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7/30/2019 El tendido de instalaciones eléctricas
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7/30/2019 El tendido de instalaciones eléctricas
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ghnanonjs% Lc ocptconÿe hg gegrdëc sjlcr, lc prjtgoonÿe argetg c lcs
cpjrtconjegs gxogsnvcs, lc vgetnlconÿe, lc oclgacoonÿe, lc rgarndgrc+
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hg c uec sukc hg pcrtgs neojegxcs, snej qug gvnhgeonc gl aueonjecknge+
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cljmcr% Qckjs c cogrocrejs c gsjs tnpjs, pgrj cetgs rgojrhgkjs
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hgl trcespjrtg hg gegrdëc tîrknoc gs pcrchndkãtnoj, gs ue pcpgl
pcrc gl qug gl cduc pjr su cltj ocljr gspgoëanoj gs kuobj kãs ganocz
qug gl cnrg% Gxcotckgetg ?%846 vgogs kãs ganocz% Xck`nîe sg hg`g
tgegr ge ougetc lc neonhgeonc hg lc prgsnÿe y lc vgljonhch% Vugstj
qug gl cnrg sg suglg kjvgr c 30k*s y gl cduc c 0k*s lc ganoconc cetg+
rnjr hg`grã hnvnhnrsg pjr sgns% Vgrj gl cduc sndug sngehj 74> vgogs
kãs ganocz qug gl cnrg%
Lcs neojkpctn`nlnhchgs= uecs vgogs lÿdnocs "ojkj pjr gmgkplj lc
hgl dcs oje lc glgotrnonhch. y jtrcs ocprnobjscs, pgrj
rgdlckgetcrnckgetg nkpugstcs pjr gl hgsgj hg nehgpgehnzcr ge glghnanonj nestclconjegs qug lcs prjpncs ojkpcóëcs suknenstrchjrcs
kcetngege muetcs ge lc ocllg "pjr gmgkplj, lcs hg cduc y lcs hg dcs.%
_n lcs dclgrëcs ur`cecs chkntge cljmcr ge ue knskj rgonetj c ue `uge
eýkgrj hg nestclconjegs, îstcs hg`grëce pjhgr sgdunr muetcs ge lcs
dclgrëcs y pctnenlljs hg sgrvnonjs hg ljs ghnanonjs%
Alumjs g nestclconjegs ge gl @ceoj hg
Bjedijed, 3>2> "E% Ajstgr.%
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3%? Lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj
Lc ontc hg Ljuns Icbe qug nenonc gstg ouchgrej rgsukg lcs cetnpctëcsqug gl crquntgotj sngetg cetg ue ojemuetj hg glgkgetjs qug gstãe
nehnsjlu`lgkgetg lndchjs c lc ojestruoonÿe pgrj qug sg vuglvge ochc
vgz kãs neojkprgesn`lgs pcrc îl% Kuobcs rczjegs gxplnoce gsc ce+
tnpctëc pgrj gs gvnhgetg qug lc kãs nkpjrtcetg gs lc ndejrceonc% Ej
gs aãonl getgehgr ojkj aueonjece tjhjs gsjs snstgkcs, c vgogs tce
ojkplgmjs, `cschjs ge prneonpnjs aësnojs prjoghgetgs hg ockpjs
tce hnvgrsjs%
Lc neojkjhnhch sg neorgkgetc pjrqug lcs ojesgougeoncs
ghnanoctjrncs hg gsjs prneonpnjs ej sje nekghnctcs% Lc neonhgeonc ge
lc ajrkc crquntgotÿenoc hg ue puetj hg rjoëj, uec suoonÿe vgeturncec
j ue ockpj kcdeîtnoj gs gergvgschc y hnaëonlkgetg csnknlc`lg c lcs
netunonjegs glgkgetclgs oje lcs qug gl prjygotnstc gstã cojstuk+
`rchj c trc`cmcr% Gscs netunonjegs ghuochcs ojestntuyge su ýenoj
cpjyj pcrc lc tjkc hg hgonsnjegs ge kuobjs hg ljs vcrnchjs ock+pjs qug ojetrn`uyge c lc hganenonÿe hg lc ajrkc crquntgotÿenoc%
Ljs crtgacotjs qug sg hg`ge netrjhuonr ge ue ghnanonj pcrc dcrcetnzcr
gl ojetrjl hg lc gegrdëc eueoc bce snhj kctgrnc hg lc hgvjonÿe hg ljs
crquntgotjs% Gs ournjsj qug gl rconjeclnskj prjpudechj pjr gl Kj+
vnkngetj Kjhgrej ej llgvÿ su prgjoupconÿe pjr gsg cspgotj auehc+
kgetcl hg lc gvjluonÿe tîoenoc kuobj kãs cllã hg clduecs nhgcs
drcehnljougetgs%
We vjluetcrnjsj Lg Ojr`usngr tuvj uec hg gscs nhgcs qug pughge
gmgkplnanocr lc hnanoultch qug tngeg gl crquntgotj pcrc trc`cmcr oje gscs
netunonjegs nkprjvnschcs% Xrcs su prjygotj hg lc _jonghch hg Econj+
egs, qunsj pctgetcr su acobchc lndgrc qug netgdrc`c uec oãkcrc hg
cnrg c lc qug sg lg `jk`gc`c gl alunhj hgshg uec aã`rnoc hg cnrg gxco+
tj % Nkcdnec`c gl drce crquntgotj qug sn gl ghnanonj gstc`c sgpcrchj hglgxtgrnjr pjr uec oãkcrc hg cnrg c tgkpgrcturc ojetrjlchc `cstcrëc
oje ongrtc rgejvconÿe hgl cnrg netgrnjr pcrc dcrcetnzcr ue olnkc pgrago+
tj% Lc ocetnhch hg jlvnhjs qug sg gsojehge hgtrãs hg gstc glgkgetcl
netunonÿe gs sjrprgehgetg= lcs pîrhnhcs tîrknocs hg gsc oãkcrc bconc
Gl sjl gs gl hnotchjr, sgdýe ljs o lnkcs, sgdýe
lcs gstconjegs, Lg Ojr`usngr "hg Lc ocsc
hgl Bjk`rg .%
Lc rgspnrconÿe gxcotc, Lg Ojr`usngr%
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gl gxtgrnjr, ljs cpjrtgs tîrknojs ge gl netgrnjr, ljs hnagrgetgs ojkpjr+tckngetjs hg gsc oãkcrc ge ochc uec hg lcs acobchcs sgdýe lc
jrngetconÿe gto% Ge 3>?6 lc Ckgrnoce @ljwgr Ojrpjrctnje gkntnÿ lcsndungetg ojeolusnÿe= “%%%gl kîtjhj qug ustgh prjpjeg rgqungrg ouc+trj vgogs kãs hg vcpjr y huplnoc lc gegrdëc ojesuknhc‛ ge rglconÿeoje ljs snstgkcs hg olnkctnzconÿe yc ojkgronclnzchjs%
Ãvcljs y Bgrrgrjs, ge su tgxtj Xîoenoc y Crquntgoturc ge lc onuhch
ojetgkpjrãegc "hg hjehg sg bc gxtrcëhj lc ontc cetgrnjr., ceclnzcenetglndgetgkgetg lcs huhcs hg ue Lg Ojr`usngr ctrcëhj snkîtrnockgetgpjr hjs cprjxnkconjegs jpugstcs pcrc lc hganenonÿe hg lc pngl hglghnanonj= gl vnhrnj ojkj sutnl gevjlvgetg y ongrtj ecturclnskj bndngenstcy bglnjoîetrnoj% Ljs cutjrgs ejs bc`lce hg ue Lg Ojr`usngr hg `rn+llcetgs netunonjegs ouyjs ojejonkngetjs tîoenojs, kãs prÿxnkjs clc aësnoc hjkîstnoc qug cl rndjr ongetëanoj, ej clocezce c hcr uec ajr+kulconÿe ojbgrgetg% Vjoj hgspuîs, ge gl rcsocongljs hgl Ocp hg lcKcrneg su jponÿe sg bc hgocetchj plgeckgetg bconc lcs sjluonjegs
tîoenockgetg kgejs sjanstnochcs% Gl ackjsj `rnsjlgnl c oc`cllj ge+trg lc prjtgoonÿe sjlcr y gl rghn`umj hg lc ojkpjsnonÿe hg lc acobchcsg bc ojevgrtnhj ge gl prjtcdjenstc hg lc neejvconÿe crquntgotÿenoc%
Lcs netunonjegs ge kctgrnc hg nestclconjegs gxndge uec ghuoconÿesjanstnochc y c vgogs pjoj gvnhgetg, hnaëonlkgetg ojevgrtn`lg ge ajr+kcs y gstruoturcs acknlncrgs cl kuehj hgl crquntgotj% Gsc hnagrgeonchg ajrkconÿe y gl gsaugrzj egogscrnj pcrc sclvcrlc qunzãs gxplnoce lcnkpjtgeonc hg ljs drcehgs kcgstrjs hgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej gu+rjpgj pcrc netrjhuonr gl tgkc hg lcs nestclconjegs ge su rgvjluonÿeajrkcl hg lc crquntgoturc%
_jlj clduejs rchnoclgs ojkj Lu`gtine bnongrje hg gstjs tgkcs uecprgjoupconÿe sndenanoctnvc hgl prjogsj hg prjygotj% Gl drupj Xgotje,hnrndnhj pjr Lu`gtine, ej sjlj sg netgrgsÿ pjr lc rconjeclnhch tîoenoc
ge gl ockpj hg lcs nestclconjegs snej qug ojesnhgrÿ su j`lndconÿebcogr pghcdjdëc hg gllj c trcvîs hg ljs ournjsjs pjstgrs oje ljsqug jrdcenzc`ce y hnvuldc`ce su ejvghjsj prjogsj rconjecl hg hn+sgój% Vgrj sus prjpugstcs gstc`ce kuy clgmchcs hg ljs netgrgsgshg lc crquntgoturc gurjpgc hg ljs cójs ?6%
Ajetcegrëc y oclgacooonÿe rconjecl ge
Bndbpjnet Jeg, 3>?8 "Xgotje.%
Nlustrconjegs pghcdÿdnocs hgl prjygotj h
Anes`ury Bgcltb Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%
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Ljs ckgrnocejs, sngkprg kãs prcdkãtnojs, nrjenzcrje sj`rg lc su+
pgranonclnhch hg clduejs plcetgckngetjs tîoenojs hg sus ojlgdcs
gurjpgjs% Aullgr gsorn`nÿ=
“%%%lc @cubcus y gl Netgreconjecl uscrje crtgacotjs scentcrnjs ejrkc+
lnzchjs y ej sg cvgeturcrje kãs qug pcrc ojevgeogr c ljs ac`rnoce+
tgs hg qug kjhnanocrce lc supgranong hg lcs vãlvulcs y llcvgs, y gl
ojljr, tckcój y hnspjsnonÿe hg ljs czulgmjs% Lc @cubcus netgreconj+
ecl eueoc sg cpcrtÿ hg lc pcrgh pcrc gobcr uec knrchc c lcs ocóg+
rëcs%%% eueoc sg chgetrÿ ge gl prj`lgkc dgegrcl hg ljs crtgacotjs
scentcrnjs knskjs% Ge pjocs pclc`rcs, sjlj ojetgkplÿ ljs prj`lg+
kcs hg kjhnanoconjegs supgranonclgs hg ljs prjhuotjs aneclgs, prj+
huotjs qug grce netrëesgockgetg su`aueonjeclgs ge ue kuehj tîo+
enockgetg coc`chj‛% "Ontchj pjr @cebck ge Xgjrëc y hnsgój ge lc
prnkgrc grc hg lc kãqunec .%
@uiknestgr Aullgr pughg orntnocr oje tjhc cutjrnhch lc neocpconhch hg
sus ojlgdcs gurjpgjs pcrc neojrpjrcr cl hnsgój ljs ojejonkngetjs tîo+enojs hg lc îpjoc ge kctgrnc hg hnsgój y ojeajrkconÿe hg ljs kctgrnc+
lgs y glgkgetjs rglconjechjs oje lcs nestclconjegs% Ge 3>04 Aullgr bc+
`ëc rgvjluonjechj ljs ojeogptjs sj`rg lc prjhuoonÿe hg vnvngehcs oje
su prjygotj hg lc Hnkcxnÿe Bjusg, ue prjtjtnpj hg ojestruoonÿe kg+
tãlnoc pgragotckgetg acotn`lg oje lcs tîoenocs hg ojeajrkconÿe hg obc+
pc hg lcs qug hnspjeëc lc nehustrnc hgl kjkgetj% Kngetrcs Lg Ojr`usngr
nesgrtc`c tu`js ge ljs kurjs hg lchrnllj bugoj, Aullgr gstckpc`c scen+
tcrnjs ge obcpc y prjpudec`c, neolusj, gl kjhgreësnkj usj hg
ctjknzchjrgs hg cduc pcrc gojejknzcr su ojesukj%
Oucrtj hg `cój prgac`rnochj,3>?2
"P% @uoiknestgr Aullgr.%
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Neolusj Drjpnus ge sus chglcetchcs j`rcs prgac`rnochcs hg ljs cójs
?6 sjlj sg prgjoupc`c hg ljs pcrckgetjs y lc ajetcegrëc ajrkc`c
uec rgh ojevgeonjecl qug gelczc`c uejs scentcrnjs sntuchjs ojkjpngzcs sugltcs ge uec bc`ntconÿe% _us nedgenjscs prjpugstcs pcrc
uec vnvngehc nehustrclnzchc ej gvnhgeonce eneduec prgjoupconÿe pjr
lc rconjeclnzconÿe hg uejs tgehnhjs tjhcvëc kcrdneclgs ge lc ojes+
truoonÿe hg lc îpjoc "Xbg Hrgck ja tbg Acotjry+Kchg bjusg .%
Gstc prgjoupconÿe ejrtgckgrnocec pjr uec kgmjr ojkprgesnÿe hgl
pcpgl hg lcs nestclconjegs ge lc ghnanoconÿe ojrrgspjehg ej sjlj c
su prcdkctnskj ojedîentj, tce clgmchj hgl nhgclnskj hg clduejs
plcetgckngetjs gurjpgjs, snej tck`nîe c su sntuconÿe kuobj kãs
chglcetchc ge gl hgscrrjllj hgl ojeajrt ge lc vnvngehc% Ge kuobjs
tgxtjs ojkj Lc kgocenzconÿe tjkc gl kcehj hg Dnghnje j Lc cr+
quntgoturc hgl getjrej `nge olnkctnzchj hg @cebck, sg pughg sgdunr
gstg pcpgl prjtcdjenstc y chglcetchj hg lc nesgronÿe hg lcs eugvcs
tîoenocs ge lc ojestruoonÿe ojtnhncec%
We ýltnkj gmgkplj pughg nlustrcr gsc prgjoupconÿe pjr lcs nestclconj+
egs qug bgrghcrã Ljuns Icbe cójs kãs tcrhg% Arcei Lljyh Trndbt, qug
c`jrrgoëc ljs rchnchjrgs, hgsou`rnÿ hurcetg su gstceonc ge Mcpÿe uec
vgrsnÿe ljocl hgl bnpjocustj rjkcej, y hgshg getjeogs sg ojevnrtnÿ ge
ue crhngetg hgagesjr hg lc oclgacoonÿe neojrpjrchc c lc ljsc hgl suglj,
bcstc gl puetj hg ojesnhgrcr lj qug îl llckc`c drcvnty bgct su kcyjr
cpjrtconÿe tîoenoc c lc crquntgoturc% _u prnkgrc gxpgrngeonc ckgrnocec
lc rgclnzÿ ge lc prnkgrc ocsc Mcoj`s, ojestrunhc ge 3>?4, ge ouyc sjlgrc
neojrpjrÿ ojehuoonjegs hg cduc oclngetg qug lg pgrkntëce prgsonehnr
hg ljs rchnchjrgs qug oje tcetj trc`cmj joultc`c ge sus ocscs hg lc
prchgrc% " L% Agrecehgz Dclncej, Gl augdj y lc kgkjrnc .%
Arcei Lljyh Trndbt argetg c lcs j`rcs hg lc
ocsc Mcoj`s, 3>?4%
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Trndbt oceclnzÿ gsg jhnj c lcs ojehuoonjegs bconc ue ceãlnsns rchn+
ocl hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotÿenocs hg lc nkplcetconÿe hg lcs
nestclconjegs% Gl pcrchndkc gs gl gstuhnj hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj tcerjtuehckgetg rgsugltj ge gl ghnanonj Lcrine, gl prjtjtnpj hg ljs ghnan+
onjs hg janonecs ckgrnocejs ceclnzchj, y chknrchj pjr @cebck%
Kuobjs jtrjs prjygotjs ojkj lcs Kcri$s Xjwgrs ojeon`ge lc ajr+
kc dlj`cl hgl ghnanonj c pcrtnr hg lc gxtrcpjlconÿe c kjhgljs hg rcs+
ocongljs hgl glgkgetj pjrtcetg+bjdcr+eýolgj hg nestclconjegs qug
yc cpcrgoëc ge lcs Vrcnrng Bjusgs%
Icbe gs jtrj gmgkplj hg gsc crquntgoturc ckgrnocec ocpcz hg geoje+
trcr ge lcs nestclconjegs uec hg lcs kãs pjhgrjscs rczjegs hgl prjygo+
tj% _je ckplnckgetg ojejonhjs, prjygotjs ojkj ljs lc`jrctjrnjs
Pnobcrhs oje sus eýolgjs pgrnkgtrclgs pjrtcetgs bugojs pcrc pgrkntnr
gl pcsj hg lcs nestclconjegs% Vgrj bg qugrnhj rgojrhcr cquë ue prjygotj
ocsn hgsojejonhj9 ue snstgkc hg ojestruoonÿe hg vnvngehcs hg `cmc
clturc c pcrtnr hg ue snstgkc gstruoturcl hg pcrcducs% Lc ln`grtch hg lc
plcetc lg llgvÿ c ojeog`nr ljs ljoclgs býkghjs ojkj uecs pngzcsgstãehcr ouyc ln`îrrnkc ojljoconÿe lg pgrkntëc ojesgdunr lcs plcetcs
kãs hnagrgetgs%
Ej gs ue prjygotj bgobj hgshg lcs nestclconjegs, snej ue prjygotj
qug getngehg qug lc gspgonanonhch ojestruotnvc hg ljs ljoclgs býkghjs
sudngrg su hnsgój ojkj pngzcs coc`chcs y lc hnagrgeonc getrg uecs
plcetcs y jtrcs sg j`tngeg pjr lc rnqugzc hg lc snetcxns getrg gstcs png+
zcs y ej pjr lc vcrnghch hgl vjoc`ulcrnj qug prjpjege%
Vgrj vjlvckjs c eugstrj prj`lgkc ojtnhncej= lc neojrpjrconÿe hg
ljs cspgotjs kãs gsgeonclkgetg tgoejlÿdnojs cl prjogsj hg prj+
ygotj crquntgotÿenoj% Ge gl kgmjr hg ljs ocsjs gl prjygotnstc hnclj+
dc hgshg gl nenonj hgl prjygotj oje ue gspgonclnstc qug lg sudngrg
snstgkcs, mgrcrquëcs, jrdcenzconjegs y hnkgesnjegs qug pughge
ojkplgkgetcr lcs hgonsnjegs hg prjygotj% _n gl crquntgotj sg netg+rgsc pjr gl tgkc y gl gspgonclnstc gs gxpgrtj, lc sëetgsns pughg sgr
kuy rnoc% Hgsdrconchckgetg pjocs vgogs gs csë%
Ghnanonj Lcrine, @uaaclj, Eugvc ^jri,3>61
"A%Ll% Trndbt.%
_t% Kcri„s Xjwgrs, 3>0> "A%Ll% Trndbt.%
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Ge lcs sntuconjegs kãs ojkuegs gl crquntgotj prgvî uejs gspconjs
kcrdneclgs ge ljs qug sg hg`ge cljmcr ljs ojkpjegetgs tîoenojs y
sg gstc`lgog hg nekghnctj uec luobc pjr ojesgdunr qug ljs glgkge+tjs ojkprnknhjs ge gsjs gspconjs oukplce lc lcrdc lnstc hg ojehn+
onjegs coýstnocs, hg coogsn`nlnhch, tîrknocs, hg ojetcotj oje gl
gxtgrnjr gto% qug plcetgce ljs gqunpjs c cljmcr% Gl crquntgotj tngeg lc
sgesconÿe, kuobcs vgogs mustnanochc, hg qug sn ej sg pjege lëkntgs
sgvgrjs, lcs gxndgeoncs hg ljs gspgonclnstcs sje nkpcrc`lgs, y gsj
bcog cýe kãs neoÿkjhj gl hnãljdj%
Ge ue plcetgckngetj nhgcl, gl gspgonclnstc hg`grëc sgr ocpcz hg hganenr gl
tnpj hg gstruoturc aësnoc kãs chgouchc pjr ochc uej hg ljs snstgkcs c
neolunr% Hg`grëc sgr nduclkgetg ocpcz hg gstc`lgogr uec sjluonÿe pcrc
cl`grdcr c tjhjs gsjs tnpjs hg crtgacotjs y tck`nîe hncljdcr oje gl
crquntgotj sj`rg oÿkj gsg kgtcprjygotj hg nestclconjegs sg netrjhu+
og ge lc ojeogponÿe dgegrcl hg lc ajrkc pcrc hganenr gl tnpj hgl prjygotj
crquntgotÿenoj dlj`cl% Ej sjlj ljs crquntgotjs tngege hnanoultchgs pcrc
c`jrhcr gl prj`lgkc hg gstc kcegrc% Cójs hg hnspjegr lcs nestclconj+egs oje oclzchjr y uec ajrkconÿe c vgogs kuy lnkntchc y ejrkctnvc,
pjoj ojeogptuclnstc y gsocsckgetg orgctnvc, bcoge qug pjojs gspg+
onclnstcs sgce ocpcogs hg ue plcetgckngetj tce gxndgetg%
Vcrcsjl Bjusg, 3>88 "L% Icbe.%
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_u`ycog ge tjhj lj qug sndug, uec vnsnÿe jptnknstc hgl prj`lgkc= qug
gs pjsn`lg gstc`lgogr, pcrc gl ojemuetj hg rghgs hg oceclnzconjegs,
uec sgrng hg tnpjljdëcs hg jrdcenzconÿe hg lcs rgsgrvcs hg gspconjs yqug hgl gstuhnj jrhgechj hg gscs tnpjljdëcs, surdnrã ge ochc ocsj,
uec sjluonÿe qug bcrã pjsn`lg su netgdrconÿe ge gl ghnanonj%
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0% LC_ NECHGOWCHC_ G_XPCXGDNC_ XPCHNONJECLG_
Lcs gstrctgdncs qug lc crquntgoturc bc chjptchj ge gl kjkgetj hg ljoc+
lnzcr ljs tgehnhjs hg lcs nestclconjegs bce gvjluonjechj tce rãpnhckgetg
qug bjy gs hnaëonl sc`gr pjrqug bcogkjs lj qug gstckjs bcongehj% Vc+rgog egogscrnj rczjecr `rgvgkgetg sj`rg lcs hnvgrscs cltgrectnvcs qug
lc bnstjrnc rgongetg ejs kugstrc y ojtgmcrlcs oje lcs gxndgeoncs ojetgk+
pjrãegcs pcrc pjhgr hgonhnr lj kãs ln`rg y orgctnvckgetg pjsn`lg oucl
sgrã lc jponÿe kãs chgouchc pcrc ochc tnpj hg ghnanonj ojetgkpjrãegj%
Ge gagotj, qugrgkjs netrjhuonr yc, lc nhgc hg qug lc sntuconÿe ej gs lc
knskc pcrc ljs hnvgrsjs ghnanonjs hg bjy y lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj ej
gs nducl cetg ue ghnanonj hg janonecs y jtrj hg vnvngehcs, cuequg lcs rczj+
egs hg gsc hnstneonÿe ej sngkprg sgce gxplëontcs%
@cmcetg pjkpgycej
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0%3 Xrchnonÿe vgrdjezcetg= lc joultconÿe
Ljs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs qug rgojrrëce gl ghnanonj trchnonjecl
grce tce gxogponjeclgs qug rcrckgetg kgrgoëce ue trctckngetj gx+
plëontj ge gl netgrnjr hgl ghnanoj% Bcy ojehuotjs gkpjtrchjs ge ocsn
tjhc lc bnstjrnc hg lc ojestruoonÿe y lc joultconÿe tngeg uec bnstjrnc
ocsn tce lcrdc ojkj lc crquntgoturc%
Lc ojestruoonÿe rjkcec gs ue gmgkplj% _g pughge j`sgrvcr cmcetgs
ge ljs drugsjs kurjs hg lcs vnvngehcs pjkpgycecs% Clduejs ghnan+
onjs ouycs nestclconjegs tgeëce gspgoncl ojkplgmnhch tck`nîe aug+rje rgsugltjs oje tjhc hnsorgonÿe ajrkcl% Lcs tgrkcs gxndëce ue ojk+
plgmj snstgkc hg ojehuotjs hg cnrg oclngetg qug sg hnsnkulc`c ge
hj`lgs pcrghgs y aclsjs sugljs%
_ne gk`crdj jtrjs glgkgetjs ojkj lcs dãrdjlcs j lcs obnkgegcs
qug ojrjece ljs ghnanonjs olãsnojs gvnhgeonc lc pruhgeonc hg uejs
glgkgetjs tîoenojs neojrpjrchjs cl lgeducmg crquntgotÿenoj hgl ghn+
anonj% Neolusj lcs ockpcecs, prghgogsjrcs hg lcs kjhgrecs gknsj+
rcs hg sgóclgs, j lcs augetgs pý`lnocs, suknenstrchjrcs hgl cduc
pjtc`lg, hngrje jrndge c prjtjtnpjs ajrkclgs gxolusnvckgetg hnsg+
óchjs pcrc hcr sjpjrtg c gscs nestclconjegs gspgoëanocs%
Nehgpgehngetgkgetg hg ljs hgscdügs pluvnclgs y cpcrtg hg clduejs
ocsjs pcrtnoulcrgs hg ajetcegrëc rjkcec, lcs nestclconjegs gkpng+
zce c plcetgcr prj`lgkcs hg ojehuoonÿe c anegs hgl sndlj RNR% Glghnanonj rgsnhgeoncl ur`cej hgonkjeÿenoj neojrpjrc yc uec ajetceg+
rëc rglctnvckgetg sjanstnochc, uecs ojehuoonjegs hg oclgacoonÿe
dgegrclkgetg vnstcs%
Bnpjocustj hgl tgpnhcrnuk hg lcs tgrkcs hg
Vjkpgyc%
Ajetcegrëc hg pljkj hg Pjvneg hgl Ocstgllj
hgll„Coquc Mulnc, 3413 "Vnrcegsn.%
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Lc gxpgrngeonc hgl gkpjtrckngetj hg ljs `cmcetgs olãsnojs ej hg`nÿ
sgr pjsntnvc, pugs lc trchnonÿe hg lc `ugec ojestruoonÿe bc gxndnhj
qug gsjs tu`js sg nestclge sngkprg pjr augrc hgl ghnanonj% _ÿlj lcprgsnÿe hg lcs jrhgecezcs hg lc sgduehc kntch hgl RNR bc ojesgdun+
hj qug ljs `cmcetgs sg gkpjtrge ge lcs acobchcs%
Vcrclglckgetg, hurcetg gsc knskc îpjoc, sg prjhumj lc prjlnagrc+
onÿe hg tu`js pcrc clnkgetcr ljs kjhgrejs scentcrnjs qug cpcrgoëce
ge lcs vnvngehcs `urdugscs hg eugstrjs gesceobgs% Lc c`uehceonc
hg pctnjs hg vgetnlconÿe gxndnhjs pjr lc drce prjauehnhch ghnanoc`lg,
aconlntÿ lc hnspjsnonÿe hg tjhjs gsjs tu`js ge lcs pcrghgs hgl pctnj,kuy ogroc hg ljs ljoclgs býkghjs, hg kcegrc qug sngkprg sg pug+
hg cojkgtgr ue eugvj tgehnhj j uec rgpcrconÿe sne kjlgstcr c ljs
vgonejs%
Hurcetg cójs tjhcs gscs ojehuoonjegs sg neojrpjrce ojkj glg+
kgetjs supgrpugstjs c lc ghnanoconÿe gxnstgetg% Lc ocsc `urdugsc
neorgkgetc ejtc`lgkgetg su ojeajrt hjtãehjsg hg uecs nestclconj+egs y sgrvnonjs ojkj ljs scentcrnjs qug pughge hnspjegrsg ge oucl+
qungr ljocl vgonej c ue pctnj% Ljs tu`js y ojehuotjs sg tngehge vns+
tjs sj`rg ouclqungr pcrgh%
Nestclconjegs hg lc ocsc tnpj hgl gesceobg
`crogljeîs, 32>? "V% Dcronc Acrnc.%
Vcrgh rgvgstnhc oje t t t t tu`uln ge lcs tgrkcs hgl
ajrj hg Jstnc,316%
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_ne gk`crdj ge lc prjhuoonÿe hg eugvc ghnanoconÿe sg nkpjeg lc
joultconÿe hg tjhjs ljs ojehuotjs% C pcrtnr hg ljs cójs trgnetc gl
prjogsj sg bc ojesukchj% Neolusj ljs ghnanonjs kãs rconjeclnstcshgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej `jrrce tjhc bugllc qug pgrkntc rgsgdunr gl
trczchj hg lcs nestclconjegs% _jlj ljs kãs netglndgetgs plcetgce ongrtc
jrhgeconÿe j coogsn`nlnhch hg gscs nestclconjegs joultcs
Gl hnspgescrnj cetntu`grouljsj hg @crogljec hg M%Ll%_grt,
M%@%_u`nrcec y M%Xjrrgs Olcvî gs ue gmgkplj hg prgjoupconÿe pjr
gl tgkc, ge gl ljs crquntgotjs jptcrje, tjhcvëc, pjr gl gkpjtrckngetj,
pgrj jrhgecrje lc hnspjsnonÿe ojestruotnvc hg ljs tgehnhjs% Gl tc`n+qug hg hj`lchj netgrnjr hg lcs acobchcs gs ue rgdrugsj hg lc bjmc
gxtgrnjr qug sg netgrrukpg c ongrtc clturc pcrc ajrkcr uec gspgong
hg rjzc j oceclgtc qug sg ou`rg oje uec obcpc kgtãlnoc% Ej sjlj
sg bc rgsugltj lc joultconÿe sgóclnzcehj lc ljoclnzconÿe hg lc nestclc+
onÿe, snej qug chgkãs lc sjluonÿe c`rg pcsj c ongrtcs ajrkcs hg
coogsn`nlnhch%
Lcs hnanoultchgs qug pcrgog plcetgcr gl c`cehjej hg lcs nestclconj+
egs gkpjtrchcs ge lc ghnanoconÿe, sje pcrclglcs c lc trgkgehc rgtn+
ogeonc c c`cehjecr gl getgrrckngetj hg lcs nestclconjegs ur`cecs%
_goonÿe hg lc acobchc% Hnspgescrnj
Cetntu`grouljsj, 3>?7 "M%Ll% _grt, M% Xjrrgs, M%@%
_u`nrcec.%
Oucrtj hg `cój ge lc Kcnsje hg Qgrrg,
Vcrës, 3>?0 "V% Obcrje, @% @nm`jgt.%
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Cuequg bcy prgoghgetgs hg dclgrëcs trcesntc`lgs hgshg kuy cetn+
duj, lj ongrtj gs qug lc nhgc qug pcrgog gvnhgetg hgl tgehnhj hg
nestclconjegs pjr dclgrëcs su`tgrrãegcs ej pcrgog nkpjegrsg aãonl+kgetg% Lc nhgc cpcrgog uec y jtrc vgz ge lcs prjpugstcs kãs
orgctnvcs% Pgouîrhgsg gl prjygotj hg Dcronc Acrnc hg gvcoucr lcs
`csurcs hg @crogljec kghncetg ue tgehnhj agrrjvncrnj su`tgrrãegj
trcesntchj pjr vcdjegtcs%
Gl snstgkc hg getgrrcr y hgsgetgrrcr lcs nestclconjegs bc hchj jrn+
dge c ue hgs`crcmustg hg trczchjs ceãrqunojs y sne ojetrjl qug bc
llgvchj c ojkpcóëcs hg nestclconjegs cl rglcmckngetj ge gl oukpln+kngetj hg lcs ejrkcs hg lc `ugec ojestruoonÿe y hg ljs rgdlckge+
tjs% Vgrj gl îxntj hg gstg snstgkc sg `csc ge su ocpconhch pcrc
csuknr kjhnanoconjegs y ckplnconjegs, pjr gl snstgkc hg c`rnr, nes+
tclcr, y vjlvgr c tcpcr, ge ue kcroj hg drce hnspjen`nlnhch hg suglj
rgcl y lgdcl hjehg u`nocr lcs ojehuoonjegs%
Lc joultconÿe gs ochc vgz kãs c`surhc% Lcs nestclconjegs qug oj+kgezcrje sngehj lc gxogponÿe sg bce nhj ojevnrtngehj ge lc rgdlc,
ge cldj nkprgsonehn`lg y bc`ntucl% Lc pcrclglc hnskneuonÿe hgl drjsjr
hg ljs kconzjs hg j`rc ge ljs qug sg gkpjtrc`ce bc rghuonhj su
ocpconhch hg cljmckngetj y bc nhj bcongehj kãs hnaëonl y gxtrcvc+
dcetg gsc vjluetch hg joultconÿe%
Dclgrnc hg nestclconjegs ge lc Qnllc Jlëkpnoc
hg @crogljec%
Pgojdnhc y trcespjrtg hg `csurcs pjr lc
clocetcrnllcs hg @crogljec sgdýe prjygotj
32>? "V% Dcronc Acrnc.%
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0%0 Lcs eugvcs nesgronjegs= lc coogsn`nlnhch
Ljs tgehnhjs gkpjtrchjs hgmce nkpjlutj gl gspconj netgrnjr pgrj
j`lndce c trgkgehjs rgvgetjegs hg lc cl`cónlgrëc y sus coc`chjs
pcrc ouclqungr jpgrconÿe hg kcetgenkngetj% Lc kjhnanoconÿe hg ue
`cój, lc rgpcrconÿe hg uec tu`grëc j lc snkplg ojljoconÿe hg ue eug+
vj puetj hg luz nkplnoce j`rcs hgsprjpjronjechcs qug cagotce c
vcrnjs janonjs% Lc ojeongeonc hg lc lnkntchc hurc`nlnhch hg kuobcs
nestclconjegs y hg lc gxndgeonc dgeîrnoc hg kcetgenkngetj gkpgzÿ
c bcogr rczjecr c clduejs crquntgotjs ge lc hîochc hg ljs trgnetc%
Ge 3>?8, gl drupj hg crquntgotjs `rntãenojs rguenhjs pjr Lu`gtine
`cmj gl ejk`rg hg Xgotje, prjygotÿ gl ojemuetj hg vnvngehcs Bndb
Vjnet% Cuequg gs prj`c`lg qug gxnstce kuobjs ocsjs hg prgvnsnÿe
hg lc coogsn`nlnhch hg lcs nestclconjegs ge ojestruoonjegs cetgrnj+
rgs, echng bc`ëc bgobj hg gstg tgkc cldj tce neonsnvj hgetrj hgl
prjogsj hg prjygotj% Gs ue trc`cmj oje tcl vjoconÿe hg nevgstndc+
onÿe y pghcdjdëc qug lgs llgvj c geueoncr qug “%%%tjhjs ljs hgtcllgs,cue ljs dgegrclkgetg cogptchjs, hg`ëce sgr kgmjrchjs pjr uec ne+
vgstndconÿe glgkgetcl‛% Ljs csgjs augrje j`mgtj hg ue prjdrckc hg
hnsgój gspgoncl ge lc sgduehc pcrtg hgl prjygotj, Bndb Vjnet _untg%
Xgotje, ojkj hnog Cllce, prjhumj lc prnkgrc gvnhgeonc sndenanoctnvc
hg qug gl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej ej grc sjlj ue gstnlj snej tck`nîe ue
janonj "Lu`gtine, Mjbe Cllce Pn`c.%
Orntgrnjs hg prjygotj ge Anes`ury Bgcltb
Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%
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_us pghcdÿdnojs gsqugkcs orntnoce lc ojestruoonÿe trchnonjecl y
prjpjege sjluonjegs kãs jrhgechcs y coogsn`lgs% Sunzãs pjr prn+
kgrc vgz ge lc bnstjrnc, gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs sg plcetgÿojkj ue drce ocecl qug rgojdg y jrhgec oc`lgs y tu`js y qug sg
hnspjeg bjrnzjetclkgetg ge gl cetgpgobj hg acobchc pcrc rgojrrgr
tjhj gl ghnanonj% Ej sg trctc sjlj hg uec vnsnÿe snstgkãtnoc g
netgdrchjrc hg gsjs tgehnhjs snej tck`nîe hg uec prnkgrc prgjou+
pconÿe pjr su coogsn`nlnhch% Gsg ojehuotj tngeg uec tcpc rgdnstrc`lg
qug pgrkntg gl coogsj hgshg gl gxtgrnjr hgl ghnanonj%
Lu`gtine c`rnÿ gl ocknej c tjhcs lcs sjluonjegs hg oãkcrcsrgdnstrc`lgs qug, c pgscr hg sus gvnhgetgs vgetcmcs, tcetj ejs ougstc
chjptcr neolusj ge gl hëc hg bjy% Oucehj pjr ane tjhjs bgkjs ojes+
tctchj hg kcegrc neojetrjvgrtn`lg qug lcs nestclconjegs gxndge uec
argougetg rgpcrconÿe, qug su vnhc gs kuobj kãs ojrtc qug lc hg ljs
hgkãs glgkgetjs ojestrunhjs y qug kjhgljs y kctgrnclgs eugvjs
hg`ge sustntunr c ljs cetgrnjrgs ochc pjojs cójs, hg`grgkjs cogp+
tcr qug lcs sjluonjegs gkpjtrchcs yc ej tngege sgetnhj ge eugstrjsghnanonjs%
Oãkcrc ljedntuhnecl coogsn`lg pjr lc acobchc
ge Anes`ury Bgcltb Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%
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Vgrj vgckjs oje kãs hgtcllg lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs qug gstc cdrupc+
onÿe snstgkãtnoc hg lcs nestclconjegs ejs c`rg=
+ Lc prnkgrc y kãs dgegrjsc sjluonÿe ojesnstg ge qug lcs oãkcrcs
sgce tce ckplncs qug sg pughce vnsntcr% _jlj ge ocsjs kuy gspg+
onclgs sg mustnanocrã gstc oÿkjhc sjluonÿe% Ljs ghnanonjs pcrc lc`j+
rctjrnjs, pjr gmgkplj, pughge hnspjegr tjhcs sus nestclconjegs
ge oãkcrcs vnsntc`lgs9 gspconjs coogsn`lgs sjlj pcrc kcetgen+
kngetj, dclgrëcs, getrgpnsjs, pctnjs hg nestclconjegs% Gs uec sjlu+
onÿe kcdeëanoc pgrj qug nkplnoc ue ojesukj hg gspconj ghnanoc`lg
qug pughg sgr gxogsnvckgetg ojstjsj ge eugstrj ojetgxtj ne+kj`nlncrnj% Hg`grëckjs ojesnhgrcrlc sngkprg, y utnlnzcrlc j`lndctj+
rnckgetg pcrc ljs glgkgetjs hg hnstrn`uonÿe dgegrcl vgrtnocl y, ge
dgegrcl, pcrc tjhjs cquglljs qug ctrcvngsge gspconjs hg jtrc prj+
pnghch%
+ We sgduehj envgl lj ajrkce lcs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg gspc+
onjs ýtnlgs% Xngeg lc drce vgetcmc hg qug ojesukg pjoj gspconj,pugstj qug gl trãesntj y gl trc`cmj hg kcetgenkngetj sg bcoge hgs+
hg gl gspconj bc`ntc`lg pgrj gxndge qug gl snstgkc hg kjetcmg y
hgskjetcmg hg ljs glgkgetjs hg joultconÿe sgc aãonl hg kcenpulcr
sne hgmcr bugllcs hgkcsnchj cpcrgetgs% Hgshg ljs tc`lgrjs qug
pughge hgsctjrenllcrsg trcs gl ajehj hg ljs crkcrnjs hg ojonec
bcstc ljs aclsjs tgobjs hg gsocyjlc sg pughg rgojrrgr uec ckplnc
dckc hg orgongetg hnanoultch ge lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs hg ue coogsj sne
bugllcs gsocehcljscs j ojstjscs hg rgpcrcr%
+ We tgrogr envgl gs gl hg lcs oãkcrcs ej coogsn`lgs% _je sjluonjegs
ojkj lc neolusnÿe hg oc`lgs getrg lcs hjs bjmcs hg ue tc`nqug hg
ocrtÿe ygsj%
Wec oãkcrc necoogsn`lg ej cpjrtc cpgecs vgetcmc hgshg gstg puetj
hg vnstc% Gl tc`nqug hg ocrtÿe ygsj, gl qug cpcrgetgkgetg rgon`g
oje kãs aconlnhch lcs nestclconjegs ge su oãkcrc ge gl kjkgetj hg
lc ojestruoonÿe, pughg sgr gl qug hganentnvckgetg ojescdrg lc gxpul+
snÿe hg oc`lgs y ojehuotjs augrc hg ljs ogrrckngetjs netgrnjrgs, pjr
lc hnanoultch hg lc rgpcrconÿe hg ygsjs y pneturcs hgspuîs hg ock+
`ncr ue oc`lg hg sntnj%
Coogsn`nlnhch c uec oãkcrc trcs ljs czulgmjs
"prjhuotj _oblütg.%
Oãkcrc coogsn`lg trcs gl kug`lg hg ojonec%
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Ge lc crquntgoturc ojetgkpjrãegc hg vjoconÿe kãs tgoejljdnstc sg
cpuetc bconc sjluonjegs hg snkplg ocrgechj% Ge rgclnhch lcs nestclc+
onjegs sg tngehge hgetrj hgl gspconj bc`ntc`lg pgrj lugdj sg ocrgeceoje gk`gllgoghjrgs kãs j kgejs chgouchjs% Gl ojemuetj hg nes+
tclconjegs sg hnspjeg ge uejs gspconjs, c vgogs kuy ckplnjs, qug
sg hnsnkulce oje uec tcpc j pcrckgetj gspgoëanockgetg hnsgóchj
qug pughg sgr rgtnrchj y rgpugstj oje aconlnhch% _je ojkj ocrocscs
qug joultce lcs vësogrcs, ocrocscs hgskjetc`lgs qug ocrgece ljs
j`mgtjs pgrj pughge rgtnrcrsg pcrc cooghgr c ljs ojkpjegetgs%
Lc pcejplnc hg pjsn`nlnhchgs vc ckplnãehjsg prjdrgsnvckgetg hgshglcs oceclgtcs glîotrnocs hg plãstnoj bcstc tjhc lc gevjlvgetg netgrnjr
hg ghnanonjs ojkj gl _cnes`ury Ogetrg hg Ejrkce Ajstgr% Gl ghnanonj
gs ue dndcetgsoj týegl ouyc gevjlvgetg gstã ajrkchc pjr uec gs+
truoturc gspconcl ge ouyj drjsjr sg cljmce tjhc olcsg hg gqunpjs y
tgehnhjs% Lc gstruoturc gstc ocrgechc gxtgrnjr g netgrnjrkgetg pgrj
tjhj gl gspconj qug joupc gs coogsn`lg pcrc gl kcetgenkngetj%
Lcs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs ojestntuyge uec sjluonÿe kuy rczjec`lg ge
ocsn tjhjs ljs ocsjs, pgrj sn gl gspconj gs gsocsj rgsultc hnaëonl
hgtgrknecr lc ocpconhch qug hg`ge tgegr% Gs auehckgetcl prgvgr lcs
egogsnhchgs hg tgehnhjs auturjs qug rgspjehge c uecs nestclconj+
egs qug rgsultc nkpjsn`lg nkcdnecr c kghnj plczj% Gstg gs gl tclÿe
hg Cqunlgs hg gstc sjluonÿe% Pgojrhgkjs qug ej sg pughg nevgrtnr
hgkcsnchj ge auturn`lgs oje ljs hctjs cotuclgs% Ge rgclnhch sjlj gl
jrhge dgegrcl hgl prjygotj y lc dgegrjsnhch ge lc prgvnsnÿe hg gs+
pconjs sje vcljrgs hurchgrjs%
_cnes`ury Ogetrg "E% Ajstgr.%
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0%? Gl ojstg hg gesgócr= lc gxbn`nonÿe
Cetg lc coukulconÿe hg nestclconjegs qug gs egogscrnj hnspjegr y lc
egogsnhch hg cooghgr aãonlkgetg c gllcs oc`g lc pjsn`nlnhch hg hgmcr+
lcs c lc vnstc% Wec ojcrtchc hg bjegstnhch j nedgeunhch, neolusj hg
ojetgeonÿe gojeÿknoc, pcrgog mustnanocr gsc gxbn`nonÿe% Vgrj getrg gl
kjstrcr y gl gxbn`nr bcy uec hnstceonc ojkpcrc`lg c lc qug gxnstg
getrg gl sudgrnr y gl nkpjegr% Lc gxbn`nonÿe gxtrcg cldj qug gstã ge ue
sgduehj plcej y bcog hg gllj gl glgkgetj kãs sndenanoctnvj, nkpjeg
su prgsgeonc, gxcdgrc su nkpjrtceonc%
_g trctc gvnhgetgkgetg hg uec hgonsnÿe oultc , hg uec kjhc crqun+
tgotÿenoc qug tgoenanoc lc nkcdge hgl ghnanonj llgvcehj c su gpnhgr+
kns tjhj ue getrckcehj hg ojehuotjs y cpcrctjs qug ej bce snhj
hnsgóchjs pcrc gllj% Ej gs egogscrnj ceclnzcr cquë gl glgvchësnkj
ojstg hg gstg tnpj hg jpgrconjegs% Wejs glgkgetjs hnsgóchjs pcrc
gstcr prjtgdnhjs hg ljs djlpgs, hg lc netgkpgrng, hgl augdj gto% sg
tgehrãe qug prgsgetcr oje gevjlvgetgs gspgonclgs% Wejs glgkge+
tjs ouycs ajrkcs rgspjehge c prjogsjs kuy snkplgs hg prjhuo+
onÿe nehustrnclgs tgehrãe qug ocrgecrsg y sjanstnocr su nkcdge pcrc
gstcr c lc clturc hg gsg vcljr snk`ÿlnoj qug clduecs crquntgoturcs
lgs bce ctrn`unhj%
Ge kuobjs ocsjs lcs nestclconjegs sg supgrpjege c lcs ajrkcs
crquntgotÿenocs sne kcyjr prgjoupconÿe pjr ljs prj`lgkcs
ojkpjsntnvjs qug gllj pughc nkplnocr% Lc rgbc`nlntconÿe hg ljoclgshg ghnanonjs cetndujs y lc rgutnlnzconÿe hg ecvgs nehustrnclgs ojkj
janonecs, cpcrtckgetjs j sclcs hg angstc, muetckgetg oje lc
sj`rgvcljrconÿe hg lc algxn`nlnhch bce pjtgeonchj ue kjhj hg oje+
og`nr ljs ck`ngetgs ojkj joupconjegs gaëkgrcs% Lc prgsgeonc hg
lcs kãqunecs, lcs tu`grëcs y ljs oc`lgs gs prnkgrj chkntnhc y hgs+
puîs vcljrchc pjsntnvckgetg%
C kghnj ocknej getrg lc aã`rnoc y gl gstceh hg gxpjsnonjegs, ljs
gspconjs sg jrdcenzce ojkj pngzcs kug`lgs ge ue ãk`ntj hg rcedj
supgrnjr qug cotýc ojkj ojetgeghjr y ge gl qug lcs nestclconjegs sg
hnspjege sne prgjoupcrsg hg oÿkj neonhge ge lc ocrcotgrnzconÿe hg
3%+Ocrgechj ge lctÿe `ruónhj
0%+@cehgmcs hg cogrj prglcochj ge egdrj
?%+Pgtjrej hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj
8%+Ojehuotjs hg nkpulsnÿe
Pgejvconje hgl Kusgj hg Crts gt Kgtngrs,
Vcrës, 3>>2 "C% @ruej.%
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gsg gspconj j, kgmjr hnobj, ojeancehj ge qug lc sneogrnhch oje lc
qug sg c`jrhc lc rgsjluonÿe hg ljs prj`lgkcs, mustnanqug ue djog
gstîtnoj `cschj ge lc hurgzc hg lc kãqunec%
Gs gl kjhglj hg lc aã`rnoc hg ogkgetj j hg lc rganegrëc hg pgtrÿlgj
hjehg lc lÿdnoc hgl oukplnkngetj gstrnotj hg ljs j`mgtnvjs mustnanoc lc
sjluonÿe ojkj sn augsg lc ýenoc pjsn`lg, hchj qug ge lc ojeogponÿe
hg lc ajrkc ej neonhge, cpcrgetgkgetg, jtrjs ojehnonjecetgs qug
ej sgce ljs tgoejlÿdnojs% Lc crquntgoturc hg lc bndb+tgob , lc cltc
ojestruoonÿe, bc ojeagrnhj ocrtc hg ecturclgzc c uec nkcdnegrëc bg+
rghchc hgl Crobndrck y hg lc qug gl prnkgr ogetrj Vjkpnhju augpcrchndkc%
Ge gstc lëegc sg sntýc lc gstîtnoc hg ljs ojehuotjs vnstjs, ljs
cgrjtgrkjs sne ocrocsc, lcs tu`grëcs pnetchcs sgdýe ejrkcs HNE% ^
sj`rg gstc `csg, lc hg jtrjs prjhuotjs rgoupgrchjs hg jtrjs oje+
tgxtjs ojkj ljs lcvc`js g nejhjrjs hg cogrj nejxnhc`lg bjspntclc+
rnj y pgentgeoncrnj, lcs gstruoturcs glgotrnanochcs j lcs luknecrncs oje
cetgoghgetgs ac`rnlgs% Bjy, pjr gmgkplj, ljs csgjs hg ongrtjs ljoc+
lgs hg ojpcs sg bce ojevgrtnhj ge ljs bgrghgrjs hg lc kãqunec hg
bc`ntcr qug yc Lg Ojr`usngr gmgkplnanoÿ cl getrjenzcr gl nejhjrj ge
ludcr kuy vnsn`lg hg su prjpnc sclc hg gstcr "ge gl Vgtnt Oc`ceÿe hg
Ocp Kcrtne., gxbn`ngehj, hg ajrkc prjvjochjrc, cl qug ojesnhgrc`c
ojkj uej hg ljs kãs `glljs j`mgtjs glc`jrchjs pjr lc nehustrnc%
Nkcdge hgl prjygotj dcechjr hgl ojeoursj pcrc
gl Ogetrj Vjkpnhju, 3>43 "P% Vncej, P% Pjdgrs.%
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Gs hnaëonl bcogr canrkconjegs rjtuehcs sj`rg lc nhjegnhch hg gstcs
sjluonjegs% Ljs rchnchjrgs qug tcetj kjlgstc`ce c Trndbt sg bce
neojrpjrchj cl pcnscmg hg lc vnvngehc y yc ej ejs pcrgoge tce rgpud+
ecetgs% Vgrj ej sjlj bc ock`nchj eugstrj orntgrnj% Xck`nîe gl rc+
hnchjr bc kjhnanochj su hnsgój, bce cpcrgonhj rchnchjrgs hg zÿoc+
lj, cpgecs pgrogptn`lgs j rchnchjrgs hg obcpc sne clgtcs qug ajr+
kce supgranongs rchncetgs qug pughge utnlnzcrsg ojkj glgkgetjs
qug su`rcyce lc jrhgeconÿe hgl gspconj netgrnjr% Vgrj sn lcs tgrknec+
lgs sg vce kjhnanocehj pcrc chgoucr su nkcdge c lc gstîtnoc hgl
kjkgetj, lj ongrtj gs qug ljs bcogs hg oc`lgs, ljs pgnegs hg tu`js
y ljs ojehuotjs hg cnrg ej sg cogptce oje aconlnhch ge hgtgrknec+
hjs getjrejs pjrqug su prgsgeonc gs hgkcsnchj gvnhgetg, su hgs+
crrgdlj nkplnoc uec hnaëonl lnkpngzc y su ln`rg hnspjsnonÿe, pcrc bcogr
kãs aãonl chgouconÿe pjstgrnjr, nkplnoc kãs hgsjrhge%
Wec sjluonÿe netgrkghnc qug rghuog kuy ganoczkgetg lc prgsgeonc
hg gsjs tgehnhjs y qug pughg utnlnzcrsg ge kuobjs ocsjs gs gl
mugdj hg lc luz y gl hgl ojljr% _n sg hganeg ue ãk`ntj prÿxnkj cl tgobjkghncetg uec luknecrncs ojldchcs qug sjlj crrjmce luz bconc c`cmj,
sg hnspjege tjhjs ljs tgehnhjs ge gsg ãk`ntj y hgspuîs sg pnetc
tjhj, ãk`ntj y tgehnhjs oje ue ojljr jsourj, lc nealugeonc hg gsjs
glgkgetjs ge lc ojeandurconÿe hgl gspconj sgrã kuy `cmc%
Lc prgsgeonc hg clduecs nestclconjegs ge kuobjs ãk`ntjs crquntgo+
tÿenojs ej sjlj gs negvntc`lg snej qug c vgogs gs kuy ojevgengetg%
_g trctc hg ue glgkgetj kãs c rgsjlvgr cl plcetgcrsg gl hnsgój hggsjs gspconjs y prj`c`lgkgetg lc sjluonÿe kãs sgesctc gstî ge
cldýe pcotj netglndgetg getrg lc hnsorgonÿe y lc coogsn`nlnhch%
Pchnchjr Puetcl%
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?% LJ_ EÝOLGJ_ QGPXN OCLG_
Qckjs c rgojrrgr clduejs cspgotjs hg lc jrdcenzconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs
hg nestclconjegs ge ue ghnanonj hg ongrtj hgscrrjllj vgrtnocl% Eugstrc prn+
kgrc nequngtuh ejs hg`grëc llgvcr c gstc`lgogr gl tnpj hg trczchj, gshgonr, sn vckjs c trctcr oje jrdcenzconjegs ceulcrgs, ojkj ongrtcs ajr+
kcs hg oclgacoonÿe j hg cpjrtg hg cnrg ojkprnknhj, j hg gstruoturcs
kãs j kgejs cr`jrgsogetgs, ge lcs qug hg ue trjeoj nenoncl sg vce
hgsdcmcehj rckclgs%
Xgehrgkjs qug sc`gr tck`nîe, oÿkj sg bc jrdcenzchj lc prjpnghch
y ojkj sg rgclnzcrãqe ljs ojetcmgs ge ljs snstgkcs qug supjedce ue
suknenstrj gxtgrnjr pjr gl qug sg bc hg pcdcr% Wec jrdcenzconÿe kuytrnturchc hg lc prjpnghch oje ojetcmgs nehgpgehngetgs y coogsn`lgs c
ue nespgotjr gxndg ue kjetcetg prnvchj hgshg gl ojetchjr bcstc ochc
c`jechj% _ne gk`crdj sn lc prjpnghch gs ýenoc sg pjhrã cukgetcr gl
eýkgrj hg ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs y knenknzcr ljs sngkprg pglndrjsjs
tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs netgrnjrgs% Gs lc hnagrgeonc getrg ue drupj hg
vnvngehcs y ue bjtgl%
Hncdrckc gsqugkãtnoj hg lc oclgaconÿe
ojkuentcrnc, _pc Drgge, Anes`ury, 3>8?+76
"Xgotje.%
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?%3 Lc trchnonÿe hgl pctnegmj
Gvnhgetgkgetg cl trczchj hg gsjs tu`js vgrtnoclgs ej sg lg bc hchj
lc nkpjrtceonc qug su pglndrjsnhch nkplnoc% Gs neorgë`lg qug lc ejr+kctnvc cýe ej gxnmc qug gl ojemuetj hg tu`js oje alunhjs qug llgdce
c ouclqungr ljocl sgc coogsn`lg ge tjhj su rgojrrnhj% Ej sg getngehg
qug ej sg tjkge dcrcetëcs pcrc knenknzcr lcs ojesgougeoncs hg uec
hgsdrconchckgetg prgvnsn`lg audc hg gsjs alunhjs% Echc kãs lgmjs
hg kn netgrîs qug lc hgagesc hg lc prjlnagrconÿe hg ejrkcs, pgrj c
acltc hg sgetnhj ojkýe sgrã egogscrnj gxndnr lj gvnhgetg pjr lgy%
Vcrc oukplnr lc gxndgeonc hg coogsn`nlnhch pjhgkjs tjkcr vcrnjs
ocknejs=
+Gl prnkgrj prgangrg rgoupgrcr gl vngmj pctnegmj, j kgmjr clduec ajrkc
hg pctnj netgrnjr, pjr gl qug sg kugvge gsjs tu`js vgrtnoclgs%
+Jtrc tgehgeonc cpuetc bconc gl eýolgj vgrtnocl csjonchj c ljs coog+
sjs netgrnjrgs y coogsn`lgs hgshg gstjs%
+Vjr ane, kãs rcrckgetg sg pngesc ge lc pjsn`nlnhch hg eýolgjs c`ngr+
tjs c acobchc qug pgrkntce uec netgrvgeonÿe hg rgpcrconÿe j kgmj+
rc hgshg gl gxtgrnjr hgl ghnanonj%
Ljs prnkgrjs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs qug sg hnspusngrje ge lc ghn+
anoconÿe augrje tu`js% Xu`js pcrc clnkgetcr oje cduc, tu`js pcrc gvc+
oucr, tu`js pcrc vgetnlcr% Ljs tu`js ge lc ghnanoconÿe tngege vjoconÿe
hg vgrtnoclnhch% _uglge ojegotcr oje gl tgrrgej j oje lc ou`ngrtc% Ojkj
gl kjvnkngetj hg ljs alunhjs y hgsbgobjs sg `csc ge lc drcvghch,
sus tgehnhjs gxndge sngkprg ongrtc pgehngetg% Ej sjlj gl cduc hg ljs
tgmchjs `cmc pjr drcvghch bcstc gl ojlgotjr snej qug utnlnzckjs gl
cduc ojkj kghnj hg trcespjrtg pcrc tjhc olcsg hg crrcstrgs, eugvc+
kgetg pjr drcvghch% Gsj hnanoultc su cljmckngetj ge ljs hgldchjs
tgobjs ojetgkpjrãegjs% Lc sjluonÿe tngehg c acvjrgogr lc prjlnagrc+onÿe hg eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs y su cdrupconÿe ge lcs plcetcs `cmcs j sÿ+
tcejs oje lcs gspcetjscs rghgs qug rgojrrge ljs tgobjs hg clduejs
ljoclgs ojkgronclgs y ocsn tjhjs ljs cpcrockngetjs%
Ocsc ge @crogljec, 3>63 "M%A% Drcegll.%
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Gsc tgehgeonc c lc hnvgrsnhch hg eýolgjs hg tu`js vgrtnoclgs hg hg+
scdüg ej sg pughg gxtrcpjlcr c ljs tu`js hg clnkgetconÿe% Lc gxn+
dgeonc hg uec llcvg hg pcsj c lc getrchc hg lc vnvngehc j lc uenhch hg
usj ojrrgspjehngetg, gxndg ue sjlj kjetcetg pcrc ochc uec hg gllcs%
Vjr sugrtg, ge gstg ocsj lc ojehuoonÿe hg ljs alunhjs pjr prgsnÿe
pgrkntg tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg tu`js hg kgejr hnãkgtrj qug sje
kãs aãonlgs hg hnsnkulcr%
Vgrj ej hg`gkjs jlvnhcr eueoc qug ljs tu`js sje lc nestclconÿe
kãs ojkprjkgtnhc hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs% Gs nrrconjecl gl rngsdj qug
csuknkjs ochc vgz qug ojljockjs tu`js qug trcespjrtce alunhjsge sntuconjegs necoogsn`lgs y ge lcs qug uec audc sndenanoc gl hgtgrnj+
rj hg ygsjs, pneturcs, kchgrcs, ge ane, ljs glgkgetjs kãs ojstjsjs
y hglnochjs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs%
Kg tgkj qug ge gl auturj lcs ojscs sg vce c ojkplnocr cýe kãs% Vjr
uec pcrtg ljs tgknhjs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg tu`js sgrãe ochc vgz
kãs argougetgs= kãs oucrtjs hg `cój, pgrj tck`nîe kãs oclgaco+
onÿe, kãs tu`js hg cduc arëc pcrc gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, kãs tu`js
hg gvcouconÿe pcrc ljs ace+ojnls hg gsg cnrg y ge gl lëkntg, kãs
rjonchjrgs pcrc neogehnjs% Gl ýenoj cspgotj trcequnlnzchjr hg gstjs
ýltnkjs gs qug pughge gstcr vcoëjs bcstc gl kjkgetj hgl neogehnj%
Gs neojkprgesn`lg qug ej sg tjkge prgocuonjegs hg hnsgój kuobj
kãs sgrncs argetg c ljs prj`lgkcs qug gstc dgegrcehj gl tgehnhj hg
tu`js ge lc ghnanoconÿe tcetj pjr lc drcvghch hg lcs ojesgougeoncsojkj pjr lc sgeonllgz hg lcs sjluonjegs% Gs gvnhgetg qug tjhcs lcs
ojehuoonjegs vgrtnoclgs hg`ge sgr coogsn`lgs sne j`rcs hg cl`cónlgrëc,
pjr lj kgejs ge ocsc hgl vgonej% Gs rczjec`lg qug ljs tgehnhjs bjrn+
zjetclgs sg knenknoge, eueoc sg bcdce pjr ocsc hgl vgonej y chgkãs
sgce hg aãonl coogsj% Gs hgsgc`lg qug gl gspconj cagotchj pjr lc rjturc
hg ouclqungr tu`j sgc coogsn`lg, gstî nkpgrkgc`nlnzchj y hnspjedc hg
uec gvcouconÿe chgouchc%
Hurcetg uecs hîochcs ljs ghnanonjs kgmjr hnsgóchjs llgvc`ce sus
tu`js vgrtnoclgs c pctnjs netgrnjrgs hjehg gl kcetgenkngetj hg ljs
`cmcetgs hg pluvnclgs y hg agoclgs gs kãs aãonl% Ge gstjs ghnanonjs
suglg bc`gr ue getrgsuglj qug suarg lcs rjturcs g neuehconjegs, pgrj
Neuehconÿe ge gl bjspntcl hg Lc
Vcz pjr rjturc hg ue `cmcetg%
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pjr lj kgejs bcy ue gspconj hgshg gl qug sg pughg trc`cmcr y ljs
hcójs sje kgejs drcvgs sn gl ajehj hgl pctnj tngeg ue pcvnkgetj
gstceoj%
Oje lc crquntgoturc kjhgrec sg rghuoge lcs prjauehnhchgs ghnanoc lgs,
hgscpcrgoge ljs pctnjs hg luogs y, hurcetg clduejs cójs, ljs tu`js sg
cljmce ge pctnegmjs% Ljs pctnegmjs qug ojestruëckjs ge ljs sgsgetc grce
uejs pîsnkjs snstgkcs hg vgetnlconÿe pgrj pjhëce sgr kuy chgouchjs
pcrc cljmcr ljs tu`js vgrtnoclgs% _n su plcetc tgeëc uec ceoburc këenkc hg
6,1 k y uec ljedntuh chgouchc yc pjhëce sgr rgojrrnhjs vgrtnoclkgetg
pcrc su kcetgenkngetj% _u kclgetgehnhc mustnanoconÿe ojkj glgkgetjshg vgetnlconÿe y ljs c`usjs qug kuobjs ojkgtngrje "neolusj sg llgecrje
hg gstcetgrëcs pcrc bcogr clcogecs., coc`crje oje ue glgkgetj qug tgeëc
jtrcs aueonjegs qug oukplnr%
Lc oulturc tgoejlÿdnoc prjpusj lc utnlnzconÿe netgesnvc hg lcs sjlu+
onjegs kgocenzchcs% Ljs pctnegmjs sg sustntuygrje pjr ojehuotjs
hg vgetnlconÿe oje gxtrcoonÿe kgoãenoc j ecturcl, gl ackjsj sbuet,
oje kjvnkngetj hg cnrg nkpulschj pjr suoonjegs vgeturncecs y
ojevgoonjegs tîrknocs% Oje îl sg anrkÿ lc sgetgeonc hg kugrtg hg
ljs pctnegmjs y, ge lc prãotnoc, sg ojehgeÿ c lcs ojehuoonjegs vgrtn+
oclgs cl gkpjtrckngetj%
Ge lc cotuclnhch, ge kuobjs ghnanonjs, kn ocsc sne nr kãs lgmjs, ljs
kjetcetgs y `cmcetgs sg gkpjtrce ge eýolgjs hg cl`cónlgrëc hg
kcegrc qug sje tjtclkgetg necoogsn`lgs% Ojkj suglge gstcr ge+vugltjs pjr ljs ljoclgs oje ljs coc`chjs kãs ocrjs hgl ghnanonj, ljs
`cójs y lcs ojonecs, ochc rgpcrconÿe gs uec runec% Gs neojeog`n`lg
Qgetnlconÿe pjr sbuets ge lc Wentî h„Bc`ntctnje
hg Kcrsgllc, 3>84+70 "Lg Ojr`usngr.%
Qnvngehc ge Dcllnsæ, @crogljec, 3>17
"C% Kjrcdcs.%
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qug pjr dcecr kghnj kgtrj ouchrchj ýtnl pjr vnvngehc sg ojehgeg c
gsjs trc`cmjs c ljs joupcetgs% Vjr sugrtg, cotuclkgetg, sg gstc
rgourrngehj hg eugvj c ajrkcs hg pgqugójs pctnjs qug rgougrhce
cl trchnonjecl pctnegmj y sg vuglvge c c`rnr sjluonjegs cl tgehnhj vgr+
tnocl hg lcs nestclconjegs%
Ge ouclqungr ocsj gl hnsgój hg ue pctnj tngeg qug tgegr ge ougetc lcs
sndungetgs ougstnjegs=
+ _gr prcotnoc`lg pjr crrn`c y pjr c`cmj pcrc ojegotcr oje glgkge+
tjs hg ocptconÿe ojkj lcs cetgecs, ljs cpcrctjs hg rgarndgrconÿe
j lcs rghgs hg an`rc ÿptnoc%
+ _gr coogsn`lg ge tjhj su rgojrrnhj pcrc su kcetgenkngetj j pcrc
hnspjegr eugvjs tgehnhjs% Gsj qungrg hgonr qug j sg cooghg hgs+
hg ue gspconj ojkýe, ojkj lc gsoclgrc j, kgmjr, tjhj îl gs trce+
sntc`lg%
+ Xgegr uec sntuconÿe lj kãs prÿxnkc pjsn`lg c ljs gspconjs c sgrvnr,pcrc knenknzcr ljs ojkprjkgtnhjs rgojrrnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg ljs
tu`js%
+ Vgrkntnr uec aãonl ojegxnÿe oje ochc plcetc% _grãe neýtnlgs ljs pc+
tnjs qug gstîe rjhgchjs hg pcetcllcs nkpgegtrc`lgs ojkj jourrg
oucehj sg ojljoce muetj cl csogesjr j getrg pcetcllcs gstruoturc+
lgs pjoj pgrajrc`lgs%
+ Gstcr hnsgóchjs hg kcegrc qug lcs ojegxnjegs oje lcs rghgs bj+
rnzjetclgs ej j`stcoulnoge gl rgojrrnhj vgrtnocl hgl pctnj%
_g hg`g gstuhncr lc kcegrc hg nkpghnr qug sg ojevngrtce ge obnkg+
egcs hg trcesknsnÿe hg neogehnjs, pjr lj qug sg hg`ge trctcr ojkj
sgotjrgs hg neogehnjs nehgpgehnzchjs oje ojkpugrtcs ojrtcaugdjs
qug sgoonjege ljs trckjs oje muetcs hg gstcequgnhch netukgsogetgs%
Oukplngehj gstcs ojehnonjegs, ljs pctnegmjs sje uec kcdeëanoc sjlu+
onÿe cl prj`lgkc hg ljs tgehnhjs vgrtnoclgs y hg`grëce sgr j`lndctjrnjs
ge ouclqungr prjygotj hjehg sg supgrpjedce prjpnghchgs hnstnetcs%
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?%0 Ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs y lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs
Ge gstg puetj gstuhncrgkjs `rgvgkgetg lc neonhgeonc qug tngeg ge
lc jrdcenzconÿe hg lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljstgehnhjs vgrtnoclgs% Hnstnedunrgkjs hjs tnpjs hg sjluonjegs= lcs qug
rgourrge c uecs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs gspconjs ojkuegs,
dgegrclkgetg ljs eýolgjs hg gsoclgrc, y lcs qug hnsourrge pjr uejs
pctnjs qug sg pughge rgojrrgr vgrtnoclkgetg%
Oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs coogsjs vgrtnoclgs
Ge lcs cdrupconjegs lnegclgs, ajrkchcs pjr `ljqugs qug sntýce uec
gsoclgrc ochc hjs vnvngehcs, lc hnanoultch hg jrdcenzcrlcs hnspjenge+
hj tjhjs ljs ljoclgs býkghjs ge tjrej cl pgrëkgtrj hg ojkuenoc+
onjegs vgrtnoclgs, suglg coc`cr pjr clgmcr c ljs `cójs hg gsc zjec,
pgrhnîehjsg lc coogsn`nlnhch c sus `cmcetgs% _ne gk`crdj ljs kje+
tcetgs së qug sg pughge jrhgecr aãonlkgetg clrghghjr hgl ãrgc hg
coogsjs y bcogrsg rgdnstrc`lgs ojkj kugstrc lc andurc c% Lcs oj+
egxnjegs hg clnkgetconÿe getrg oucrtjs býkghjs hg`grãe ctrcvg+scr tjhc lc vnvngehc bjrnzjetclkgetg%
Vjr gl ojetrcrnj, ge lcs tjrrgs qug cdrupce ouctrj vnvngehcs pjr plcetc,
lcs sjluonjegs oje oãkcrcs rgdnstrc`lgs hgshg ljs coogsjs vgrtn+
oclgs sje kuy utnlnzchcs% Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc `, lc hnspjsnonÿe ge
ãedulj, sgdrgdc ojonecs hg `cójs, ojljoãehjljs ge gxtrgkjs
jpugstjs y prÿxnkjs cl eýolgj ogetrcl, lj qug aconlntc hnspjegr`cmcetgs y kjetcetgs ge gl pgrëkgtrj hgl ãrgc ojkuentcrnc pcrc bcogr+
ljs rgdnstrc`lgs hgshg gllc% Ajrzcehj lndgrckgetg gl trczchj hg lc
pgqugóc gvcouconÿe y lc hnspjsnonÿe hg ljs cpcrctjs scentcrnjs, sg
pjhrëce rgojdgr tjhjs ljs hgscdügs ge hnobj pgrëkgtrj% Lcs oj+
egxnjegs hg clnkgetconÿe getrg oucrtjs býkghjs bce hg ctrcvgscr
zjecs hg gstceonc+rgon`nhjr%
Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc o, lc jrhgeconÿe ge ajrkc hg oruz dckchc hg lcsouctrj vnvngehcs, hg hgscrrjllj ocsn lnegcl, aconlntc gl rgdnstrj hg kjetce+
tgs y `cmcetgs hgshg gl pcsnllj hg coogsj, pugstj qug ljs `cójs tngege
uec pcrgh ojkýe oje îl% Lc ojonec y gl lcvchgrj qughce clnegchjs
c% Ogrhceyjlc hgl Qcllâs, @crogljec
"G% Xjrrgs, M% Kcrtëegz.%
`% Vcllgmæ, @crogljec "@cssjls n Cssjoncts.%
o% Vcllgmæ, @crogljec "B% Ojstcs, K% Dÿkgz.%
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pgrj hnstcetgs hg hnobj pcsnllj% Cpcrgoge hjs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs pjr
vnvngehc, uej ge ljs `cójs y jtrj ge gl lcvchgrj, gstg ýltnkj sjlj
rgdnstrc`lg hgshg acobchc% Lcs ojegxnjegs hg clnkgetconÿe bjrnzjetcl
getrg oucrtjs býkghjs bce hg pgegtrcr ge pcsnllj j rgon`nhjr%
Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc h, lc ojk`neconÿe hg oãkcrcs rgdnstrc`lgs
hgshg coogsjs oje pctnjs qug pughge sgrvnr hg tgehghgrjs hce
uec jrdcenzconÿe ocsn pgragotc% Lcs ojonecs sg gkpcrgmce y sg oj+
egotce oje kjetcetgs y `cmcetgs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs pctnjs hg
vgonejs% Ljs oucrtjs hg `cój hg hjs vnvngehcs vgonecs llgdce c
ojegotcr oje lcs oãkcrcs vgrtnoclgs vnsntc`lgs hgshg ljs pcsnlljs hgcoogsjs ojkuentcrnjs% Gl “ocsn‛ qug lc sgpcrc hg lc nkpjsn`lg pgr+
agoonÿe sg hg`g c lc ojegxnÿe bjrnzjetcl hg lcs clnkgetconjegs hg
cduc arëc y oclngetg qug tgehrãe qug trczcrsg hg ue oucrtj býkghj c
jtrj prj`c`lgkgetg pjr gl rgon`nhjr%
Oucehj lcs plcetcs hg`ge oukplnr ue kcyjr eýkgrj hg gxndgeoncs
prjdrckãtnocs, ljs gsqugkcs sg ojkplnoce gxtrcjrhnecrnckgetg% Ge
lc tjrrg hg lc andurc g, lc jrhgeconÿe cpcrgetgkgetg olcrc y snknlcr hg
ochc vnvngehc ojetngeg eukgrjsjs cmustgs ojrrgotjrgs kjtnvchjs
pjr hgkcehcs qug sg nkpjege c jtrcs prnjrnhchgs%
Lc plcetc hg lc andurc qug ojrrgspjehg c lc hnspjsnonÿe tnpj, pcrc ljs
pnsjs sgduehj c qunetj, ojetngeg lcs rgpgrousnjegs hg uec plcetc
`cmc "hgstnechc c coogsj+vgstë`ulj+ojegxnÿe oje dcrcmg, rgonetjs
hg ojetchjrgs y ouctrj vnvngehcs. y hg uec plcetc prnkgrc hgstnec+hc c oneoj vnvngehcs% Cl knskj tngkpj, lc gxndgeonc ejrkctnvc hg
hjs csogesjrgs y rgonetj ogrrchj hg gsoclgrc nkpnhg gxtrcpjlcr cl+
duecs hg lcs sjluonjegs hgsorntcs cetgrnjrkgetg y kugstrc gl oclc+
hj hg pgrajrconjegs vgrtnoclgs csogehgetgs y hgsogehgetgs qug sg
hg`ge rgspgtcr cl geocrcr plcetcs oje hnstnetc hnstrn`uonÿe% Vcrc gstg
ghnanonj, uec netglndgetg jrhgecezc kuenonpcl gxndëc prgvgr hg cetg+
kcej lc u`noconÿe hg lcs auturcs uenhchgs gxtgrnjrgs hg ljs cpcrc+tjs pcrtnhjs hg rgarndgrconÿe "ge gstg ocsj prjygotchjs ge ou`ngr+
tc. y hg ljs pcsjs pcrc lcs tu`grëcs hg rgarndgrcetg c ochc vnvngehc,
csukngehj uec hgtgrknechc jponÿe tîoenoc qug ojkprjkgtg c ljs
usucrnjs, y gvntc clgctjrncs cotuconjegs nehnvnhuclgs%
h% Vcllgmã, @crogljec "G% Oclcagll.%
g% _t% Aglnu hg Llj`rgdct, @crogljec, 3>>4
"M% @rnz y M%Ll% Aukchÿ.%
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Ljoclgs býkghjs clrghghjr hg pctnjs uschjs ojkj eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs
Lcs hnagrgeoncs auehckgetclgs lcs gstc`lgoge gl tckcój hg ljs pctnjs
y gl ocrãotgr hg ljs ljoclgs qug c`rge c gsjs pctnjs% Hnstnedunrgkjsprnkgrj ljs pgqugójs pctnegmjs cpgecs trcesntc`lgs pgrj coogsn`lgs
hgshg ochc plcetc "and% c.%
Ljs cetndujs pctnegmjs sg gstãe rgoupgrcehj ojkj eýolgjs vgrtn+
oclgs pgrj gs hnaëonl qug tjhjs ljs ljoclgs býkghjs sg jrdcenoge c
su clrghghjr% Ge ljs kgmjrgs ocsjs, sgrãe egogscrnjs uejs rgojrrn+
hjs bjrnzjetclgs pjr ljs tgobjs ge ljs qug hg`ge hnsourrnr suknens+trjs y gvcouconjegs%
Ge clduejs ocsjs gsjs ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs llgdce c tgegr ocpcon+
hch ojkj pcrc geojkgehcrlgs uec huhjsc vgetnlconÿe hg tgehghg+
rjs% Gl prjygotj qug sg kugstrc ge lc andurc vgonec bc rgsugltj kuy
jrhgechckgetg lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljs ljoclgs% _n gl csgj hg lc getrchc
tngeg su prjpnj `cmcetg sjlj sgrã egogscrnc uec clnkgetconÿe hgshg gl
pctnegmj qug pughg oruzcr lc vnvngehc pjr su prjpnj gspconj "and% `.%
_n gs pjsn`lg, sngkprg sgrã kgmjr hnspjegr hg ue pctnj hg ongrtj
tckcój qug pgrkntc qug tjhjs ljs ljoclgs býkghjs tgedce ue pc+
rckgetj ge ojetcotj oje îl% Gsc hnspjsnonÿe pughg rgsjlvgr drce
pcrtg hg ljs rgojrrnhjs bjrnzjetclgs pjr lc acobchc hg gsg pctnj y
`% Gl Vrct hgl Llj`rgdct, @crogljec "P% Crtndugs,
P% _cec`rnc.%
c% Pgoupgrconÿe hgl pctnegmj trcesntc`lg ge
uecs vnvngehcs hg _jlsjec, Llgnhc, 3>>2
"Ll% Oljtgt, N% Vcrnonj.%
o% Ogrhceyjlc hgl Qcllîs, @crogljec "M% Pjsgllÿ.%
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h% _tc% Ojljkc hg Ogrvgllÿ, @crogljec
"@jsob+Ouspnegrc Cssjoncts.%
g% Kjlnes hg Pgn, @crogljec "M% Vcsoucl.%
csgdurcr qug tjhjs ljs nejhjrjs, huobcs y `cógrcs pughce gvc+
oucr gl cduc hnrgotckgetg cl `cmcetg hgl pctnj sne ljs neoÿkjhjs g
nrrconjeclgs rgojrrnhjs netgrnjrgs "and% o.%
Ljs pctnjs clcrdchjs pughge llgdcr c ojevgrtnrsg ge kcdeëanojs eý+
olgjs vgrtnoclgs cllë hjehg lc prjauehnhch ghnanoc`lg cojesgmg nr c `lj+
qugs lnegclgs hg ouctrj vnvngehcs pjr plcetc, hg gsocsc prjauehnhch%
Ge gstjs ocsjs lc prjauehnhch hg lc vnvngehc sg pjhrã joupcr oje lc hg
lcs bc`ntconjegs qug c`rge c acobchc, gl pcsnllj y lc prjauehnhch hg ljs
oucrtjs býkghjs% _n lc vnvngehc gs hg ouctrj hjrkntjrnjs gs prj`c`lg
qug sg pughc jrdcenzcr uec ýltnkc bc`ntconÿe qug ongrrc gl pgrëkgtrjhgl pctnj y sg c`rg c gstg% Ej hg`g pgescrsg qug gs ue hjrkntjrnj
ojehgechj% Pgouîrhgsg qug oje lc gstruoturc cotucl hg lc acknlnc gs+
pcójlc qug ej llgdc c 3,0 bnmjs pjr kctrnkjenj gsc bc`ntconÿe tngeg
kuobcs prj`c`nlnhchgs hg ojevgrtnrsg ge ue gspconj hg clkcogecmg
"and% h.%
_n lc vnvngehc gs ue pjoj kãs pgqugóc lc plcetc pughg qughcr tce
lnkpnc ojkj lc hg lc andurc qug cojkpcóc gstg tgxtj hjehg sjlj
ljoclgs býkghjs c`rge cl pctnj netgrnjr qug sg ojevngrtg ge ue cu+
tîetnoj pctnj hg nestclconjegs "and% g.%
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?%? Ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc
Gl coogsj c ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs gs kuobj kãs aãonl hgshg lc ac+
obchc y ej tngeg pjrqug kjlgstcr c jtrjs usucrnjs% Gstc hnspjsn+onÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs cóchg uec eugvc ojkplgmnhch cl hnsgój hg lc
gevjlvgetg, sngkprg kãs gxndgetg ge kctgrnc hg ojkpjsnonÿe qug
ljs pgrknsnvjs pctnjs netgrnjrgs, pgrj tjhjs sc`gkjs qug gl prj+
`lgkc sngkprg gs gl knskj= prgvnsnÿe, ojejonkngetj prgvnj hg ljs
prj`lgkcs g netgdrconÿe hg sus sjluonjegs ge ljs prnkgrjs gstc+
hnjs hgl hnsgój%
Ljs glgkgetjs hg nestclconjegs tgehnhjs ge lcs acobchcs ej sjlj
pgrkntge ue aãonl kcetgenkngetj, snej qug chgkãs sg cpjyce ge gl
glgkgetj ojestruotnvj qug kãs hnaëonlkgetg ock`ncrã c lj lcrdj hg
lc vnhc hgl ghnanonj% Kngetrcs lcs hnvnsnjegs netgrnjrgs sg tngege qug
su`jrhnecr c ljs ock`njs hg usj, gl hnsgój hg lcs acobchcs gs arutj
hg ue pcotj oje gl kuenonpnj y hnaëonlkgetg pjhrã sjkgtgrsg c ku+
obcs vcrnconjegs hurcetg gl tngkpj qug pgrkcegzoc ge png%
Lcs sjluonjegs kãs snkplgs hnspjege ljs tgehnhjs ge lc acobchc
ojkj sn sg trctcsg hg ue lngezj hg ue pctnegmj netgrnjr% Gsg pcqugtg
hg tgehnhjs pughg joupcr uec ongrtc supgranong hgl plcej gxtgrnjr y
qughcr joultj trcs ue glgkgetj hgskjetc`lg j `nge pughg ajrkcr
ue plngdug qug rgojdg tjhj gl eýolgj hg nestclconjegs hg kcegrc
kãs j kgejs hnsnkulchc%
Lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc sgrã gspgonclkgetg netg+
rgscetg pcrc ljs glgkgetjs hg ojetrjl ck`ngetcl pugstj qug ge lcs
acobchcs sg ojeogetrce ljs netgrock`njs olnkãtnojs y lukëenojs oje
gl gxtgrnjr% Gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, pjr gmgkplj, tngeg qugrgeonc bconc
gl pgrëkgtrj hg lc plcetc% Vjr uec pcrtg gs cllë hjehg sg hg`grã bc+
ogr ue cpjrtg kcyjr hg arndjrëcs pcrc bcogr ganocz gl snstgkc% Vjr
jtrc pcrtg cvclc gsc ljoclnzconÿe, ljs netgrock`njs oje cnrg gxtgrnjr
Vctnj c`ngrtj c acobchc ge gl ghnanonj hg
sgrvnonjs _obluuk`rgrdgr, Kjetrjudg,
Vcrës, 3>23+28 "P% Vncej.%
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pcrc lc vgetnlconÿe hgl ljocl j pcrc lc rgarndgrconÿe kghncetg
gvcpjrchjrgs y lc gvcouconÿe hg ojehgeschjs% Gstj sudngrg lc pj+
sn`nlnhch hg hnspjegr ljs ojehuotjs kuy prÿxnkjs c lc acobchc%
Neolusj pjr augrc hg gllc ojkj tce bã`nlkgetg bnongrje Cl`nen y Bgld
ge lc Pnecsogetg% @cebck ejs rgougrhc ojkj gsc hnspjsnonÿe sg
neojrpjrc pgragotckgetg cl lgeducmg crquntgotÿenoj hgl ghnanonj%
We vnstczj c lcs acobchcs hg lc Pnecsogetg y hgl ogetrj Vjkpnhju,
gstg ýltnkj ojestrunhj ocsn vgnetg cójs hgspuîs, gvnhgeonc lc vj+
luetcrnjsc cogetuconÿe qug Vncej y Pjdgrs pusngrje ge lc gxbn`nonÿe
hg ljs glgkgetjs hg olnkctnzconÿe kuobj kãs cllã hg lj qug gxndëclc rconjeclnhch tîoenoc% Cl`nen y Bgld ej sg prjpusngrje enedýe clcr+
hg tgoejlÿdnoj pgrj hngrje uec `rnllcetg sjluonÿe ojkpjsntnvc c uec
rczjec`lg cltgrectnvc tîoenoc%
Sunzãs lc prjpugstc kãs netgrgscetg pcrc ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc
gs lc qug bnzj Lu`gtine bcog sgsgetc cójs ge gl Bndb Vjnet _untg y
qug yc hgsorn`nkjs ge gl cpcrtchj 0%
Lc Pnecsogetg "Cl`nen, Bgld, 3>13.%
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Kngs vce hgr Pjbg utnlnzÿ tck`nîe gstc sjluonÿe bcog yc ocsn ouc+
rgetc cójs "3>13. ge gl ghnanonj Lcacygttg Vcri ge Hgtrjnt% Ge ue kj+
kgetj ge gl qug tjhcvëc sg pjhëc gvntcr gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, Kngs
hnsgóÿ gstg cetgpgobj ojrrnhj oje tjkc hg cnrg gxtgrnjr ge gl qug
sg cljmce ljs tgehnhjs glîotrnojs y lc oclgacoonÿe y sg prgvî gl gspc+
onj pcrc ue pjsn`lg cpcrctj cojehnonjechjr hg cnrg% Gl coogsj cl
ojemuetj sg bcog pjr lc tcpc supgrnjr hgl ocmÿe Ge gagotj, ue cspgo+
tj nkpjrtcetg hg gstc sjluonÿe rchnoc ge lc pjsn`nlnhch hg sntucr ljs
ace+ojnls hjehg sje kãs ýtnlgs y kgejs kjlgstjs chgkãs hg aconln+
tcr gl cpjrtg hg cduc arëc j oclngetg y lc gvcouconÿe hg lcs
ojehgesconjegs drconcs c lc ojetneunhch ljedntuhnecl hgl kug`lg%
Cpcrtckgetjs Lcacygttg Vcri, Hgtrjnt,
Knobndce, 3>13 "K% vce hgr Pjbg.%
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8% LC_ HN_XPN@WONJEG_ NEXGPNJPG_
_n ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs gstc`ce hjknechjs pjr lc prgjoupconÿe
pjr ljs tu`js, ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs netgrnjrgs sg su`jrhnece c
lcs gxndgeoncs hg ljs oc`lgs pjr ue lchj y hg ljs ojehuotjs pjr
jtrj% Gkpgogkjs pjr ljs prnkgrjs, ºOÿkj pughg lc ojestruoonÿe
hg netgrnjrgs csuknr bjy lc kultntuh hg oc`lgs egogscrnjs neolusj
pcrc lc snkplg vnhc hjkîstnoc: ºOÿkj pughg sgr qug pcrc ojljocr
ue eugvj puetj hg luz tgedckjs qug llckcr cl cl`cónl, cl ygsgrj y cl
pnetjr:%
Lc nkcdge vgonec kugstrc uec rjzc c`ngrtc ge ¡bjrkndÿe# pcrc ck+
plncr lc nestclconÿe glîotrnoc ge uec culc% Lc nkprgvnsnÿe hg uejs pc+sjs hg nestclconjegs kãs chgouchjs c ljs ock`njs hg usj qug
gxndg lc hjogeonc sg bc sukchj c lc argougeonc hg kurjs pjrtcetgs
pcrc llgdcr c c`grrconjegs ojkj îstc%
Pjzc ge ue kurj hg bjrkndÿe%
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8%3 Lc lnkntchc ocpconhch hg ljs glgkgetjs vgrtnoclgs
Ljs prnkgrjs tgehnhjs hg oc`lgs pcrc lc hnstrn`uonÿe hg lc gegrdëc
glîotrnoc, sg hnspusngrje ge vnvngehcs gxnstgetgs% Hurcetg lcs prnkg+rcs hîochcs hg gstg sndlj ljs oc`lgs trgezchjs gevugltjs ge cldj+
hÿe sg tgehngrje oje tjhc ecturclnhch sj`rg ljs ygsjs, sgpcrchjs
pjr hnkneutjs cnslcetgs hg pjroglcec%
_jlj kuobj kãs tcrhg, oucehj tjhcs lcs vnvngehcs eugvcs tgeëce
su nestclconÿe glîotrnoc y oucehj ocsn tjhcs lcs hnvnsnjegs netgrnjrgs
grce hg lchrnllj bugoj sg nkpusj lc kjhc hg gkpjtrcr ljs oc`lgs ge
rjzcs qug lugdj sg ckjrtgrc`ce y sg ou`rëce oje gl ygsj hg coc`c+
hj% Ge ouclqungr ocsj hgshg bcog cójs gxnstg lc vjz ocmgtëe pcrc gl
zÿoclj hg kchgrc oje ue rg`cmg ojetneuj ge su netgrnjr hjehg sg
cljmc`ce ljs oc`lgs glîotrnojs% Gs gl cetgogsjr hg lcs cotuclgs
oceclgtcs%
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ljs qug hgpgehge, hg uec u jtrc kcegrc, tjhjs ljs onrountjs qug cpjr+
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hchj ge llckcr vjz y hctjs%
Ge clduejs tnpjs hg ghnanonjs, ojkj ljs hg usj nehustrncl prnkgrj y ljs
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sngrje lc `cehgmc ge ljs prnkgrjs y lc oceclgtc ge ljs sgduehjs% Gstc
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qug ojejzoj, sg gstc trcslchcehj yc c lc ojestruoonÿe rgsnhgeoncl%
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bc`ntucl ge lcs janonecs hg prgstndnj% Lc plcoc sg nkpusj prjdrgsnvc+
kgetg y sjanstnoÿ sus snstgkcs hg sjpjrtg pcrc bcogr pjsn`lg su
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y ojehuotjs pgrj Icbe su`lnkÿ gsc tgehgeonc hnsgócehj uec gs+
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oje gl pcrckgetj trncedulcr hg lc prnkgrc vndc qug geongrrce, ajrkce
lcs trgs ocrcs neolnechcs hg ue tgtrcghrj% Lc ocrc neagrnjr, lc bjrnzje+
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rrge ljs oc`lgs y ojehuotjs qug clnkgetce lcs tgrkneclgs%
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ojkj lcouecrnj hgl tgobj tcl ojkj bnzj Icbe% Lcs hjs ojesnhgrc+
`ce ge su kgocej uecs plcocs pcrc gl ocrgechj hgl pcqugtg gs+
truoturc+nestclconjegs qug neoluëc lcs nesgronjegs hg luknecrncs y jtrcs
tgrkneclgs% Wej grc gl snstgkc Wr`s pcr lc ojestruoonÿe hg rgsnhge+oncs uenvgrsntcrncs y gl jtrj gl snstgkc oclnajrencej _O_H pcrc lc ojes+
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Ge gl snstgkc WP@_ uejs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs hg cpcrctjs hg olnkctn+
zconÿe nesualc`ce cnrg arëj j oclngetg c trcvîs hg lc vndugrëc hg bjrkn+
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ge ljs hjs sgetnhjs hg lc plcetc% Gsj pgrkntëc uec drce ln`grtch ge lchnspjsnonÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs y hc`c c lc gstruoturc ue ocetj ganocz
pcrc sclvcr luogs nkpjrtcetgs%
Gl snstgkc _O_H aug hnsgóchj pjr Gzrc Gbrgeircetz hg lc Wenvgrsn+
hch hg @griglgy ge 3>10% Bc snhj rgpgtnhckgetg pu`lnochj y cquë
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pgehnhj hg lc ou`ngrtc, qug olnkctnzc`c ?07 k0 hg ghnanonj% Lc gs+
truoturc grc kgtãlnoc y gvnhgetgkgetg kjhulcr% Lcs plcocs hg tgobj
sg nesgrtc`ce getrg ljs ojrhjegs neagrnjrgs hg lcs vndcs% Grce hjs
tnpjs hg pngzcs hg cogrj gskcltchj ge `lceoj= uec plcoc plcec y ue
ojarg qug cl`grdc lcs luknecrncs%
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Ljs snstgkcs hg prgac`rnoconÿe bc`ëce ctgehnhj bcstc gsg kjkgetj,
y sgduëce ctgehngehj ge Gurjpc, ýenockgetg c ljs glgkgetjs kãs
sÿlnhjs hg lc ojestruoonÿe% Sug lcs nestclconjegs augsge ue ojkpj+
egetg kãs hgl ghnanonj y ajrkcsge pcrtg hgl kgocej kjhulcr hg hnsg+
ój kugstrc gl netgrîs qug gstjs glgkgetjs bce rgon`nhj sngkprg ge
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Vjr hgsdrconc gl `cmj ojstg hgl tgobj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs bc nk+
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Vjr hgsdrconc gl `cmj ojstg hgl tgobj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs bc nk+
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lgs y sjlj sg trctc hg prjpugstcs gspgoëanocs sne vcljr uenvgrscl%
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hgspuîs hg vcrncs kcenpulconjegs% Xjhjs rgojrhckjs gl tgrrn`lg
cspgotj hg lcs pngzcs hgscmustchcs y kcrochcs oje lcs bugllcs
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+ Coýstnojs gsc knskc snkplnonhch tîoenoc hgl tgobj bc pgrkntnhj
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Coýstnojs, gsc knskc snkplnonhch tîoenoc hgl tgobj bc pgrkntnhj
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pcrc gl pcsj hg nestclconjegs gstã rgónhc oje lc sgpcrconÿe coýs+tnoc getrg gspconjs, cotucehj ojkj oãkcrcs trcesknsjrcs% Lc sj+
luonÿe ojesnstnrã ge llgvcr gl tc`nqug bcstc gl tgobj j ojljocr aclsjs
tgobjs oje ocpconhch hg prjtgoonÿe argetg cl sjenhj y gl augdj%
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joultc pjr lcs knskcs plcocs y ljs tîoenojs qug llgvce gl ojetrjl
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c gsjs snstgkcs hg ojldchj%
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kjejtjeëc kjhulcr hg gsjs `lcehjs tgobjs hg plcocs ojldchcs%Clduejs netgetce gvntcrlc oje lc tgrsc ojetneunhch hg ljs kjhgrejs
tgobjs coýstnojs hg plcoc ojetneuc tnpj Iecuaa, cuequg sgc c rngsdj
hg pgrhgr j hnanoultcr lc rgdnstrc`nlnhch hg lc oãkcrc% Jtrjs prgagrnkjs
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8%? Ljs prjkgtghjrgs sugljs tîoenojs
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Ge ljs kjhgrejs ghnanonjs hg janonecs ljs tgehnhjs hg oc`lgs qug
prnkntnvckgetg sg hnspjeëce ge ongljs rcsjs sg vce hgsplczãehjbconc gl suglj% Ljs neojevgengetgs, lnstchjs ge gl puetj cetgrnjr, y
gspgonclkgetg lc gsocsc rglconÿe hg ljs cpcrctjs neajrkãtnojs sn+
tuchjs sj`rg lcs kgscs oje gsg lgmcej aclsj tgobj, gstãe nkpjenge+
hj ue suglj tîoenoj ochc vgz kãs prjkgtghjr%
Gl aclsj suglj tngeg tck`nîe uec lcrdc bnstjrnc ojkj gspconj, pcrc
cl`grdcr ojehuotjs hg cnrg oclngetg sj`rg tjhj, pgrj bcstc ljs cójs
16 ej ecog ojkj pcvnkgetj rgdnstrc`lg ocpcz hg cljmcr tjhc olcsg
hg tgehnhjs% Ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs vjlvngrje c sgr ljs lëhgrgs hg lc
jpgrconÿe% Hurcetg cójs ge gstjs ghnanonjs sg bc rgourrnhj c ajrkcs
kãs j kgejs glc`jrchcs hg oceclnzconjegs hg tgehnhjs glîotrnojs
`cmj pcvnkgetj% Gl rgoursj c uecs oceclnzconjegs kgtãlnocs qug ge+
lczce ljs puetjs hg ojegxnÿe hg hnvgrsjs snstgkcs aug lc sjluonÿe
kãs utnlnzchc cuequg su coogsn`nlnhch augsg lnkntchc%
Ge Gurjpc sg hnauehngrje lcs duëcs Coigrkce, kcroc ojkgroncl qug
hc ejk`rg cl snstgkc hg ojehuoonjegs gkpjtrchcs ge gl pcvnkge+
tj pcrc cl`grdcr tgehnhjs glîotrnojs y hg tglgojkuenoconjegs y ouyj
octãljdj neoluyg ue pcejrckc ochc vgz kãs ckplnj hg tgrkneclgs%
Lcs sjluonjegs sje ochc vgz kãs sjanstnochcs cuequg tck`nîe kãs
ojstjscs% Wec hg lcs prjpugstcs kãs kjhgrecs g netgrgscetgs gs
lc qug ejs jargog gl snstgkc Pghglgo hg XHK qug ojjrhnec lcs kck+
pcrcs hg janonecs oje tjhc olcsg hg tgehnhjs gkpjtrchjs%
Vgrj lcs gxndgeoncs aueonjeclgs sj`rgpcscrje gesgdunhc lcs pjsn+
`nlnhchgs hg gscs sjluonjegs dunchcs% Gl eugvj gspconj hg lc janonec
pcnscmg egogsntc ue gspconj c`sjlutckgetg nsÿtrjpj y bjkjdîegj%
Ej sg pughg scornanocr lc algxn`nlnhch hg lc hnstrn`uonÿe hg kgscs y
ljoclgs c lc ljoclnzconÿe hg uecs duëcs pgrhnhcs `cmj gl pcvnkgetj%
Ge ouclqungr puetj hg`g sgr pjsn`lg ouclqungr ojegxnÿe% Vcrc hcrrgspugstc c gsc gxndgeonc sg nkpjeg gl suglj rgdnstrc`lg j suglj
tîoenoj%Coogsj c uecs ocmcs hg pcvnkgetj oje
ojegxnjegs glîotrnocs%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
Gl prjygotj Kcesnje Bjusg hg Kngs hg 3>1> pughg sgr uej hg ljs
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p y p
prnkgrjs ocsjs hg ocvnhch `cmj pcvnkgetj qug joupc tjhc lc plce+
tc% Ge rgclnhch gstã tëknhckgetg rgsgrvchc c lcs ojehuoonjegs glîo+
trnocs y lcs ojehuoonjegs hg cnrg cojehnonjechj onroulce pjr gl aclsjtgobj hg lc plcetc neagrnjr y ctrcvngsce lc ljsc hg ajrmchj pcrc nkpul+
scr cnrg ge gl pcvnkgetj hg lc plcetc supgrnjr%
C pcrtnr hg ljs cójs sgtgetc lc neajrkãtnoc y lcs gxndgeoncs ochc vgz
kãs kneuonjscs hgl ojeajrt, nkpusngrje hg kcegrc dgegrclnzchc lc
eugvc sjluonÿe%
Gl kjhglj lj gstc`lgongrje lcs sclcs hg jrhgechjrgs ge lcs qug lc
ojkplgmnhch hg ljs oc`lgchjs y lc egogsnhch hg hnsnpcr gegrdëc j`ln+
dc`ce c chjptcr uec sjluonÿe qug prnkgrj pcrgonÿ lumjsc y chgouc+
hc sjlj c gspconjs prnvnlgdnchjs, pgrj qug pjoj c pjoj sg hnauehnÿ
pjr tjhc lc plcetc hgl ghnanonj%
Gl ogetrj Vjkpnhju "3>43+44., pcrchndkc, ge su kjkgetj, hg lc
nkcdnegrëc hg lc tîoenoc, utnlnzÿ ue aclsj suglj dgegrclnzchj gxolusnvc+kgetg joupchj pjr tgehnhjs glîotrnojs% _u clturc gs hg octjrog ok%
Kcesnje Bjusg _qucrg, Ljehrgs, 3>1>
"K% vce hgr Pjbg.%
_nstgkc Pghglgo hg duncs `cmj pcvnkgetj%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
Bjy lc sjluonÿe gstãehcr gstã ojeajrkchc pjr ue snstgkc hg sj+
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pjrtgs kgtãlnojs hg clturc rgdulc`lg sj`rg ljs qug sg cpjyce uecs
ljscs ouchrchcs qug dgegrclkgetg knhge 16x16 ok% Lcs ljscs pug+
hge sgr hg cdljkgrchj hg vnrutc, bjrkndÿe, obcpc hg cogrj y rgllg+ej hg cebnhrntc u jtrcs sjluonjegs% _us hnagrgeoncs lcs gstc`lgog gl
prgonj y gl ojkpjrtckngetj argetg cl augdj% Wec vcrncetg nkpjrtcetg
gs lc prgsgeonc j ej hg uec pgranlgrëc qug ueg lcs oc`gzcs hg ljs
sjpjrtgs y kgmjrc gl cpjyj hg lcs ljscs y lc prgonsnÿe hgl kjetcmg%
Ljs sugljs tîoenojs bjy pughge rgsnstnr prãotnockgetg ouclqungr ocr+
dc, rgon`nr vcrnchësnkjs pcvnkgetjs, clocezcr clturcs hg vcrnjs kg+trjs, csgdurcr lc prjtgoonÿe ojetrc gl augdj y dcrcetnzcr lc
gstcequgnhch hg ljs plgeuks% _je ue prjhuotj ochc vgz kãs kc+
hurj qug sjlj gs hg gspgrcr qug `cmg sus ojstgs pcrclglckgetg c lc
ckplnconÿe hg su hnausnÿe%
Bjy ocsn tjhjs ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs tngege yc aclsj tgobj y pcvn+
kgetj rgdnstrc`lg% Xjhj gsg hncarcdkc bjrnzjetcl ajrkc oje lc gstruo+
turc pjrtcetg, ajrmchj y vndcs, ue ojemuetj kuy glc`jrchj% Gl pcqugtgsuglj+tgobj gs yc cldj kuobj kãs ojkplgmj qug lc glgkgetcl lãknec
hg bjrkndÿe hgl kjvnkngetj kjhgrej% _u vcljr gstruoturcl pngrhg nk+
pjrtceonc rglctnvc y sg vc ojevnrtngehj ge uec ocvnhch ojkplgmc qug
Vu`lnonhch hg ue suglj tîoenoj "Xctg.%
Gsqugkcs hg tgobjs y sugljs hgl
Kceucl hg Ojestruoonÿe hg CM%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
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cljmc nestclconjegs crrn`c j c`cmj j ge ck`js sntnjs y qug chgkãs
hg`g csgdurcr lc gstcequgnhch coýstnoc y lc rgsnstgeonc argetg cl augdj
getrg ljs gspconjs qug sgpcrc% Ge gagotj, pcrc jptnknzcr su hnsgój
gs argougetg qug gl ajrmchj sg plngdug y qug gl ocetj hg lcs ocvnhc+
hgs hg suglj j tgobj sgc vcrnc`lg% Lc andurc chmuetc, gxtrcëhc hgl
kceucl hg Ojestruoonÿe hg CM, kugstrc clduecs cltgrectnvcs pcrc
gsc sgoonÿe ochc vgz kãs ojkplgmc%
Lcs jtrcs andurcs kugstrce ue ghnanonj prjkjvnhj pjr gl @unlhned
Pgsgcrob Gstc`lnsbkget nedlîs ge gl qug gl ajrmchj gstã ajrkchj pjr
uecs drcehgs ljscs prgac`rnochcs hg supgranong neagrnjr jehulcetg%
Gscs jehcs cukgetce gl ocetj ýtnl, kgmjrce lc coýstnoc hg ljs ljoc+
lgs, neorgkgetce lc supgranong hg netgrock`nj tîrknoj getrg tgobj y
ck`ngetg y pgrkntge cl`grdcr uejs drcehgs ojehuotjs trcesvgrsc+lgs qug ojestntuyge lc vgetnlconÿe y rgarndgrconÿe ecturcl hgl ghnanonj%
Lc sjanstnochc sgoonÿe cpuetc bconc tjhcs lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs qug sg
c`rge pcrc ckplncr gl glgkgetcl ojemuetj hg plcejs pcrclgljs hg eugs+
trjs sugljs, tgobjs y ongljs rcsjs%
Ghnanonj hg hgspcobjs gxpgrnkgetclgs
prjkjvnhjs pjr gl @unlhned Pgsgcrob
Gstc lnsbkget Lth%, Tctajrh, 3>>2 "A% Olgdd.%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
Ge gl ghnanonj hgl @ceoj hg Bjedijed, Ajstgr gkpgzÿ c glc`jrcr lc
nÿ h h l hn n b l l nh
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sgoonÿe chgoucehj lc hnstceonc getrg tgobj y suglj c lcs egogsnhc+
hgs hg ljs tgehnhjs y hg lc gstruoturc% Gl prjygotj hg lcs sjluonjegs
tîoenocs, glc`jrchj ge 3>26, hnspjeg tjhcs lcs ojehuoonjegs hgcnrg ge gl aclsj suglj chgkãs hg ljs tgehnhjs hg rjonchjrgs hg lc
plcetc neagrnjr% _jlj lc clnkgetconÿe hg lcs luknecrncs y gl oc`lgchj
hg ljs hgtgotjrgs hg neogehnjs ojrrge sj`rg gl onglj rcsj%
Gsc gstruoturc bjrnzjetcl gs ue pjoj ojeausc% Ojkj Ajstgr knskj
gxplnoc, gl ghnanonj ge rgclnhch gstã ajrkchj pjr uecs tjrrgs y uejs
vugljs hg vndc y mc`cloÿe% Hgl gxtrgkj hg gsg vuglj ougldc ue tgesjr
qug sjpjrtc lcs sgns plcetcs neagrnjrgs% Ouclqungr ajrmchj gstã cpj+
ychj ge hjs vndcs pcrclglcs ochc uec hg lcs ouclgs vc hgshg gl pnlcr
hg crnstc hg uec tjrrg bcstc gsg tgesjr hgl qug ougldc% Getrg gscs
hjs vndcs pcrclglcs sg kjetc uec vndugrëc qug sjpjrtc lc ljsc hg
bjrkndÿe%
Gstc gstruoturc c`sjlutckgetg censÿtrjpc, hnrgoonjecl y mgrãrqunoc,
sg jrdcenzc ge su pgrëkgtrj oje ue rgkctg nsÿtrjpj% Wec rghuoonÿehg ocetj y ue vuglj qug sg cóchg tcetj c lj lcrdj hg lcs vndcs prne+
onpclgs ojkj hg lcs ýltnkcs vndcs sgouehcrncs% Lc sgoonÿe kãs pj+
pulcr, pgrpgehnoulcr c lcs vndcs prneonpclgs, ej kugstrc lc rglconÿe
hg lcs vndcs sgouehcrncs y lc ljsc hg ajrmchj% Neolusj lc cxjejkîtrnoc
Gsqugkcs hg lc gstruoturc hgl @ceoj hg
Bjedijed,3>4>+28 "E% Ajstgr.%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
qug gxplnoc lc jrdcenzconÿe hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj j`vnc gstc rglc+
nÿ V l n l an n n t n ý
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onÿe% Vgrj pjr lj qug sg cprgonc ge lc andurc vgonec ej gxnstg enedýe
pcsj hg ojkuenoconÿe c trcvîs hg lcs vndcs% Gs hgonr lcs nestclconj+
egs sjlj sg kugvge ln`rgkgetg pjr gl suglj tîoenoj kngetrcs qugpjr gl aclsj tgobj hnsourrge getrg vndcs pcrc hcr oc`nhc c lcs
luknecrncs%
Lc nkcdge tjkchc hurcetg gl prjogsj hg j`rc kugstrc lc hnagrgetg
ojeogponÿe hg ck`cs ocvnhchgs% Ljs hjs pnlcrgs hg pgqugój hnã+
kgtrj qug cpcrgoge sje ljs tgesjrgs qug sjpjrtce uej hg ljs gxtrg+
kjs hg lcs vndcs prnkcrncs% _j`rg glljs sg pughg cprgoncr gl gxtrcój
vuglj hg uecs pngzcs qug hce cpjyj c lc vndc hg `jrhg, pcrclglc c lc
prneonpcl pgrj hg kgejr ocetj, qug jrdcenzc tjhj gl vjlchnzj hg ac+
obchc% Gsc vndc hg `jrhg gs lc qug cpcrgog tck`nîe ge uec sgoonÿe
pgrpgehnoulcr c îstc pcrc pgrkntnr gl chgldczckngetj hgl drugsj tjtcl%
Ge gagotj, gl aclsj suglj rghuog su drjsjr ge gsc ãrgc y lc ljsc hg
ajrmchj sg qung`rc y qughc kuobj kãs cltc qug ge gl netgrnjr% Kãs cllã
hg lc vndc hg `jrhg gl aclsj tgobj tjkc yc uec hnrgotrnz neolnechc qug
sg prjljedcrc cl jtrj lchj hgl ogrrckngetj gxtgrnjr oje gl hnsgój hgl`rnsjlgnl %
_goonÿe trcesvgrscl%
Lcs nestclconjegs tgehnhcs ge gl aclsj suglj%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
Ge rgclnhch gsg aclsj tgobj gs gl rgsultchj hg uec nkpjrtcetg rgeue+
onc9 Ajstgr bc`ëc prjygotchj ue pcegl hg obcpc plgdchc ge ajrkc
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onc9 Ajstgr bc`ëc prjygotchj ue pcegl hg obcpc plgdchc ge ajrkc
hg orgstc qug grc ue pgragotj hnausjr hg lc luz% Ljs prj`lgkcs hg
geougetrj oje lcs tc`nqugrëcs y lc kjvnlnhch hg îstcs j`lndcrje cc`cehjecr lc sjluonÿe% Ge gl ghnanonj ojestrunhj, pcrtg hgl ocetj hg
lcs vndcs sgouehcrncs cpcrgoge ge gl tgobj, hnanoultcehj ejtc`lg+
kgetg su rglconÿe oje lc tc`nqugrëc% Ge pcrtnoulcr gl geougetrj hg
gscs vndcs oje lcs pgrsncecs vgegoncecs hg acobchc gs nesjlu`lg%
Gl ceoj hg Bjedijed kugstrc uec trcesnonÿe sndenanoctnvc ge gl plce+
tgckngetj hgl aclsj suglj% Vjr uec pcrtg gs gvnhgetg qug yc bc tj+
kchj tjhj gl prjtcdjenskj ge lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs% Vgrj
pjr jtrc, pcrgog ej gstcr kchurj tjhcvëc su pcpgl ge lc nkcdge hg
ljs gspconjs netgrnjrgs en ge lc ojjrhneconÿe oje ljs ogrrckngetjs
vgrtnoclgs% _gdunrgkjs kãs chglcetg oje gl ceãlnsns hg gstc gvjlu+
onÿe%
Ge ouclqungr ocsj hgshg ue puetj hg vnstc tîoenoj gl suglj hg gsg
ghnanonj hc ue drce pcsj bconc su kchurgz% Lc ljsc rgdnstrc`lg llgdcc tckcójs hg 306x306 ok% _u cpjyj gs bgrkîtnoj pcrc pjhgr sgr
utnlnzchj ojkj plgeuk y pcrc kgmjrcr gl cnslckngetj coýstnoj getrg
ljoclgs% Ljs nkpulsjrgs onroulcrgs sg pughge ojljocr ge ouclqungr
ljsc% _u pjsnonÿe gxoîetrnoc pgrkntg su aãonl hgsplczckngetj c ouc+
trj pjsnonjegs hnvgrscs sne kãs qug lgvcetcr y dnrcr lc ljsc hg sj+
pjrtg% C pcrtnr hg gstg prjygotj enedýe ghnanonj sndenanoctnvj pcrc
janonecs kjhgrecs pjhrã sg prjygotcr sne ue suglj tîoenoj kãs jkgejs sjanstnochj%
Kcqugtc hg lc prnkgrc sjluonÿe ge orgstc
hg dcllj%
Vrj`lgkcs hg geougetrj oje lc acobchc%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
7% LC NE EJQCONßE X GOEJLßDNOC
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Ge ljs ghnanonjs cotuclgs ojgxnstge snstgkcs oje drchjs hg gvjlu+
onÿe tgoejlÿdnoc kuy hnvgrsjs% Kngetrcs lcs tglgojkuenoconjegs y
ljs snstgkcs hg tglgdgstnÿe sntýce c ljs ghnanonjs ge lc grc
cgrjgspconcl, ljs snstgkcs hg gvcouconÿe hg `csurcs y hg cducsrgsnhuclgs lj kcetngege ge lc prgnehustrncl% Ge ue knskj cpcrctj,
ojkj lc uenhch cutÿejkc cojehnonjechjrc hg cnrg, gl ojetrjl hg
tgkpgrcturc y bukghch sg pughg cmustcr cutjkãtnockgetg c lcs
gxndgeoncs kghncetg ue kcehj c hnstceonc, pgrj gl cduc ojehge+
schc sg geobcroc ge lc `cehgmc y sg gvcouc prgocrnckgetg pjr
drcvghch% Lj pcrchÿmnoj gs qug hnspjegkjs hg prjoghnkngetjs
pcrc rgsjlvgr gsjs prj`lgkcs pgrj ljs prgmunonjs y ljs gstgrgjtn+pjs nkpnhge rgkctcr lc sjluonÿe%
Ljs eýolgjs prgac`rnochjs hg `cój y
ojonec pcrc lcs vnvngehcs hgl C``î Vngrrg,
3>71 "M% Vrjuvî.%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
7%3 Lc prgac`rnoconÿe bjy
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Vrgac`rnoconÿe gs uec pclc`rc këtnoc ge gl sgotjr hg lc ojestruoonÿe%
Hgl kjhglj hgl cutjkÿvnl j hgl glgotrjhjkîstnoj gstã prgsgetg geljs sugójs hg ljs ojestruotjrgs hgshg prneonpnjs hg sndlj% Ge gl
ãk`ntj qug ejs joupc ljs crquntgotjs y ljs ojestruotjrgs pcrgog
qug bgkjs gqunvjochj ljs j`mgtnvjs% Eugstrc j`sgsnÿe bc snhj lc
ojestruoonÿe ge aã`rnoc hg kÿhuljs vjlukîtrnojs qug rgsuglvce
ojkj pngzcs ojkplgtcs ljs ojkplgmjs prj`lgkcs hg kjetcmg hg
ljs ljoclgs býkghjs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs% Cldj csë ojkj `cójs j
ojonecs pgeschjs y prjhuonhjs ojkj drcehgs glgotrjhjkîstnojs
j pgqugócs kj`nlg bjkg oje tjhjs sus oc`lgchjs y ojehuoonjegs
kjetchjs ge aã`rnoc%
Lc bnstjrnc ejs bc hgkjstrchj bcstc lc sconghch qug ejs gqunvjoã+
`ckjs hg gsoclc y qug jlvnhã`ckjs gl pcsj hgl tngkpj ojkj acotjr
olcvg hg lc pgrvnvgeonc ganocz hgl ghnanonj% Lcs gxndgeoncs hgl usucrnj
ock`nce, y lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs hg lc tîoenoc gvjluonjece rãpnhckgetg,
pgrj gl drcej hgl ock`nj ej gs gl hg lc pngzc ojkplgtc snej gl hg ochcuej hg sus ojkpjegetgs% Cpcrgog gl lcvcplctjs j lc dgetg sg geoc+
prnobc oje gl bnhrjkcscmg y lc ojeogponÿe hg ljs ljoclgs býkghjs
tngeg qug sgr ocpcz hg netgdrcr gsc gvjluonÿe%
Bcy pctgetgs hg `cójs prgac`rnochjs “%%%qug pughg kjetcr ue cl+
`cónl, ue ocrpnetgrj j ue ygsgrj%% sne lc ojlc`jrconÿe hgl ajetcegrj
hgshg 3>?3‛ "Dnghnje.% Gl eýolgj “oucrtj hg `cój, ojonec, ocljr, luz‛
ge obcpc hg cogrj, hg Aullgr "3>86. pughg sgr gl sugój hg ue chglce+
tchj, pgrj bcy oîlulcs hg `cój prgac`rnochcs ojkgronclnzchcs ge
Nedlctgrrc hgshg 3>87%
Ge 3>71 Vrjuvî prjygotÿ sus vnvngehcs pcrc gl C``î Vngrrg oje
uejs eýolgjs prgac`rnochjs hg bjrkndÿe qug pcrc kcyjr gvnhgeonc
hg lj ojkplgtjs qug sclëce hg aã`rnoc sg trcespjrtc`ce c j`rc oje
lcs ocogrjlcs ojldchcs%
Lc prgac`rnoconÿe hg `ljqugs tîoenojs aug lc pcecogc hg lc ojes+
truoonÿe ge ljs 16% Ljs arceogsgs ljs bcoëce ge bjrkndÿe y ljs hceg+
sgs ge plãstnoj% Hg tjhj cqugllj cpgecs ejs bc qughchj echc%
Ojonec prgac`rnochc hg Lth% Croje "Ansbgr,
Luhljw.%
© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc
Clduecs nehustrncs hg prgac`rnochjs hg bjrkndÿe kcetngege ue oc+
tãljdj hg `cójs qug pughge bcogr c kghnhc% Clduejs bjtglgs, hg
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tã jdj hg `c js qug pughg cog c gh hc du js jtg gs, hg
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rc qug ochc prjpngtcrnj pughc cooghgr c sus tu`js sne rgvgetcr lc
ocsc hgl vgonej:%
Ge ue bjtgl gs aãonl ojesgdunr qug tjhjs ljs tu`js tgedce hgscrrjlljs
gxolusnvckgetg vgrtnoclgs, pgrj gsj ej gs aãonl ge ongrtjs prjdrckcs,
y ej sjlj ge ljs rgsnhgeonclgs% Vgesgkjs ge ue ghnanonj hgpjrtnvj% Ojkj
ojesgdunr qug sgc aãonl gl kcetgenkngetj hg uec tu`grëcs hg cprjvnsnj+
eckngetj y gvcouconÿe oje tce lcrdjs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs% Ej sgpjrquî ej sg bce dgegrclnzchj cquë lcs prjpugstcs qug sje tce ojku+
egs ge ljs lc`jrctjrnjs% _n ue lc`jrctjrnj tngeg tcl gxndgeonc hg rgpcrc+
onÿe y ckplnconÿe hg sus nestclconjegs qug sngkprg prgvî uec rgh hg
dclgrëcs bjrnzjetclgs qug hce coogsj cl netgrnjr hg lcs pcrghgs hg ljs
lc`jrctjrnjs pcrc gsg kcetgenkngetj% ºVjr quî ej sg utnlnzce kãs sj+
luonjegs hg gstg tnpj pcrc ljs nekgesjs sgrvnonjs hg ljs ghnanonjs hg+
pjrtnvjs j hg gspgotãouljs ge dgegrcl:%
_n pcsckjs hg ljs tu`js c ljs oc`lgs eugstrj kjhglj sg cogrocrã
c ljs kjhgrejs ghnanonjs hg janonecs% ^c ej pjhgkjs nkcdnecr ue
ghnanoj hg gstg tnpj sne pgescr ge uec oãkcrc bjrnzjetcl pcrc gl
pcsj hg oc`lgs y ojehuotjs% Vughg hnsoutnrsg, ojkj bcrgkjs ge
gl puetj prÿxnkj, sn gsc oãkcrc gs hg tgobj j hg suglj, pgrj ej
oc`g huhc sj`rg su utnlnhch% Ge gl Xglgpugrtj hg Ocstgll`ns`cl, ue
ghnanonj pcrc lc Ojkpcóëc Xglgaÿenoc, hnspusnkjs aclsj suglj, aclsjtgobj y chgkãs uecs ojegxnjegs ceulcrgs ge ue pcsnllj pgrnkgtrcl
y jtrcs vgrtnoclgs ge ajrkc hg uejs crkcrnjs, qug ojegotc`ce tj+
hjs ljs aclsjs tgobjs y sugljs hg tjhc lcs plcetcs hgl ghnanonj%
Aclsj tgobj, suglj tîoenoj, cenllj pgrnkgtrcl
pjr plcetc y ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs ge gl
Xglgpugrtj hg Ocstgll ns`cl, @cogljec "Ll% Oljtgt,
N% Vcrnonj.%
Cl anecl ljs gspconjs bc`ntc`lgs grce ojkj bugojs c`ngrtjs ge uec
kcllc trnhnkgesnjecl hg oãkcrcs pcrc gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs%
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Ge ljs ghnanonjs hg vnvngehc lc ojkplgmnhch hg ljs tgehnhjs y lc gxn+dgeonc hg algxn`nlnhch sg cogroce ochc vgz kãs c lj qug yc ojesnhg+
rckjs bc`ntucl ge ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs% _ne gk`crdj ejs ougstc
cogptcr qug sn ljs prj`lgkcs sje pcrgonhjs lcs sjluonjegs pjhrëce
nkntcrsg% Gl ojesgrvchurnskj hgl kgrochj rgsnhgeoncl y clduejs prj+
`lgkcs hg aãonl sjluonÿe, ojkj lcs ojevgeonjegs hg lnkpngzc ge lc
vnvngehc, gstãe hnanoultcehj lc gxtrcpjlconÿe c lc vnvngehc hg sjlu+
onjegs c`sjlutckgetg cogptchcs ge lcs janonecs%
ºVcrc oucehj ue aclsj suglj chgouchj c ljs ghnanonjs hg vnvngehcs:
_n gxolunkjs, hg kjkgetj, lc gxndgeonc hg pcscr pjr gsg suglj ljs
ojehuotjs hg cnrg cojehnonjechj, pjhrgkjs rghuonr su clturc c
pjojs ogetëkgtrjs% Gsj ejs pgrkntnrã rgourrnr c sjluonjegs hg cpj+
yj ocsn ojetneuj qug rghuoge kuobj gl ojstg y lc ojkplgmnhch hgl
ojemuetj% Ge ghnanonjs hg janonecs yc gxnstge sjluonjegs hg gstg tnpj%
Clduecs sje necoogsn`lgs ojkj lcs obcpcs plgdchcs hgl tnpj hg lcqug kugstrc lc andurc chmuetc ge lc qug ljs oc`lgs pughge llgdcr c
ouclqungr puetj hg lc plcetc pcscehj pjr gl drgochj bugoj hgshg
uecs oceclgtcs pgrnkgtrclgs%
Vgrj lcs kãs prjkgtghjrcs sje lcs qug pgrkntge lgvcetcr gl pcvn+
kgetj pcrc cooghgr c ljs tgehnhjs ge ouclqungr kjkgetj% Bc`rcige,
gl cutjr hgl yc këtnoj suppjrts y drce prjkjtjr hg lcs nhgcs hg algxn+
`nlnhch ge lc vnvngehc, gstã hnsgócehj uec sjluonÿe `cschc ge uec
Oãkcrcs hg suglj y pcrghgs pcrcnestclconjegs hgl snstgkc Xgttje%
_uglj tîoenoj Bgrajrhgr B31 hg pctgetg
obgoc%
Oãkcrcs ge suglj ajrkchj pjr uec obcpc
plgdchc "Vgrkcstggl.%
gspgong hg ljsgtcs hg pjlngstnrgej rëdnhj qug llgvc drc`chcs uecs
rgtëoulcs ocpcogs hg cl`grdcr oc`lgs y tu`js% _j`rg gstcs ljsgtcs sg
ojljoc ue pcvnkgetj ej chbgrnhj hg kchgrc, plãstnoj j kjqugtc%
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p p q
_jlj ojejzoj trgs sjluonjegs hg pcvnkgetjs rgdnstrc`lgs hg `cmc
clturc qug pughge geojetrcrsg ge gl kgrochj% Wec rgspjehg c uec
pctgetg gspcójlc, gs gl prjkgtghjr Xgttje ajrkchj pjr uejs tc`lg+
rjs hg cdljkgrchj hg rgsnhujs hg oãsocrc hg arutjs sgojs qug
tngeg uejs rglngvgs, uejs tgtjegs, qug aconlntce gl geocmg hg ue tc`lg+
rj sj`rg jtrj ajrkcehj uec oãkcrc ge lc qug sg pughge ojljocr
hnvgrsjs tnpjs hg tgehnhjs%
Lc jtrc sjluonÿe lc jargog ue prjhuotj hg jrndge obgoj qug yc sg
hnstrn`uyg ge Gspcóc% Gl Bgrajrhgr B31 gs uec lãknec algxn`lg crkc+
hc oje an`rcs ouyc ocrc supgrnjr gstã ajrkchc pjr uec gspgong hg
hghclgs getrg ljs qug sg ajrkc uec rgtëoulc qug pughg cl`grdcr ljs
tgehnhjs glîotrnojs% _j`rg gsjs sclngetgs sg cpjyc uec obcpc kg+
tãlnoc plcec hg aãonl rgdnstrj% Lc clturc hg lc oãkcrc csë ajrkchc gs
hg 34 kk y pgrkntg cl`grdcr tgehnhjs glîotrnojs j, neolusj cldýehgscdüg hg ojehgesconÿe hg ljs cpcrctjs hg olnkctnzconÿe%
Vjr ane lc tgrogrc sjluonÿe lc `rnehc uec pctgetg ckgrnocec, Netgrogll%
Wec gspgong hg bugvgrc hg obcpc qug sg chbngrg cl suglj y qug
sjpjrtc, oje kýltnplgs cpjyjs, uecs obcpcs kgtãlnocs hg 76x76
ok% Cl lgvcetcr uec hg gstcs tcpcs cpcrgoge tjhcs lcs `csgs hg
ojegxnÿe hnspugstcs lctgrclkgetg% _u clturc gs hg 77 j 27 ok%
Gl suglj tîoenoj Netgrogll hg pctget
ejrtgckgrnocec%
1%0 Gl nehnvnhuj y gl drupj
Lcs gxndgeoncs hg eugstrc sjonghch ge kctgrnc hg ojeajrt gvjluonjece
t ã nh t hnaë nl h an n `m tn t `l
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tce rãpnhckgetg qug gs kuy hnaëonl hganenr uejs j`mgtnvjs gstc`lgs pcrc
ljs tgehnhjs hg lcs nestclconjegs qug dcrcetnoge gsg ojeajrt% Gxndnkjs
ue envgl ochc vgz kãs prgonsj g nehnvnhuclnzchj pcrc lcs ojehnonjegs hg
tgkpgrcturc y bukghch ge gl trc`cmj pgrj gkpgzckjs c qugrgrlj tck+
`nîe ge eugstrcs vnvngehcs% ºOucetj tngkpj bc pcschj hgshg qug gl
cnrg cojehnonjechj ge gl ojobg grc ue lumj gxogponjecl bcstc gl kj+
kgetj ge gl qug ue ojobg sne cnrg cojehnonjechj gs ocsn uec neoÿkjhc
rcrgzc:% ºSug hnstceonc gstckjs hnspugstjs c rgojrrgr pcrc nr c ojdgr
gl tglîajej hgshg qug bce cpcrgonhj ljs neclãk`rnojs y ljs kÿvnlgs:%ºSunîe tngeg bjy ue rgogptjr hg tglgvnsnÿe sne kcehj c hnstceonc:%
Lcs nestclconjegs qug bce hg llgdcr cl ludcr qug joupc gl usucrnj sje,
pjr gl kjkgetj, ljs suknenstrjs glîotrnojs y lcs ojegxnjegs hg oj+
kuenoconÿe "tglgajeëc, neajrkãtnoc y sgóclgs cuhnjvnsuclgs pjr oc`lg.
pgrj oc`g pgescr qug ge ue auturj sg sustntuyc gl cojehnonjeckngetj
olnkãtnoj ck`ngetcl, dgegrclnzchj, pjr gl knorj olnkc pgrsjeclnzchj, ysn ej sg llgdc c lc tjtcl sustntuonÿe pjsn`lgkgetg jourrc ojkj oje lc
nlukneconÿe j lc glgotrjcoýstnoc hjehg lj dgegrclnzchj y lj pgrsjecln+
zchj sg ojkplgkgetce% Vjhgkjs netgetcr cdrupcr lcs nestclconjegs
sgdýe su rglconÿe hg kjvnlnhch rgspgotj cl usucrnj=
Gl usucrnj vc c lcs nestclconjegs% Gstckjs llgdcehj c rghuonr c kë+
enkjs nesjspgobchjs gl eýkgrj hg nestclconjegs qug sg kcetngege
ge gstg cpcrtchj% Vgrtgegoge c îl, pjr rczjegs oulturclgs, gl `cój "ytck`nîe ljs ljoclgs býkghjs csnknlc`lgs ojkj ojonec y lcvchgrj+
sgochgrj., y pjr rczjegs tîoenocs ljs csogesjrgs% Lc gvjluonÿe ge
eugstrc ajrkc hg vnhc, llgvc c neorgkgetcr ge gl trcesoursj hgl tngk+
pj lc ocetnhch hg tclgs uenhchgs "`cójs y csogesjrgs., ge prjdrc+
kcs aueonjeclgs rglctnvckgetg gstc`nlnzchjs%
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Ljdrcr qug gl suknenstrj glîotrnoj llgdug bcstc gl usucrnj pgrkntg
kuobcs prgstconjegs "glgotrjhjkîstnojs, nlukneconÿe, oclgacoonÿe,
vgetnlconÿe rgarndgrconÿe, ojoonÿe.% Vjr gl kjkgetj, sne gk`crdj,
gl suknenstrj y gvcouconÿe hg cduc y lcs nestclconjegs hg trces+
pjrtg cue ojesnduge qug gl usucrnj cogptg gl hgsplczcrsg bcstc su
ljoclnzconÿe, sngkprg qug lc hnstceonc c rgojrrgr ej sgc gxogsnvc,
hg quneog c trgnetc kgtrjs, en tgedc qug sclvcr hgsenvglgs, qunzãs
uec plcetc% _jlj clduejs prjdrckcs pgrkntge rguenr tjhjs ljs glg+
kgetjs býkghjs ge ue eýolgj hjehg sg rghuzoce y rconjeclnoge
ljs tgehnhjs hg tu`js% Gl netgrgscetësnkj prjygotj hg tjrrg hg oucr+
tjs hg `cój pcrc lc rgsnhgeonc hg _ussgx Dcrhges "E% Drnkscw,
3>17. ej sgrëc pjsn`lg ge ouclqungr jtrj t npj hg ghnanonj% Sunzãs bjy
gl rgojrrnhj qug nkpjeg c ljs gstuhncetgs ej sg bu`ngsg chkntnhj
y sg bu`ngrc nkpugstj ue gsqugkc kãs prÿxnkj cl bjtglgrj% Gl
ocrãotgr hg ckplnconÿe hg ghnanonj gxnstgetg tck`nîe gxplnoc lj rc+hnocl hg gstc sjluonÿe%
Lcs nestclconjegs vce cl usucrnj% Vrnkgrj ojkgezckjs pjr hjtcr
c ljs pugstjs hg trc`cmj oje tjkcs tglgaÿenocs y geobuags glîotrn+
ojs% Hgspuîs lc jagrtc hg rghgs gspgoëanocs hg tglgojkuenoconjegs
y hg crtgacotjs sg hnspcrÿ, hgs`jrhcehj ljs pugstjs hg trc`cmj y
clocezcehj c lc vnvngehc% C pcrtnr hg cquë gstg eugvj gqunpckngetj
hgmc hg ojetc`nlnzcrsg ojkj pgrtgegongetg cl ojemuetj hg lc acknlnc y
sg getngehg ojkj uec cdrupconÿe hg `ngegs hg prjpnghch nehnvn+
hucl ej egogscrnckgetg ojkpcrtnhc% _grãe egogscrnjs pugs eug+
Xjrrg hg sgrvnonjs hg uec rgsnhgeonc hg
gstuhncetgs, _ussgx Dcrhges, Ljehrgs,
3>17 "E% Drnkscw.%
vjs tgehnhjs hg tglgojkuenoconjegs y hg suknenstrj gegrdîtnoj qug
llgduge c ljs hnstnetjs ãk`ntjs prnvctnvjs hg ochc kngk`rj hg lc
uenhch acknlncr% Wenhch acknlncr, qug, pjr gl kjkgetj, sg kcetngeg
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ojkj gl c`jechj hg rgagrgeonc cl qug acoturcr ljs hnstnetjs ojesu+kjs qug sg dgegrce, cuequg ge ue auturj ej kuy lgmcej, oc`g gspg+
rcr qug ochc nehnvnhuj "ge su pugstj hg trc`cmj y ge gl sgej hg su
acknlnc. tgehrã qug rgspjesc`nlnzcrsg hg sus prjpnjs ojesukjs, gxn+
dnîehjsg getjeogs qug lcs nestclconjegs sg chcptge pcrc pjhgr
ojetc`nlnzcrljs, kghncetg oÿhndjs hg coogsj pgrsjeclnzchjs, tcxë+
kgtrjs oje anobc j tcrmgtc prgocrdchc, ojetchjrgs ge lcs tgrknec+
lgs,… j ouclqungr eugvj nevgetj qug cpcrgzoc%
Lcs nestclconjegs dgegrce ue ck ngetg ge gl qug sg sukgrdg gl usuc+
rnj% Ge gstg drupj sg bce hg ojesnhgrcr ljs llckchjs trchnonjeclkgetg
kghnjs hg ojetrjl ck`ngetcl= olnkctnzconÿe, nlukneconÿe y coýstnoc, qug
utnlnzce prjoghnkngetjs cotnvjs y pcsnvjs ge rglconÿe cl ck`ngetg ectu+
rcl gxtgrnjr, pcrc ocptcrlj, anltrcrlj j rgobczcrlj% Gstg tnpj hg nestclconj+
egs plcetgc llgdcr cl usucrnj hgshg gl ck`ngetg ge gl qug sg kugvg% Ge
ongrtc kcegrc gs ue ocsj kuy pcrtnoulcr hgl sgduehj cpcrtchj yc quggl cnrg, lc luz y gl sjenhj vce cl usucrnj, qug usc y hnsarutc hg glljs ge lc
kghnhc qug lg rgsultce ojeajrtc`lgs, y oucehj hgsgc kjhnanocr cldýe
pcrãkgtrj utnlnzc ljs snstgkcs hg rgdulconÿe hnspjen`lgs% Lc tîoenoc
jargog ochc vgz kãs kghnjs pcrc ojetrjlcr gscs vcrnc`lgs ck`ngetc+
lgs, pgrj gl prj`lgkc rgsnhg ge lc acltc hg ojneonhgeonc getrg ljs dustjs,
pgrogponjegs y egogsnhchgs hg ljs kngk`rjs qug pcrtnonpce hg ue
knskj ck`ngetg% ºSunge ej bc pjhnhj ojkprj`cr lcs hnanoultchgs hglkcntrg hg ue rgstcurcetg netgetcehj ojetgetcr cl oc`cllgrj djrhj qug
pnhg qug hge kãs augrtg lc rgarndgrconÿe, kngetrcs uec hckc hg uec
kgsc prÿxnkc tnrntcehj hg arëj pnhg qug pjedce lc oclgacoonÿe:%
Vcrc sctnsacogr c lc vgz hgkcehcs ojetrchnotjrncs hg vcrnjs usuc+
rnjs hg ue knskj ck`ngetg, j sg jptc pjr lc sgotjrnzconÿe g nehnvn+
huclnzconÿe ck`ngetcl, j sg nkpjeg gl orntgrnj hg lcs kcyjrëcs qug
prjvjoc gl hgsojetgetj hg lcs knejrëcs% Ojesgougetgkgetg y c lcvnstc hg gsc vgrtndnejsc gvjluonÿe ºOucetj tngkpj, orgg gl lgotjr,
qug tcrhcrgkjs ge gxndnr ue kcehj c hnstceonc pcrc tjhjs ljs netgrrup+
tjrgs hjkîstnojs: ºEj gs bjrc yc hg pghnr ue nkpulsjr nehnvnhucl hg
Pgojdnhc hg ojehgeschjs ge ue acobchc
kuroncec%
Vrjhuotjs netukgsogetgs pcrce nkpghnr lc
prjpcdconÿe hgl augdj c trcvgs hg ljs pcsjs
hg lcs nestclconjegs "Netukgx.%
cnrg, ojkj ge ljs cvnjegs, hg kcegrc qug sg pughc j`tgegr pcrc ochc
nehnvnhuj y ge ochc ludcr lc tgkpgrcturc hgsgchc:º_gdunrgkjs ojesn+
hgrcehj cogptc`lg qug pcrc hnspjegr hg cduc ge ue puetj hg ue ghnan+
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onj tgedckjs qug rgourrnr pjr lj kgejs c ouctrj janonjs hnagrgetgs ojej`rcs necoc`c`lgs qug hgmce nevnvn`lg ouclqungr gspconj:%
Ge ue getjrej tce ock`ncetg g nkprghgon`lg ºOjkj prjygotcr lcs
eugvcs ojestruoonjegs:% Cuequg ge rgclnhch ºSuî nkpjrtceonc tng+
ege gsjs eugvjs ghnanonjs argetg cl nekgesj pcrqug crquntgotÿenoj
yc ojestrunhj qug sg tgehrã qug chgoucr c gsc gvjluonÿe:% ^j gs+
tjy sgdurj hg qug ge pjojs cójs tjhcs lcs vnvngehcs tgehrãe cnrg
cojehnonjechj% ºOÿkj hnc`ljs gvntcr qug tjhcs lcs vgetcecs hg lconuhch gxbn`ce gl bjrrjrjsj ojehgeschjr cl gxtgrnjr:%
Hc lc nkprgsnÿe hg qug ljs crquntgotjs gstckjs tjtclkgetg hg+
sjrngetchjs, qug trc`cmckjs oje j`mgtnvjs pjoj rczjec`lgs y j`+
sgsnjechjs pjr uejs cspgotjs qug ej sje ljs qug kãs hg`grëce
prgjoupcrejs% ºVcrc oucehj gl hnsgój hg uec vgetcec oje
olnkctnzchjr neojrpjrchj: Ge ue envgl kãs glgkgetcl ºVjrqug ejrghnsgóckjs lcs oceclgtcs:% Gvnhgetgkgetg lc nehustrnc ej ougetc
oje ljs crquntgotjs, ge kctgrncs hg hnsgój qug sje c`sjlutckgetg
auehckgetclgs pcrc gl auturj hg lc ghnanoconÿe%
Ojevngeg, pjr jtrj lchj, tgegr ge ougetc qug lcs oãkcrcs y ojehuo+
tjs qug cl`grdce ljs tgehnhjs, sg bce ojevgrtnhj ge uec rgh ojku+
enocetg getrg ljs hnvgrsjs ljoclgs qug gstã rghuongehj lcs dcrcetëcs
hg netnknhch y sgdurnhch pjr hg`cmj hg lj qug pcrgog gstckjs hns+pugstjs c chkntnr% Ljs pctnjs, oãkcrcs y ojehuotjs, ge gl @ceoj hg
Bjedijed "E% Ajstgr, 3>2>., sje týeglgs pcrc lc oceclnzconÿe hgl
augdj y hgl bukj ge ocsj hg neogehnj y tgegkjs qug nr hjtãehjljs
hg ljs snstgkcs ojrtcaugdjs chgouchjs pjr neoÿkjhjs y ojstj+
sjs qug ejs pcrgzoce%
Ge ljs prÿxnkjs cójs sgrã egogscrnj sgr kãs rndurjsjs oje lc ojes+truoonÿe hg ocvnhchgs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs, hjtãehjlcs hg lcs prj+
tgoonjegs coýstnocs prgonscs%
_uglj tîoenoj oje sgllchj hg prjtgoonÿe
coýstnoc ge gl @ceoj hg Bjedijed, 3>2>
"E% Ajstgr.%
@crrgrcs coýstnocs ge gl suglj tîoenoj Netgrogl
1%? Vrjygotj= prgvnsnÿe y ojjrhneconÿe
Xjhjs ljs crdukgetjs ojevgrdge ge lc egogsnhch hg uec kcyjr prg+
vnsnÿe hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotÿenocs hg lc nkplcetconÿe hg lcs
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vnsnÿe hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotÿenocs hg lc nkplcetconÿe hg lcs
nestclconjegs% Xjhj gl ojkplgmj tîoenoj qug gedlj`ckjs `cmj gsg
ejk`rg hg`g getrcr c ajrkcr pcrtg hgl prjdrckc hg prjygotj hgshg
gl prnkgr orjquns% Gs kãs, hchc lc nkpjrtceonc hg tgehnhjs y tgrknec+
lgs ge lc nkcdge y jrdcenzconÿe hgl ghnanonj, lc nehustrnc hg`grëc c`jr+
hcr oje kgetclnhch crquntgotÿenoc gl hnsgój hg gsjs glgkgetjs, gs
hgonr qug ljs prj`lgkcs hg hnsgój y ojjrhneconÿe hg`grëce tgegrsg
ge ougetc ge lc prjhuoonÿe hg gsjs ojkpjegetgs%
Nehgpgehngetgkgetg hgl prjygotj gegrdîtnoj dlj`cl hgl ghnanonj, gs
hgonr hg lc hganenonÿe hg sus ajrkcs hg netgrock`nj, jrngetconjegs,
prjtgoonjegs sjlcrgs, ogrrckngetjs tîrknojs gto%, glgkgetjs qug
tcetj vce c neonhnr ge lc nkcdge hgl ghnanoj y trctcehj sjlj hgl tgkc
hg ljs kgocenskjs crtnanonclgs hg ojetrjl gegrdîtnoj y kjvnkngetj
hg alunhjs g neajrkconÿe, tgehrgkjs qug tjkcr eugstrcs prgvnsnj+
egs ge ljs kjkgetjs nenonclgs hgl prjygotj c hjs envglgs=
+ Lc gstruoturc dgegrcl hgl prjygotj g nestclconjegs ojkj ue
vgrtg`rchjr hgl ghnanonj% Ljs gspconjs sgrvnhjrgs j rgsgrvcs pcrc
ljs tgehnhjs y su prghnkgsnjechj%
+ Lc ojjrhneconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs, y sus ocrgechjs, oje jtrjs glg+
kgetjs ojestruotnvjs%
Cogrquîkjejs ue pjoj c gstg ýltnkj puetj% Lc algxn`nlnhch hg hns+
trn`uonÿe hg ue gspconj hg janonecs j`lndc c plcetgcrsg kýltnplgs
hnspjsnonjegs hg lc tc`nqugrëc% Gsj sudngrg qug lc acobchc tgedc
uejs kcneglgs kjhulcrgs hg ue drjsjr tcl qug gl tc`nqug pughc
getrgdcrsg ojetrc glljs% Kckpcrcs y ocrpnetgrëc hg acobchc tngege
qug tgegr ue knskj kÿhulj% Gsj ej gs tce aãonl hg ojesgdunr ojkj
pughc pcrgogr, pugs lcs kckpcrcs qug ouclqungrc supjehrëc
kjhulcrgs ocsn eueoc lj sje% Ej gs qug sus pngzcs ej sgce hg
nducl ceoburc snej qug gs nkpjsn`lg nesorn`nrlcs ge uec trckc kj+
hulcr% Ge gagotj pcrc ljs dnrjs y euhjs hnspjege hg pngzcs gspg+
onclgs, pngzcs qug ej utnlnzce ge ljs geougetrjs ejrkclgs getrg hjs
pngzcs% Vcrc qug pngzc y ojemuetj sgce kjhulcrgs ge ochc ge+
ougetrj sg hg`g rgpgtnr gl pjsn`lg euhj hg vcrnjs pceglgs%
_upgrchj gstg prj`lgkc, qug j`lndc c hnsgócr ue snstgkc c kghnhc
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p p , q d
oje gl ojstj ojesndungetg, ejs vjlvgrgkjs bconc ljs sugljs y vgrg+
kjs qug gl tc`nqug ejs neutnlnzcrã uec anlc hg ljsgtcs rgdnstrc`lgs c
ej sgr qug rgourrckjs c clduec sjluonÿe kuy `nge hnsgóchc%
Lj knskj jourrnrã oje gl aclsj tgobj sn ej hnspjegkjs ue ocrrnl
kjhulcr pcrc rgon`nr ljs tc`nqugs% Gs hgonr qug gl tgobj sg hg`g
kjhulcr tck`nîe, hg cougrhj oje lcs hnrgotrnogs qug acobchc y
kckpcrcs bce gstc`lgonhj% Ljs ac`rnocetgs hg tgobjs ejrkclkge+tg prjhuoge uecs pngzcs kjhulcrgs ge lcs qug ej sg bc tgenhj ge
ougetc gl drjsjr hg lc kckpcrc, oje lj qug ej oc`g ojjrhneconÿe
pjsn`lg% _jlj clduejs hg glljs ac`rnoce pngzcs oje getrgocllgs hg
uejs hngz ogetëkgtrjs pcrc cljmcr ue tc`nqug% _ne gk`crdj Kngs bc`ëc
kcrochj gl ocknej bcog cójs cl hnsgócr gl tgobj hgl _gcdrck% Lc
nkcdge vgonec kugstrc lc pgragotc ojjrhneconÿe hgl onglj rcsj oje
lcs kckpcrcs y ljs kcneglgs hg acobchc% Cldj qug hg`grëc bc`grsgojevgrtnhj ge uec chqunsnonÿe cutjkãtnoc pcrc tjhjs ljs ghnanonjs
hg janonecs pjstgrnjrgs, bc snhj jlvnhchj ge lc kcyjrëc hg glljs pjr
ndejrceonc j nkpjtgeonc hgl prjygotnstc%
Ojjrhneconÿe hg acobchc, kckpcrcs y
tgobjs ge gl _gcdrck @unlhned, 3>78+72
"K%vce hgr Pjbg.%
Lcs ojscs sg ojkplnoce oucehj qugrgkjs gvntcr gsg `lcehj `cmj
vngetrg qug gs gl kãs vuldcr aclsj tgobj y rgoupgrcr gl ocrãotgr
tgotÿenoj hgl ajrmchj% Gl gmgkplj hg Icbe ge ^clg gs `rnllcetg pgrj
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41
ojstjsësnkj%
Sunzãs su kgmjr cltgrectnvc ge lc crquntgoturc ojetgkpjrãegc gs lc
qug plcetgÿ Pjdgrs ge lc Lljyhs hg Ljehrgs% Lc gstruoturc bjrnzje+
tcl gstã ajrkchc pjr uec ouchrëoulc hg egrvnjs jrtjdjeclgs, uec
gspgong hg ajrmchj rgtnoulcr hg 326 ok hg kÿhulj y sne ocpc hg
ojkprgsnÿe% _j`rg ljs euhjs hg gsc rgtëoulc sg lgvcetce uejs gec+
ejs hg bjrkndÿe qug sjpjrtce uec ljsc ojetneuc, uec ljsc qug ocsn
sjlj snrvg hg ojrtcaugdjs y prjtgoonÿe coýstnoc% Echc kãs lgmjs hglc vngmc ljsc hncarcdkãtnoc hgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej% Lcs sj`rgocr+
dcs hg usj sg trceskntge bcstc lc rgtëoulc neagrnjr%
Gl tgobj chqungrg lc rgagrgeonc sÿlnhc y jrhgechc hgl lcouecrnj hg
egrvnjs y gl ocrgechj sg rghuog c uejs glgkgetjs hg obcpc qug
rgllgece ljs bugojs y sjpjrtce lcs luknecrncs y sus rgalgotjrgs y
joultce rgtjrejs hg cnrg y rjonchjrgs%
Xgobj gstruoturcl hg lc Dclgrëc hg Crtg hg
^clg, Egw Bcvge, 3>76+78 "L% Icbe.%
Ojestruoonÿe hgl ajrmchj hg lc sghg hg lc
Lljyh$s ge Ljehrgs, 3>42+21 "P% Pjdgrs.%
Ge ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs j usjs snknlcrgs qug gstckjs ojestru+
ygehj gstckjs hcehj ue pcsj kãs ge lc rghuoonÿe aueonjecl hgl
aclsj tgobj% Pgsjlvngehj hg jtrcs kcegrcs lc nlukneconÿe dgegrcl
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bgkjs prjygotchj vcrnjs ghnanonjs oje lc rgtëoulc hgl tgobj vnstc% Glocrãotgr tgotÿenoj y jrhgechj hg gsg lcouecrnj hg bjrkndÿe gs ku+
obj kãs ej`lg ojkj tgobj qug ljs ongljs rcsjs hg plcocs cl usj%
Xjhcs lcs nestclconjegs sg jrdcenzce pjr ljs sugljs tîoenojs% Wejs
gvgetuclgs rjonchjrgs sgrëce gl ýenoj tgehnhj qug pjsn`lgkgetg
j`lndug c rjkpgr lc ocpc hg ojkprgsnÿe pgrj ej bce snhj egogsc+
rnjs ge ljs hjs ocsjs ge ljs qug yc bgkjs utnlnzchj gsc sjluonÿe=
lcs janonecs hg lc aã`rnoc _nkÿe ge Jljt "Dnrjec. y gl ghnanonj cuxnlncr
hgl kgrochj hg lc @jqugrëc "@crogljec.%
Lc kcyjr hnanoultch hg gsjs prjygotjs bc snhj lc qug geueonã`c+
kjs cl prneonpnj hg gstg puetj= lc ojjrhneconÿe hgl kÿhulj hg egr+
vnjs hg lc gstruoturc oje lc sjluonÿe hg kckpcrcs y lc hnstceonc
getrg kcneglgs hg lc ocrpnetgrëc hg acobchc% Lcs kckpcrcs, gl glg+
kgetj kãs rgpgtntnvj g nehustrncl ge tgjrëc, sje lcs qug kãs hnanoul+
tchgs bce prgsgetchj pcrc jrdcenzcrsg hg kcegrc vgrhchgrckgetgkjhulcr% Bgkjs tgenhj qug netrjhuonr ge gl snstgkc ojevgeonjecl
hg uec kcroc ojkgroncl gl kjetcetg ge ochc muetc getrg pceglgs
pcrc gstcr sgdurjs hg qug gl ojemuetj grc pgragotckgetg kjhulcr%
Gl aclsj tgobj hg lc sghg hg lc Lljyh„s ge
Ljehrgs, 3>42+21 "P% Pjdgrs.%
Ljs ac`rnocetgs sg pjhrëce prgjoupcr pjr rgsjlvgr gsjs prj`lgkcs
y kuobjs jtrjs, ojkj lc coogsn`nlnhch hg ljs aclsjs tgobjs, lc kj+
hulconÿe hg ljs sugljs, lc ojkpcrtnkgetconÿe coýstnoc ge ck`js
t al h h t n
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42
ocsjs qug sje puetjs alcojs hg uec kcegrc hg ojestrunr, uec kc+egrc hg sjluonjecr gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs, qug prj`c`lg+
kgetg sg gxtgehgrã c tjhc lc ghnanoconÿe%
Ljs hnsgóchjrgs gstckjs yc j`lndchjs c ojejogr kgmjr gsg hnaëonl
kuehj hg lcs nestclconjegs, c cprgehgr c hncljdcr oje ljs gxpgrtjs,
c neojrpjrcr sus gsqugkcs ge ljs prnkgrjs hgl ghnanonj, c prgvgr
sus ojkplgmcs ojesgougeoncs ge gl hnsgój hg ljs gspconjs netgrnj+
rgs, y, ge ane, c neojrpjrcr sus gxndgeoncs c lc ojeogponÿe hg ljssnstgkcs ojestruotnvjs y hg lc ajrkc crquntgotÿenoc%
Ojjrhneconÿe hg kcneglgs, kckpcrcs y tgobj
rgtnoulcr ge lcs janonecs hg lc aã`rnoc _nkÿe,
Jljt, Dnrjec, 3>>> "Ll% Oljtgt, N% Vcrnonj.%
Pgagrgeoncs `n`lnjdrãanocs
Cllce, Mjbe= Lu`gtine% Pn`c Vu`lnoctnjes Lth% Ljehrgs, 3>>0%
à l Nó in B M Xîoenoc y crquntgoturc E K h nh 3>>0
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Ãvcljs, Nócin y Bgrrgrjs, Muce= Xîoenoc y crquntgoturc % Egrgc% Kchrnh, 3>>0%
@cebck, Pgyegr= Xgjrëc y hnsgój ge lc prnkgrc ghch hg lc kãqunec% Vcnhÿs Gstîtnoc% _gduehc ghnonÿe @crogljec, 3>27%
@cebck, Pgyegr= Lc crquntgoturc hgl getjrej `nge olnkctnzchj % Ghnonjegs Neanentj% @ugejs Cnrgs, 3>47%
@gehgr, Pnobcrh= C orcoi ne tbg rgcr+vngw knrrjr % Qce Ejstrceh Pgnebjlh Ojkpcey% Egw ^jri, 3>4?%
Agrecehgz Dclncej, Luns= Gl augdj y lc kgkjrnc % Clncezc Ghntjrncl% Kchrnh, 3>>3%
Dnghnje, _ngdarngh= Lc kgocenzconÿe tjkc gl kcehj % DD% @crogljec, 3>42%
Bgr`grt, Dnl`grt= Xbg hrgck ja tbg Acotjry+Kchg Bjusg % Xbg Knt Vrgss% Ljehje, 3>28%
Vcrnonj, Ndeconj, _ust, Rcvngr= Lc vnvngehc ojetgkpjrãegc% NXgO% @crogljec,3>>2%
Pussgll, @crry= @unlhned systgks nehustrnclnzctnje ceh crobntgoturg % Mjbe Tnlgy!_jes% Ejrwnob, 3>23%
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