefs.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
What brought on the Scientific Revolution?
New ideas during the Renaissance
Translation of ancient Muslim manuscripts brought new knowledge to Europe
Exploration brought new knowledge and a willingness to accept new truths
New advances in math and astronomy
associated with exploration
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
NEW MODEL OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Copernicus studied astronomy and realized the sun was at the center. He proposed the heliocentric, sun centered theory.
Copernicus Kepler
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
A circular path did not fully explain the movement of the planets.
Johannes Kepler proved mathematically that Copernicus was basically correct, but it was an elliptical orbit, rather than circular.
Scientific Revolution
Galileo developed the mathematics of gravity and proved that objects fall at a predictable rate. He also created a telescope to study the stars and planets. He supported Copernicus’ heliocentric model.
He came in conflict with the Catholic Church. He was tried by the and forced to Catholic Church
and forced to say Copernicus was wrong and the Church was right.
In 1992 Pope John Paul II formally cleared Galileo and acknowledged Copernicus was right.
Galileo Galilei
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Francis Bacon helped develop the Scientific Method by his proposal that scientists should use observation rather than relying on old knowledge.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Rene Decartes helped it along by developing analytical geometry that combined algebra and geometry. His findings supported the new movement known as skepticism.
“I think, therefore I am.”
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Brought it all together in his universal laws of gravitation and motion proving that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
BRINGS ADVANCES IN
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Zacharias Jansser, a Dutch eyeglass maker, invented a microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek used the microscope to see bacteria and red blood cells for the first time.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
BRINGS ADVANCES IN SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Gabriel Fahrenheit developed a thermometer showing freezing at 32° while Anders Celsius created another scale with freezing at 0°.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
BRINGS ADVANCES
IN MEDICINE
Galen, a physician during the Middle Ages, believed human anatomy was like a pigs. He dissected pigs but not humans.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
In 1543 Andreas Vesalius dissected a human and showed actual human anatomy.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Edward Jenner used cowpox to prevent smallpox, thus creating the world’s first vaccine
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Robert Boyle was the founder of modern chemistry. He proposed the idea of small particles making up matter. He also gave us Boyles Law that explains how volume, temperature and pressure of gas affect each other.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Isaac Newton said, “If have seen farther than others it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”
Who was he talking about?
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
ENLIGHTENMENT OR AGE OF REASON
Scientific Revolution led people to look for laws governing all aspects of society including human behavior, religion, education, economics and government.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPETWO THINKERS LEAD THE WAY
Thomas Hobbes John Locke
People were naturally
wicked
Needed a social contract
to provide order
Needed an absolute ruler
People could improve
themselves
Favored self-government
Rulers needed consent of
the people
Believed in natural rights—
life, liberty and property.
His ideas influenced the
US Constitution and Bill of
Rights
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
The French Philosophes
THINKER IDEA IMPACTVoltaire
*a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn.
Freedom of thought and expression
Used satire*
Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights
Enlightenment
Voltaire
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE The French Philosophes
THINKER IDEA IMPACT
Montesquieu Separation of powers was best way to prevent abuse.
Later called “checks and balances”
US Constitution
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
THINKER IDEA IMPACT
Rousseau Committed to individual freedom
Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness and forced them to obey unjust laws
The only good government was a direct democracy
Constitution and Bill of Rights
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” Rousseau
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
THINKER IDEA IMPACTBeccaria Laws were to
preserve order not punish crime
Against torture and cruel punishment
There should be speedy trials
Constitution and Bill of Rights
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
Women and the Enlightenment
Most male philosophers took the traditional view
Women writers tried to improve the status of women
Mary Wollstonecraft published an essay: “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” in 1792
It supported the rights of women especially in the area of education, career choice and political rights.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
Children and the Enlightenment
During the Enlightenment, this idea changed. People believed children should be educated and allowed to mature.
New toys, such as the rocking horse, appeared. Children's clothes were made differently. Children’s literature such as Mother Goose was printed.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.2 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Belief in progress in society,
government and science
Recognition of the importance of
the individual
More secular (worldly) outlook
on life
Chardin
Enlighenment
Enlightenment ideas spread with the help of women
Salons were events held by rich women where enlightenment ideas were discussed and sometimes financed
Enlightenment
Denis Diderot received $ at salons to start his project: Encyclopedia
Salons and the encyclopedias helped spread the Enlightenment ideas
Enlightenment
Art during the Enlightenment was dominated by the baroque style
Baroque style was grand, ornate style
Enlightenment
Baroque music played by Johann Sebastian Bach and George Handel
Enlightenment
Baroque style gave way to Neoclassical style Neoclassical music was simple and elegant Great neoclassical composers were Franz Joseph
Haydn, Wolfgang Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven
Enlightenment
Novels also became extremely popular Examples: Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, Henry
Fielding’s Tom Jones, and Samuel Richardson’s Pamela
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.3 SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
ENLIGHTENMENT AND MONARCHY
OLD IDEA
The state and the citizens exist to serve the monarch
NEW IDEA
The monarch exists to serve the state and support citizens’ welfare.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.3 SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
ENLIGHTENMENT AND MONARCHY
Enlightened despots accepted the philosophy that they
should respect the peoples’ rights.
They had no intention of giving up power. They were
motivated to accept changes because they wanted to:
Make their country more powerful
Make their rule more effective
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.3 SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
Frederick II (the Great)
Wanted his people to be
happy and cared about
their welfare
Ended many abuses
Granted many freedoms
such as religion, press
and education
Did not end serfdom
Needed landowner support
Called “first servant of the state”
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.3 SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
Joseph II
Ruled Austria 1780-1790
Legal reforms and freedom
of the press
Most radical reformer of
the age
Abolished serfdom and
required cash payment
Landowners hated him
Most reforms reversed after his death
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
In 1760, George IIIbecame king of England.
The colonies were growing and becomingricher. They also expectedthe same rights as allEnglish subjects.
George needed to pay for theFrench and Indian War.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Navigation Tax (1660’s)-colonists could only sell to the British and pay high taxes on non-British goods.
This led to smuggling
by the colonists and
the anger at the British.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Stamp Act (1765)- a tax had to be paid on all documents including wills, newspapers and deeds. The outraged colonists boycotted British goods and the Act was repealed in 1766.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
The Declaration goes on to list grievances and specifically accuses King George III of
abusing his powers.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
The American Revolution lasted from 1776-1781.
The Colonists won because:
1. France entered the war and sent
Lafayette to help
2. Time was on their side
3. They were defending their
homeland
4. British generals made mistakes
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONArticles of Confederation Create
a Weak Government
The first government was created
by the Articles of Confederation.
There was no judicial or executive
branch, only Congress was created.
Each state had one vote. It could
not collect taxes or regulate trade.
Passing laws was difficult because
9 out of 13 states had to agree.
That would be 35 today.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
SHAY’S REBELLION
When Massachusetts refused
to issue paper money so
farmers could repay debt,
Daniel Shay and others
rebelled. It was put down
but showed the need for a
strong national government.
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
THE US CONSTITUTION
Many compromises:Two housesContinue slaverySlaves are 3/5th of a personAmendments satisfied the
Anti-federalists
Created a federal system where power is shared between the national and state governments
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
The Federalists wanted a fiscally and militarily strong nation state, and showed little interest in states' or individual rights. They did not want the freedoms provided by the Bill of Rights. Alexander Hamilton and John Jay were the chief supporters of this view.
Hamilton Jay
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
22.4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Anti-federalist applied to a
group that supported a
less centralized federal
government in which the
states and individuals
retained more power.
They supported the Bill of
Rights. Thomas Jefferson
believed this.
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