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Effects of

Electromagnetic Fields


Prepared by: Arshad Hussain

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Gujarat Technological University

Ahmadabad India


Effects of

Electromagnetic Fields


Contains :

IntroductionConcept of Electromagnetic Interference and CompatibilityEMI sources:Effects of EMIMethods To Eliminate EMIEMC StandardsAdvantages of EMC standards.Biological effects of EMIConclusion.Reference


Introduction :

•An electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.• It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field•The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field.


Concept of Electromagnetic Interference andCompatibility :

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI), also called radio-frequency interference or RFI when in radio frequency, • Is disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source.

•Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the branch of electrical sciences which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce.


EMI sources:

Communication DevicesHeavy MachineryHVAC EquipmentMRI MachinesRadio SignalsThe SunOther Sources like Door ball, transformer, toaster

ovens, Ultrasonic pest control device, Wireless device like Bluetooth, cordless telephone,

video senders and microwave ovens. Air craft navigation and military �

equipments


Effects of EMI

i. Extremely low frequency RF:ii. Shortwave frequency RF:iii. Microwaves:iv. Millimeter waves:v. Infrareds:vi. Visible light:vii. Ultraviolet:viii.Radio frequency fields:


Above fig. shown the different between with EMI And with EMI Cancellation.


Methods To Eliminate EMI• Characterizing the threat:

Characterization of the problem requires understanding of: The interference source and signal. The coupling path to the victim. The nature of the victim both electrically and in terms of the significance of

malfunction.

• Laws and regulators:

1. Laws:Compliance with national or international standards is usually required by laws

passed by individual nations. Different nations can require compliance with different standards.


2. Regulatory and standards bodies: Several international organizations work to promote international co-operation

on standardization (harmonization), including publishing various EMC standards. Where possible, a standard developed by one organization may be adopted with little or no change by others. This helps for example to harmonize national standards across Europe. Standards organizations include:

• EMC design:1. Grounding and shielding:Grounding or earthingShielded cablesShielded housings2. Other general measures:Decoupling or filteringTransmission lineAvoidance of Antenna Structures3. Emissions suppression:


EMC StandardsThese standards attempt to standardize product EMC performance, in respect to radio interference for electrical equipment.The following list of EMC standards:

1 CISPR standards2 IEC standards3 ISO standards4 European standards concerning unwanted electrical emissions5 European standards concerning immunity to electrical emissions6 American standards


DOD - Department of Defence (USA) -- Immunity and Emission MIL standards.

IEC - International Electro technical Commission (EU) Immunity standards.

CISPR - International Special Committee on Radio �Interference Operating under IEC. -- Emission Standards. �

FCC - Federal Communication Commission ( EU ) --- Emission standards. �

BSI - British Standard Institution ( UK ) -- Emission standards. �

VDE - Verb and Deutscher Electrotechniker (Germany) - Emission standards.


Important Immunity Standards � IEC 61000-4-2 : Electrostatic Discharge immunity test. IEC 61000-4-3 : Radiated radio frequency EM field immunity test.� IEC 61000-4-4 : Electrical fast transient / Burst immunity test.� IEC 61000-4-5 : Surge immunity test. � � IEC 61000-4-6 : Conducted radio frequency EM field immunity test. IEC 61000-4-8 : Power frequency magnetic field immunity test.� IEC 61000-4-11 : Voltage Dips, short interruptions and voltage �variations immunity test.


Important Emission Standards �

CISPR 11 : Industrial, Scientific and Medical equipments. CISPR 12 : Automobiles CISPR 13 : Audio visual and similar � �apparatus. CISPR 14 : Household and similar electrical appliances.� CISPR 15 : Electrical Lighting and similar equipments.� CISPR 22 : Information Technology equipments.� FCC Part 15 : Radio Frequency Devices.� FCC Part 18 : Industrial, Scientific and Medical equipments.� IEC 61000-3-2 : Limits of harmonic current emission (< 16A per �phase)


Advantages of EMC standards.The advantages are:

Compatibility, reliability and maintainability are increased.Design safety margin is provided.The equipment operates in EMI scenario satisfactorily.Product life and profit are increased.EM spectrum protection. �Adequate power quality. �Compatibility between collocated electrical and electronic systems for trouble free operation .


Biological effects of EMI

Genetic effectCancerBehavioral changesNervous systemBlood brain barrierHormonal disturbanceMetabolically effect


Conclusion

After studying electromagnetic interference / compatibility. We have conclude about the concept, sources , standard Electromagnetism interference / compatibility. Interference mitigation and hence electromagnetic compatibility is achieved by addressing both emission and susceptibility issues Interference mitigation and hence electromagnetic compatibility is achieved by addressing both emission and susceptibility issues, i.e., quieting the sources of interference and hardening the potential victims. The coupling path between source and victim may also be separately addressed to increase its attenuation.


• Reference:

www.nasa.gov/centers/johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/guidedtour/Tour.h

tm#_Toc27302365http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.htmlField theory ,published by tech max ,author by sandeep waliwww.slideshow.comhttp://www.sameercal.org/docs/emi-emc-pdf.pdf

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/guidedtour/Tour.htm



http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html

http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html

http://www.slideshow.com/


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