ENERGY CONCENTRATES
pp. 212-220
Classes of Energy Concentrates
• Grains• Fats and oils• Byproducts of sugar or baking industries
Energy ConcentratesGeneral properties
Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products
Energy High(77-90% TDN)
Very high(189% TDN)
High(80-90% TDN)
Crude fiber Low(< 18% CF or 32%
NDF)
Very low(Unless fed as a
component of an oil seed)
Low
Protein:
Quantity Low(8-15% CP)
Very low (Unless fed as a
component of oil seed)
Very low
Quality Low - -
A high quality protein will have ____?____
a) a high digestibility.
b) a high concentration of amino acids.
c) a high concentration of essential amino acids.
d) each of the essential amino acids present in concentrations that are proportional to the animal’s requirements.
e) all of the above
f) none of the above
Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a pig?
Glycine Alanine Valine
Leucine Isoleucine Serine
Threonine Phenylalanine Tyrosine
Tryptophan Cysteine Cystine
Methionine Proline Hydroxyproline
Lysine Arginine Histidine
Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine
Glutamine
Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a 1000 lb beef steer?
Glycine Alanine Valine
Leucine Isoleucine Serine
Threonine Phenylalanine Tyrosine
Tryptophan Cysteine Cystine
Methionine Proline Hydroxyproline
Lysine Arginine Histidine
Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine
Glutamine
Energy ConcentratesGeneral properties
Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products
Energy High(77-90% TDN)
Very high(189% TDN)
High(80-90% TDN)
Crude fiber Low(< 18% CF or 32%
NDF)
Very low(Unless fed as a
component of an oil seed)
Low
Protein:
Quantity Low(8-15% CP)
Very low (Unless fed as a
component of oil seed)
Very low
Quality LowDeficient AA: Lysine, tryptophanExcess AA: Leucine
- -
Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products
Minerals:
Calcium Low(0.02%)
Low Low
Phosphorus:
Quantity Higher than forages(0.3%)
Low(Unless fed as oil seed)
Low
Availability Low in nonruminantsWhy?
High in ruminantsWhy?
Low in nonruminantsHigh in ruminants
-
Sodium chloride
Low Low Low(Unless Food
waste)
Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products
Vitamins:
Vitamin A (Carotene)
Low (Except for corn)
Low Low
Vitamin D Low Low Low
Vitamin E Fair Fair Low
B-vitamins:
Thiamin High Low Low
Niacin High(Low availability for
non-ruminants)
Low Low
Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid,
Vitamin B12,
Biotin
Low Low Low
GrainsStructure
• Bran– Fiber (Hemicellulose)
• Endosperm– Starch
• 98% of starch in kernel
– Gluten • 75% of protein in kernel
• Germ– Oil
• 81% of oil in kernel
– Protein• 23% of protein in kernel
Starch in Grains
• Major component of grains– 70 to 75% of grain DM– Removed by grain processing
• Classes of starch– Amylose
• Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages• Normally approximately 30% of starch
– Amylopectin• Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages w/ alpha-
1-6 branch points• More rapidly digested than amylose• Normally approximately 70% of starch
• Factors affecting starch digestion in grains– Bran and endosperm protein matrix around starch
• Digestibility may be increased by cracking or grinding
– Starch structure• Starch chains are arranged in concentric circles as
granules
– Enzymes hydrolyze one layer at a time. » Limits rate of digestion
– Heat treatments (steam flaking, popping etc.) destroy granular structure producing straight chains» Process is called gelatinization» Increases starch digestion
Oils in Grains
• Approximately 3 to 4% of grain DM– Concentrated in grain processing by-products like
distillers grains • Under current processing methods
• Triglycerides primarily containing unsaturated fatty acids.
Proteins in Grains• 8 to 15% of grain DM– Concentrated in grain processing byproducts
• Quality– Deficient• Lysine• Tryptophan
– Excess• Leucine
• Ruminal degradability – Approximately 50 (Corn) - 75% (Small grains)– Low ruminal degradability is valuable in light
weight calves and high producing dairy cows
Properties of Individual Grains• Corn
– 56 lb/bu– High energy (88% TDN, DM basis)
• Improved 5 to 10% by processing
– Low fiber (NDF, 10% of DM; highly digestible)– Low protein (8-10% of DM)
• Low lysine and tryptophan• High leucine
– Low Ca (0.03%)– Moderate P (0.30%)
• Approximately 50% of P is bound to phytate– Unavailable to nonruminants– Available to ruminants
– High in beta-carotene– High in thiamin– High in niacin, but it’s unavailable to nonruminants– Low in other B vitamins
– Use of corn grain in livestock diets• Swine and poultry–Only limited by the needs for supplemental
nutrients and cost–Supplemental nutrients needed: Amino
acids, available P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins, B vitamins
• Ruminants and horses– Limited by fiber requirements, supplemental
nutrients, and cost– Fiber requirement primarily met by forage»Can be met for finishing cattle by whole
corn grain or ground ear corn–Other supplemental nutrients needed:
Crude protein, P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins
– Variations in corn composition• Genetic variants
–High lysine»Opaque-2»Slightly higher in protein
• High in lysine and tryptophan• Reduces amount of protein needed in
nonruminant diets• Must test for lysine
» Limitations• Lower yields • Soft kernels
• Subject to ear rot–Waxy corn
» 100% amylopectin» Improve starch digestion»Variable improvements in animal performance
–High amylose corn» >50% amylose»Primarily used for wet milling of corn
producing high fructose corn syrup.» Lower yield than normal varieties
–High oil corn» 7 to 8% oil» Improved feed efficiency and rate of gain
in livestock diets»Primarily used for corn oil production
–Considerations with genetically modified corn»Must prevent cross pollination» Lower yields of high lysine and high
amylose corn»Must test for characteristic to properly use
in diets
• Other variations–High moisture corn» 24-35% moisture»Ensiled in anerobic storage• Preserved by lactic acid produced
during fermentation• Requires anerobic storage
»Advantages• Improves starch digestion• Improves feed efficiency in cattle
by 8 to 10%• Allows for early harvest• Doesn’t require drying
» Limitation• Must be marketed through livestock
–Ground ear corn»Also called corn and cob meal»Contains 20% cob» 70 lb/bu» 84% TDN, DM basis» 7 to 8 % CP» 28% NDF»Uses• Not used for swine or poultry• May be used for ruminants or horses• If used, reduce the amount of
forage in diet
• Harmful constituents in corn grain– Aflatoxin
• Carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus molds on corn
• Particularly a problem in drought-stricken corn produced in hot (>85oF), humid conditions
• Control – Rapid dryiing to < 15% moisture
• Use limits
Use Concentration, ppb
Pet foods < 10
Marketing, ethanol, young animals, dairy cattle
< 20
Breeding beef cattle and swine, and mature poultry
< 100
Finishing swine > 100 lb < 200
Finishing cattle < 300
• Sorghum (Milo)– Drought resistant– Energy value• Swine and poultry– 95 to 98% the value of corn
• Ruminants– 85 to 90% the value of corn
• Requires processing– 8 to 12% Crude protein• Most limiting amino acid: Lysine
– Low Ca– Moderate P• 50% of P bound to phytate
– Uses in diets• Can replace all corn in nonruminant and
ruminant diets if processed
• Oats– 32 lb/bu– Very palatable– 65 to 75% TDN (DM basis)– 32% NDF (DM basis)
• Hulls are poorly digested (32% TDN)• Groats (Dehulled oats have energy value = corn)
– 12% Crude protein (DM basis); limiting AA, lysine– 0.09% Ca (DM basis)– 0.38% P (DM basis), 50% phytate bound– Uses of oat grain in rations
• Poultry, growing/finishing swine (< 60 lb) lactating sows, or finishing beef cattle rations– Can replace < 20% of the corn
• Growing/finishing pigs (> 100 lb)– Can replace 40% of corn
• Lactating dairy cows, growing calves (Creep feed), or gestating sows– Can replace 50% of corn
• Horses– Can replace 100% of corn
• Barley– Energy
• Ruminants– 83% TDN (90% value of corn)
• Swine– 80% value of corn
– 19% NDF (DM basis), poorly digested– 12% CP (DM basis); limiting amino acid, lysine– Uses in rations
• Should be rolled and not finely ground• Finishing cattle, growing/finishing pigs, or
gestating sows– Can replace 100% of the grain– Care needed to prevent bloat in feedlot cattle
• Lactating sows– Can replace 85% of the grain
• Dairy cows– Can replace 50% of the grain
• Growing pigs (<60 lb)– Can replace 25% of the grain
• Wheat– Energy• 90% TDN (DM basis)
– Starch properties• Very rapidly digested–May cause lactic acidosis and bloat in cattle
• Floury powder–Becomes doughy in mouth if finely ground»Reduces palatability
–Should be coarsely ground– Low fiber, but contains xylans• Must be supplemented with xylanase if fed to
poultry– 12-14% CP (DM basis) • Limiting amino acid; lysine
– Biotin present, but in bound form
– Uses of wheat in livestock diets• Gestating, lactating, and growing/finishing pigs– < 95% of the grain
• Broiler and layers– < 85% of diet»Requires a pigmenting agent and
xylanase» Fat in wheat-fed broilers is firmer than in
corn-fed broilers• Finishing beef cattle; dairy cattle; and growing
pigs (< 60 lb)– < 50 % of the grain
• Rye– 83% TDN (DM basis)– Starch properties resemble wheat– 12% CP (DM basis)– Very unpalatable– May contain ergot
• A fungus producing toxic alkaloids– Lysergic acid– 6,8 dimethylergoline
• These alkaloids cause vasoconstriction– Abortions– Gangrene resulting in loss of hooves, tails, and ears
– Uses in rations• Weanling pigs, young cattle. or dairy cattle
– Do not use as grain• Growing/finishing swine or cattle
– < 33% of diet• Lactating sows
– < 40% of diet• Gestating sows
– No limit
• Triticale– A hybrid of wheat and rye– 78% TDN (DM basis)– Starch properties similar to wheat– 15% CP; limiting amino acid, lysine– Unpalatable– Susceptible to ergot– Use in rations• Growing/finishing swine and beef cattle– < 50% of the diet
• Gestating sows– < 25% of the diet
• Young pigs and cattle, or dairy cattle–Do not feed triticale grain
Additional considerations regarding grains
• Drought-stressed grains– Results in low test weight grains• Less starch, more fiber–A problem for nonruminants with high
energy requirements and low feed intake (Nursery pigs or lactating sows)
• Silages– Often the most effective use of cereal grains for
ruminants
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