EKT314/4Electronic
InstrumentationWeek 2
Chapter 2: Transducer
EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 2
Review Last LectureIntroduction to Electronics
Instrumentation
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Transducer
Signal Conditione
rFilter
Excitation Power Supply
Controller Interface
Micro-processor
D2A Converter
Signal Digital Display
A2D Converter
Analog Subsystem
Analog Display
Digital Printer
Digital Storage
Tape Recorder
Oscilloscope
Oscillograph
XY PlotterTo ProcessControl System
To digital controller /Computer interface
Complete Block Diagram
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Block Diagram - Review
Simplified Block Diagram
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Intro to EI
Overview
Process Control
Engineering Analysis
Block Diagram
Application
Terminology
Application Area: Engineering Analysis
Engineering Analysis› To validate new design of structure,
component or system by theoritical and experimental approach
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Intro to EI
Overview
Process Control
Engineering Analysis
Block Diagram
Application
Terminology
Application Area: Process Control
Process Control› Monitoring process: provide real-time data
that allow operator to respond.› Automatic process: provide real-time
feedback data to the control system.
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Motivation & DefinitionThe word 'sensor' is derived from entire
meaning 'to perceive' and 'transducer' is derived from transducer meaning 'to lead across'.device that detects a change in a physical stimulus and turns it into a signal which can be measured or recorded;
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Motivation & Definition definition of 'transducer' is 'a device that transfers power from one system to another in the same or in the different form'.A sensible distinction is to use 'sensor' for the sensing element itself and 'transducer' for the sensing element plus any associated circuitry. All transducers would thus contain a sensor and most (though not all) sensors would also be transducers.[1]
[1]http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/machtool/machtool/sensors/intro.html
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Transducer
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Transducer
ComputerScience
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
FiniteState
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
FiniteState
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
FiniteState
Definition
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
FiniteState
Definition
Classification
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
FiniteState
Definition
Classification
Applications
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Transducer
Physics ComputerScience
FiniteState
Definition
Classification
Applications
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Definition
Transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another.
Energy types include (but are not limited to) electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic (including light), chemical, acoustic or thermal energy.
The term transducer commonly implies the use of a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered a transducer.
Transducers are widely used in measuring instruments.
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Definition – Block Diagram
Source - http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition – Block Diagram
Source - http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
Sensing ElementThe physical quantity or its rate of change is sensed and responded to by this part of the transistor.
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Transduction ElementThe output of the sensing element is passed on to the transduction element. This element is responsible for converting the non-electrical signal into its proportional electrical signal.
Definition – Block Diagram
Source - http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
Sensing ElementThe physical quantity or its rate of change is sensed and responded to by this part of the transistor.
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Definition – Selection
Selection depends on the physical quantity to be measured.
Depends on the best transducer principle for the given physical input.
Depends on the order of accuracy to be obtained.
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
Behavior
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Mechanical
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Mechanical
Electrical
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Mechanical
Electrical
Active-Passive
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Mechanical Transducer
Mechanical elements that are used for converting one form of energy into other form.
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Transducer
Classification
Physical
Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
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Physical
Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
Elastic elements that convert the air pressure into displacement, and it is commonly used for the measurement of pressure.
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
This elastic tube converts air pressure to the rotary motion of the pointer used to indicate the pressure.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
The spring tend to expand when force is applied to them, thus they are used for the measurement of force.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
Spring Limit Sensor
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
Like the springs the proving rings also convert applied force to the displacement.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
Used for compression and Tension Measurements
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
It converts applied pressure to the displacement.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
YOKOGAWA EJX438A Diaphragm Sealed Gauge Pressure Transmitter
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
Converts the applied pressure into variable displacement of the liquid within it enabling to measure the pressure.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
Produces electric current when one of its end is heated enabling us to measure the temperature.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
Bimetallic strips comprising of two different metals having different coefficient of thermal expansion, joint together to indicates the temperature.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
These include devices like orifice, venturi, pitot tube, vanes and turbines that are used for measurement of pressure, velocity, flow rate and force of water.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical
Electrical
BellowsBourdon TubeSpringProving RingsDiaphragmManometerThermocoupleBimetalsHydro-pneumatic
Source - http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/41946.aspx
Apart from the mechanical transducers mentioned above there are many others like seismic mass, pendulum scale, float etc.
Physical
Transducer
Classification
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Mechanical Transducer
Most of the mechanical transducers are used as the primary transducers, meaning the initial input is applied to them, while the output obtained from them can be used directly to measure the quantity or it can be given as input to the secondary transducer, which are
mostly of electrical type.
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Mechanical
Electrical
Active-Passive
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Electrical Transducer
The transducers that convert the mechanical input signals of the physical quantity into electrical output signals.
The input given can be in the form of the displacement, strain, velocity, temperature, flow etc and the output obtained from them can be in the form of current, voltage and change in resistance, inductance and capacitance.
The output can be measured easily and it is calibrated against the input, thus enabling the measurement of the value of the input.
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Sensor
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Actuator
Sensor
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Actuator
Sensor
Active-Passive
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Sensor
A sensor (also called detector) is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Ex: a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
Ex: A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter.
For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.
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Transducer
Physics
Definition
Classification
Applications
Physical
BehaviorConversion
Application
Actuator
Sensor
Active-Passive
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Actuator
An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into some kind of motion.
An actuator is the mechanism by which an agent acts upon an environment. The agent can be either an artificial intelligent agent or any other autonomous being (human, other animal, etc).
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
Physical
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
Active-Passive
DefinitionApplication
s
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
Active-Passive
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
AntennaCathode ray tube (CRT)Fluorescent lamplight bulbMagnetic cartridgePhotodetectorPhotoresistorLight dependent resistor (LDR)Tape headHall effect sensor
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
pH probesElectro-galvanic fuel cellHydrogen sensor
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
Electroactive polymersGalvanometerRotary motor, linear motorVibration powered generatorPotentiometerLoad cellAccelerometerStrain gaugeString potentiometerAir flow sensorTactile sensor
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
Loudspeaker, earphoneMicrophonePickup (music technology)Tactile transducerPiezoelectric crystalGeophoneGramophone pickupHydrophoneSonar transponder
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
Laser diodeLight-emitting diodePhotodiodePhotoresistorPhototransistorPhotomultiplier tube
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
Electrometer
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
Resistance temperature detector (RTD)ThermocouplePeltier coolerThermistor
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
ElectromagneticElectrochemicalElectromechanicalElectroacousticPhotoelectricElectrostaticThermoelectricRadioacoustic
Physical
Examples:
Geiger–Müller tubeReceiver (radio)
Source – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer
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DefinitionApplication
s
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
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DefinitionApplication
s
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Pressure Displacement ForceTorqueTemperature Sound Power Current Magnetic Flux Vibration Velocity Light Position Humidity etc.
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DefinitionApplication
s
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
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Definition
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Resistance Variation TypeCapacitance Variation TypeInductance Variation TypeVoltage and Current Type
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Resistance Variation TypeCapacitance Variation TypeInductance Variation TypeVoltage and Current Type
Examples:
Resistance Strain GaugeResistance ThermometerResistance HygrometerHot Wire MeterPhotoconductive CellThermistor Potentiometer Type
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Resistance Variation TypeCapacitance Variation TypeInductance Variation TypeVoltage and Current Type
Examples:
Variable Capacitance Pressure GaugeDielectric GaugeCapacitor Microphone
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Resistance Variation TypeCapacitance Variation TypeInductance Variation TypeVoltage and Current Type
Examples:
Eddy Current TransducerVariable Reluctance TypeProximity Inductance TypeDifferential TransformerMagnetostrictive Transducer
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Resistance Variation TypeCapacitance Variation TypeInductance Variation TypeVoltage and Current Type
Examples:
Photo-emissive CellHall EffectIonisation Chamber
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Examples:
Photo-voltaic CellThermopilePiezoelectric TypeMoving Coil Type
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Examples:
Photo-voltaic CellThermopilePiezoelectric TypeMoving Coil Type
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
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Definition Active
Transducer
Physics
Classification
BehaviorConversion
Application
PhysicalActive-Passive
Passive
Examples:
Photo-voltaic CellThermopilePiezoelectric TypeMoving Coil Type
Source – http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/2011/07/
EKT314/4Electronic
Instrumentation
Week 2End
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