Einstein’s Static UniverseEinstein’s Static Universe
(1917)(1917)
De Sitter’s Accelerating UniverseDe Sitter’s Accelerating Universe
Always expandingAlways expandingexponential curve R = exp[texponential curve R = exp[t/3]/3]
No matter – only No matter – only It has no beginning and no endIt has no beginning and no end
(1917)(1917)Willem De SitterWillem De Sitter
1872-19341872-1934
Friedmann’s universesFriedmann’s universes
1922,19241888-1925
Edwin HubbleEdwin Hubble(1889-1953)
Hubble-Humason Law todayHubble-Humason Law today
Milton HumasonMilton Humason(1891-1972)
The Einstein-de Sitter UniverseThe Einstein-de Sitter Universe
‘‘I do not think the paper very important I do not think the paper very important myself, but de Sitter was keen on it’myself, but de Sitter was keen on it’ EinsteinEinstein
‘‘the paper by Einstein and myself I do the paper by Einstein and myself I do not myself consider the result of muchnot myself consider the result of muchimportance, but Einstein seemed to thinkimportance, but Einstein seemed to thinkIt was’It was’ De SitterDe Sitter
1932
= 0= 0
Lemaître's UniverseLemaître's Universe
The best description of The best description of the visible universethe visible universe todaytoday
1927
> 0> 0
Tolman’s Oscillating Tolman’s Oscillating UniverseUniverse
Richard Tolman and Einstein at Cal Tech
1932
Tolman includes theTolman includes the22ndnd Law of thermodynamics: Law of thermodynamics:
Oscillations growOscillations grow(1932)(1932)
JDB + Dabrowski include theJDB + Dabrowski include thecosmological constant:cosmological constant:Oscillations always end Oscillations always end
(1995)(1995)
Kasner’s Anisotropic UniverseKasner’s Anisotropic Universe
Edward KasnerEdward Kasner(1878-1955)(1878-1955)
19211921
Volume abc time
expansionexpansion shearshear rotationrotation
Gödel's Rotating UniverseGödel's Rotating Universe
Allows time travelAllows time travelto occur !to occur !
1949
Real Universes Tend to Get LumpyReal Universes Tend to Get Lumpy
Is this the origin of Is this the origin of galaxies ?galaxies ?
Newton 1693Newton 1693Jeans 1902Jeans 1902
Lifshitz 1946Lifshitz 1946
The Big Bang UniversesThe Big Bang Universes
The Evidence of a Hot Early HistoryThe Evidence of a Hot Early History
A temporary lambdaA temporary lambda
The Inflationary UniverseThe Inflationary Universe
1981
Even Smaller BeginningsEven Smaller Beginnings
Chaotic InflationChaotic Inflation
Geography is more complicated than we thoughtGeography is more complicated than we thought
Eternal InflationEternal Inflation
More than 10More than 1010107777
by-universes from our patch aloneby-universes from our patch alone
Lemaître's universe describes our visible universe to high precisionLemaître's universe describes our visible universe to high precision
The Universe is Accelerating AgainThe Universe is Accelerating Again
> 0
The Return of Lambda ?The Return of Lambda ?
?
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