ELECTRICITY
for kitchens & baths
Electricity
Amber
Electricity
We know that electricity behaves in a consistent predictable manner, in given situations, but electricity has never clearly been defined.
Atoms –neutrons, protons and electrons Atoms are neutrally charged Most of the weight of an atom is found in
the protons and neutrons. Protons are more or less attached to the
nucleus Electrons revolve around the nucleus like
planets revolve around the sun
Electricity
Atom
Electricity
Some electrons, particularly in metals are loosely bound and can detach and become “free electrons”
Free electrons as the name implies can move freely from atom to atom
When a force or pressure is applied free electrons begin to move
Electricity
The materials that allow this movement are called CONDUCTORS
The three metals that make the best conductors: Silver Copper Aluminum
Electricity
Copper Atom
Electricity
Silver atom
Electricity
Insulators or Non Conductors: Dry Wood Glass Rubber Mica Asbestos
Semi-Conductors: Silicon
Electricity
Charged Bodies Like charges repel Unlike charges attract
Electricity
Electrical energy is transferred through conductors by means of movement of free electrons
A material’s ability to conduct current flow determines whether it is a good or bad conductor
Electricity Terms
Voltage Amperage (current) Resistance (Ohms) Wattage (power)
Electricity
++
+-
opposite charges attract
like charges repel
Electricity
The force that moves electrons in a conductor can be called
VOLTAGE
Electricityvoltage
Current that flows through electrical conductors is directly proportional to the difference in potential
Current is directly proportional to the amount of voltage
Voltage increases – current increases
Voltage decreases-current decreases
Electricityvoltage
Six Methods of Producing Voltage Friction – Static electricity Pressure – Compression of crystals Heating – In copper, electrons move
away from the heat. In iron they move to the heat.
Light – Photoelectric cells Chemical Action - Batteries Magnetism
Electricity charge
What is Charge? The stuff inside conductors It’s the free electrons
How do we measure charge?1 Coulomb = 6.28 x 1018
electrons6,280,000,000,000,000,000Ampere = 1 coulomb of charge flow per second
Electricity charge
The copper wire is full of “charged stuff” but there is no movement
copper wire
Electricity charge
- +
battery
Electricity charge
-+
batte
ry
The battery drives the ring of charge into motion, the charge moves along like a drive belt, and the light bulb filament “rubs” against the moving charge which makes it glow white hot.
Electricity charge
The higher the amperage the faster charge stuff moves
The more charge stuff that flows (though a larger wire) the higher the amperage
A fast flow through a narrow wire can have the same amps as a slow flow of charge through a bigger wire.
If you keep the speed constant and increase the size of the wire you also increase the amperage
Electricity watts
Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what flows?
EnergyEnergy is measures in joulesA joule of electrical energy can
move from place to place along the wires.
The amount of energy that flows in one second is one watt
Electricity btu’s
BTU short for British thermal unit, a British standard unit of energy. One Btu is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at its maximum density, which occurs at a temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahrenheit. One Btu is equal to approximately 251.9 calories or 1055 joules.
As a rough guide, 1 joule is the absolute minimum amount of energy required (on the surface of Earth) to lift a one kilogram object up by a height of 10 centimetres.
Electricity closed circuits
A closed loop of wire is not necessarily a circuit unless voltage is present.
In any electric circuit where electrons move around, three things are present: Voltage Current Resistance
Electricity closed circuits
The physical pathway for current flow is actually the circuit and it’s resistance controls the amount of current flow around the circuit.
By knowing any two of the three quantities, the third can be calculated.
Electricity ohms law
Ohms Law – The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and indirectly proportional to the circuits resistance.
I = current measured in amperes (amps)
E = VoltageR = Resistance in Ohms
R
EI
R
EI
IRE
I
ER
Electricity ohms law
-+
battery
Battery = 1.5 volts
Resistance = 1.5 ohms
Amperes = ?
Amperes = 1
R
EI
5.1
5.1I
Electricity ohms law
-+
battery
Battery = 3 voltsResistance = 1.5 ohmsAmperes = ?Amperes = 2 R
EI
5.1
3I
Electricity ohms law
-+
battery
R
EI
3
5.1IBattery = 1.5 volts
Resistance = 3 ohmsAmperes = ?Amperes = .5
Electricity ohms law
Another way of writing ohms law:
I R
E
Electricity watts
Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what flows?
EnergyEnergy is measures in joulesA joule of electrical energy can
move from place to place along the wires.
The amount of energy that flows in one second is one watt
Electricity watts
Power pertains to the rate at which work is being done.
Work is done whenever a force causes motioni.e. when voltage causes electrons to
move in a circuit work is done The rate at which this work is
done is called the electric power rate and is measured in WATTS
Electricity watts power
Watts = the amount of voltage across a circuit x the current through the circuit
or Watts = Volts x
Amperes or
P= EI
Electricity watts power
R
EI
1
11
EIP
WATTP 1
R
EI
1
22
EIP
22P
WATTSP 4
Electricity watts power
R
EI
5.1
3I
2I
WATTSP
P
EIP
6
23
5.1
95.1
32
2
P
P
R
EP
WATTSP 6
Electricity watts power
R
EP
2
10
1
100
E volts
R ohm
P watts
Electricity watts power
RIP 210
1
100
I amps
R ohm
P watts
Electricity watts power
15amp circuit *120volts =1800watts
100watt bulb*10 =1000watts
Electricity What you need to remember
Voltage – The force that moves electrons in a conductor. Electrical pressure
Amperage – The rate of flow of electrical current.
Watts – The measure of the amount of electrical power.
Watts = Volts X Amps
Kitchen Electricity Circuits
Four types of circuits for the Kitchen General Lighting Small Appliance Individual Appliance Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
Electricity Circuits
General Lighting – rules of thumb One 15 amp circuit per 600 square
feet Rule of thumb – 12 outlets
Or one 20 amp circuit per 800 square feet Rule of thumb – 16 outlets
Note: Lights in kitchens and baths must be permanently wired.
Kitchen Electricity Circuits
Receptacle Circuits – Rule of thumb 12 receptacles for a 15-amp circuit 16 receptacle for a 20-amp circuit Small appliance circuits
Two 20-amp circuits One or more 20-amp circuits in the
dining room or family room These circuits may not be used for
lighting
Electricity circuits
Individual Appliance Circuits are dedicated to devices that draw enough current to warrant their own circuit.
Electricity circuits
Appliance Voltage
Garbage Disposer 120
Electric Range/Cooktop 240
Gas Range/Cooktop 120
Dishwasher 120
Electric Tankless
Hot Water 240
Refrigerator 120
Microwave Oven 120
Exhaust Fan 120
Breaker Capacity Amps
20
50 20
20
30
20
20
20
Electricity circuits
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter circuits are required for receptacles within 6 feet of a water source, such as a faucet or showerhead.
Most receptacles mounted above a kitchen countertop or bath lavatory fall into that category.
Receptacles that serve countertops must be spaced 4’ apart
For Universal Design place receptacles serving countertop spaces lower than 44” AFF.
Electricity Wiring
Island receptacles no more than 12” below the countertop surface.
Smoke detectors at least 12’ from kitchen
Electricity Kitchen Wiring
Kitchen Wiring Dedicated circuit for the dishwasher Dedicated circuit for the disposer Dedicated circuit for built-in microwaves At least two 20 amp dedicated small
appliance circuits for the outlets serving the countertops
All outlets serving the countertop surface to be GFCI protected
Dedicated range/cooktop/oven circuits Lighting Circuit General receptacles for the room 6’ from
the doorway and then every 12’
Electricity Bath Wiring
All Receptacles on dedicated circuit (GFCI)
One Receptacle installed within 36” of the sink (GFCI)
No receptacles placed within the tub or shower space.
No switches can be located within reach of a person standing in the tub or shower, unless part of a listed tub or shower assembly
Electricity Bath Wiring
Special Needs Hard wire electric towel warmers or
lighted or lighted magnifying mirrors Individual circuits for electrical
resistance heaters and electric floor heat Wiring for ceiling heaters and ventilation
systems Individual circuit for spas, whirlpools,
steam showers, some toilets and bidets Hard wire anti-fog mirrors behind glass Cloths washer/dryer
Electricity Outdated Wiring
The house is over 30 years old A fuse box 100 Amp breaker panel Ungrounded Aluminum wire
Electricity Outdated Wiring
No GFCI’s are not present Lights flicker when appliances
cycle Fuses blow Too few switches and
receptacles or lights present Extension cords must be used
Electricity wire types
Electricity Wiring Size
15 Amp Circuit – 14 gauge 20 Amp Circuit – 12 gauge 30 Amp Circuit – 10 gauge 40 Amp Circuit – 8 gauge 50 Amp Circuit – 6 gauge
Electricity wire
Electricity circuits
Adding Circuits to the Breaker Panel
Consult your electrician
Electrical Codes
Codes for Kitchens
Countertop receptacles every 4’-0”
24 48 48 24
Codes for Kitchens
54 36 5427 27
Sinks, stoves, & cooktops act divide countertops
Plug Strips
Codes for Kitchens
Receptacles no higher than 20” above countertop
Receptacles no more than 12” below countertop
Codes for Kitchens
Islands must be served by at least one receptacle
96
Codes for Kitchens
Peninsulas are measured from the connecting edge48 48
24
48
Power Grommet
Codes for Kitchens
Receptacles serving countertops must be on 2 dedicated 20amp circuits and must be GFCI protected.
They must also serve the dining room and pantry if applicable.
Lighting may not be included in these curcuits
Codes for Baths
At least one receptacle within 3’-0” of the outside edge of each basin
Vertical location same as kitchen This receptacle cannot be inside a
medicine cabinet Receptacle must be powered by a 20 amp
circuit with no other outlets. May serve two bathrooms and may power an exhaust fan and lighting provided it does not exceed the load max.
Must be GFCI protected
Codes for Baths
No receptacles over a bathtub or inside a shower stall.
Electrical Symbols
Electricity outlet symbols
SINGLE R ECEP TA CLE O UTLET
SINGLE R ECEP TA CLE O UTLET
Electricity outlet symbols
D UP LEX R ECEPTA CLE O UTLETSP L IT - C IR C UIT
WP
WEA THER PR O O F R ECEP TA CLE O UTLET
Electricity symbols
EL EC TR IC R A NGE/CO O K TO P O UT LET
Electricity outlet symbols
FLO O R SINGLER ECEP TA CLE O UTLET
FLO O R DO UB LER ECEP TA CLE O UTLET
Electricity outlet symbols
GFC I
GR O UND FA ULT C IR CUITINTER UP TER R ECEP TA CLEO UTLET
F
FA N O UTLET
Electricity outlet symbols
D W
SP EC IA L P UR P O SE O UTLET
WIR ED D IR ECT
HEA T LA MP
Electricity lighting symbols
WA LL SC O NC E
Electricity lighting symbols
TR A CK L IGHT ING
Electricity lighting symbols
HA NGING CEIL ING FIXTUR E
Electricity lighting symbols
B UILT - IN LO W V O LTA GE TA S K L IGHT
TL
LO W V O LTA GETR A NSFO R MER
Electricity lighting symbols
R ECESS ED CEIL INGV A P O R L IGHT
Electricity lighting symbols
TV
TELEV IS IO N O UTLET
C
CA B LE O UTLET
Electricity lighting symbols
B UILT - IN FLUO R ES CENT TA S K L IGHT
Electricity lighting symbols
R ECESS ED CEIL INGD O WN L IGHT ING
Electricity special purpose symbols
C
CLO CK HA NGERR ECEP TA CLE
Electricity special purpose symbols
F
FA NR ECEP TA CLE
INTER CO M
TELEPHO NE O UTLET
Electricity special purpose symbols
T
THER MO STA T
SMO K E D ETECTO R
G
GA S S UP P LY
Electricity special purpose symbols
HEA T R EGIS TER
Electricity switch symbols
S 2
S 3
S 4
SDM
Single pole switch
Double pole switch
Three way switch
Four way switch
Single pole switch w/ dimmer
Three way switch w/dimmer
S 3 D M
S
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