Electronic Warfareand Counter-Measures
Electronic Warfareand Counter-Measures
What is Electronic Warfare?
Electronic Warfare (EW)Electronic Warfare (EW)
Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W) Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes
integrated use of: Operational Security (OPSEC) Military Deception Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) Physical Destruction Electronic Warfare (EW)
Importance of EWImportance of EW
• Increased reliance on radar and OTH targeting
• Increased use of Communications and Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
• Increased capabilities of missile & weapons system– Requires high-speed detection and tracking
• Active/Passive homing long-range missile give little warning
Three Components of EWThree Components of EW
� Electronic Support (ES) *ESM
� Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM
� Electronic Protection (EP) *ECCM
Electronic Support (ES)Electronic Support (ES)
• Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to detect the enemy’s position, strength, and intention, and warning of targets
-Detection -Tracking
-Recognition -Targeting
-Warning -Destruction
-Avoidance
Passive EW (ES)
• ELINT – Electronic Intelligence– Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic
information
• COMINT – Communications Intelligence– Foreign communications transmissions
intercepted by other than the intended recipients
• Advantages and Limitations
ES Receiver Design Requirements
ES Receiver Design Requirements
• Wide spectrum surveillance
• Wide dynamic range
• Unwanted signal rejection
• Angle-of-Arrival measurement
• Signal Analysis capability
• Real-Time Display
• Recording System
Electronic Attack (EA)Electronic Attack (EA)
• Preventing or reducing the enemy’s use of the EM spectrum (capabilities) and promoting uncertainty
• “Black boxes” that jam or deceive the enemy
• Radar or communications “jamming”
Electronic Attack (EA)Electronic Attack (EA)
• Use of active and passive energy to “attack “– Personnel– Facilities– Equipment
• Four Classes of EA– Jamming – Modifiers – Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)– Physical Destruction
Non-Destructive EANon-Destructive EA
• Denial: overload opposition’s receiver to deny its use by the enemy• Jamming
• Noise• Spot• Barrage• Sweep
• Chaff• Flares
Noise Jamming
Definition:
Noise jamming is the deliberate radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the purpose of impairing the use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems being used by the enemy.
Rcvd Signal Amp.
time
Ineffective Jamming
Effective Jamming
PW
PRT
Jamming
TGT FreqTGT Freq
True NoiseTrue Noise
Ideal Ideal JammerJammer
Actual Spot Actual Spot JammerJammer
Non-Destructive EA (cont.)Non-Destructive EA (cont.)
• Deception: Create false image or change image’s characteristics on a radar display. Misleads or “spoofs”– Repeaters: delay received radar signal and
retransmitting at a slightly later time– Transponders: Create false signal by playing back a
stored replica of the radar signal– Chaff - disguise– Radar Decoys– Blip Enhancers– Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification
Decoys
Velocity Gate Pull Off Velocity Gate Pull Off (VGPO)(VGPO)
Target Return
Velocity Gate
Gate Pull-Off
Confusion/Deception
Chaff CorridorChaff Corridor
Flares (active)
Chaff False TargetsChaff False Targets
Real TargetReal Target
Multiple False TargetsMultiple False Targets
StrobesStrobes
Cover Pulse JammingCover Pulse Jamming
XX
“Reactive Jamming”
EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!
Passive DetectionPassive Detection
1.1. RadarRadar
2.2. IFFIFF
3.3. TACANTACAN
4.4. JammingJamming
Destructive EADestructive EA
• Anti-Radiation Missiles
–SLAM
–HARM
–Sidewinder
• Directed Energy
SLAM ER
• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response
https://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm
HARM
• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile
HARM Results
Portable Serbian Radar
AIM-9 SidewinderAIM-9 Sidewinder
Electronic Protection (EP)
Definition:
EP is the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability.
Electronic Protection (EP)Electronic Protection (EP)
• Protection of friendly combat capability against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy employed EW
• Types– Passive EW
– Active EW
Electronic Protection (EP)
• Three ways to defend from enemy EW– Modify radar
• Make it more complex • Make it harder to jam
– Modify the Medium • Chaff• Torch
– Modify the platform
EP: Radar DesignEP: Radar Design
PowerFrequencyPRFPWPulse ShapeAntenna DesignScan Pattern
EP FactorsEP Factors
Burnthrough: Increase signal strength to overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
Emission Control (EMCON)AlphaBravo CharlieDelta
Operator Recognition Training
EP Factors (Cont.)
• Frequency Agility
FREQFREQ
TIMETIME
SliderSliderStepperStepper RandomRandom
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
• SLQ-32 “Sidekick”– On all combatants– Radar warning, detection and jamming– Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize
• Infrared Flares – On all combatants
• Chaff – On all combatants
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
• SSQ-108 “Outboard” - – On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD– Any ship with SSES– Real-time OTH passive detection, localization, and
targeting
• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy– On Arleigh Burke class
• Rubber Duck– Looks like a life boat container
U.S. Airborne EW CapabilitiesU.S. Airborne EW Capabilities
• ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler• ALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18• ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk• ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18• ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking• ALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C Orion• ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye• Chaff - On SH-60 Seahawk
ALQ-99
• Detection, Identification, tracking
• Communication, Data Link, and radar jamming
• Deception: mimics radar signals
• EA-6B Prowler
ALQ-162
• Radar Jamming
• F/A-18 Hornet
• Automatic radar jamming against surface-to-air and airborne intercept missiles that use continuous wave (CW) radars
ALQ-142
• Electronic Support System
• SH- 60 Seahawk
• Real time Identification and bearing of surveillance radars
Jamming EffectivenessJamming Effectiveness
• Match the victim radar’s RF
• Be continuous
• Have sufficient power
Methods to Defeat Direct Methods to Defeat Direct Threat JammingThreat Jamming
• Frequency Techniques– RF Change– RF Diversity– RF Agility– Diplexing
• Variable PRF
Questions?Questions?
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