EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance
Special Populations
EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance
Lab Submission
• Changed from what was advertised last week• Study break
Either– hand in on day of regular lab and pick up that
afternoon– All hand in Monday, pick up Friday– Hand in Friday week 13, pick up morning of exam
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Today• Pregnant women• Children• Teenagers
– girls• Asthmatics• Epileptics• Diabetics
• Ex Phys in the primary school
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Demands on the body during pregnancy
• Foetus needs calories, nutrients, protein and a physiologically stable environment
• Blood volume increases 40-50%
• O2 uptake slightly higher• HR higher @ rest and exercise• Cardiac output higher at rest 1st
2 trimesters, and then lower 3rd trimester
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Safety precautions
• Need Dr’s permisson- full check up• Concerns based around:
– Increased body weight additional discomfort/damage to joints
– Inadequate availability of oxygen for exercising muscle and the foetus
– Thermoregulation Hyperthermia (Too hot) – may cause foetal distress or birth abnormalities
– Increased uterine contraction– Joint laxity– Energy balance
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Discomfort
• Urinary frequency and incontinence
• Breast size and tenderness
• Back pain• Centre of balance• General fatigue
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What can they do?
• Aerobic continuous exercise (walking, hiking, low impact aerobics, cycling, swimming, rowing etc) at 60=70% MHR for no longer than 45 min (15-20 = ideal)
• Weight supported exercise (swimming) has less potential for injury.
• Resistance exercise at low weight high reps (>10) within limited R.O.M
• Caution during stretching• No supine exercise in 3rd trimester• No risk of falls• No joint stress (jogging, tennis)
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Children
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Growth
• In females– Muscle mass increases 7 kg 23 kg– % Body fat increases 16% 23%
• In males, between the ages of 6 and 16– Lungs grow which increases total lung
capacity from 1937 5685 ml– Heart grows in weight from 95g to 258 g– Muscle mass increases
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Aerobic factors
• Heart rates – may be very high
• Breathing rate- up to 20 breaths/min more
• Ventilatory equivalent for
oxygen- need to breathe more to get same amt oxygen
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Energy systems
• Muscular concentration of ATP is similar in children, adolescents, and adults
• The total reservoir of high energy phosphates is lower in children because of their smaller muscle mass relative to structure.
• In exercise, depletion of high-energy phosphates occurs at similar rates for children and adults.
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Anaerobic Capacity
Children have a distinctly lower anaerobic capacity compared to adolescents and adults.
low glycolytic capacity
lower lactate production
decreased buffer capacity
decreased rates of glycogenolysis
lower lactate threshold
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Thermoregulation
Children are not as effective in dissipating heat as adults:
produce more heat relative to body mass
lower sweat rates at rest and during exercise
greater energy expenditure during exercise
lower cardiac output relative to metabolic intensity
rely more on convective heat loss than evaporative cooling
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Training Considerations
Even when controlling for maturation, it is clear that children can adapt to endurance training
Physiologic changes in children resulting from training and growth and maturation
Characteristic ChangeHeart rate, resting and submaximal Decrease
Arterial blood pressure, maximal Increase
Minute ventilation, maximal Increase
Oxygen uptake, maximal (L/min) Increase
Blood and muscle lactate, maximal Increase
Muscular strength Increase
Anaerobic power (Watts/kg) Increase
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Benefits of exercise for children
• Caloric balance
• Stimulates growth hormones– Growth Hormone
• Mechanical stresses (overload) triggers musculoskeletal growth– Hypertrophy of muscle– Metabolic efficiency
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Adolescents
Pubertal growth spurt
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Aerobic capacity
• Muscular concentration of ATP is similar in adolescents, and adults
• Adolescents have significantly lower muscle glycogen stores than adults and also are less capable of generating ATP.
• Young people do not have the same capabilities as adults to perform strenuous exercise for periods between 10 and 60 seconds.
• Gender-related differences -
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Strength training
• Resistance training in prepubertal subjects tends to cause increases in strength without increases in muscle size
• 30-40% gains in strength following an 8-12 week program (Payne, Morrow, Johnson., & Dalton, 1997)
• Resistance training effects can be found in young, adult, and aged populations.
• Girls have the potential to improve more than boys. [They start from a lower status.]
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Precautions with strength training
• Epiphyseal injuries- Adolescents should avoid competitive weight lifting, power lifting, body building, and maximal lifts until they reach physical and skeletal maturity (~ 17 females and 18.5 males)
• These are mostly caused by maximal lifts, improper technique and improper supervision
• Adolescents should use lower weights and higher reps rather than 3 or 4 reps of a 80-100% max weight
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Adolescent Females
• Runners Knee
• Widening of hips
• Menstruation
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Widening hips
• Broader hips more steeply angled femurs
• may cause some girls to throw out their heels when running
• attention needs
• to be paid to running technique
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Runner’s knee
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Menstruation
• Cycle of menstruation involves constant flux of female steroid hormones
• These can have physiological responses on– Substrate utilisation– Electrolyte and water balance– Nervous system– Blood sugar– Circulation– RPE
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Affect on performance
• 8-69.7% women reported decreased performance
• 13-43% reported increased performance(LeBrun et al., 1995)
• 11% increase in quadriceps and hand grip strength mid cycle (Sarwar et al., 1996)
• Need to consider stage of menstrual cycle when doing time trials
• Plan cycle around major events
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Special Populations
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Asthmatics
• Triggers:– Allergies– exercise, – aspirin, – dust, pollutants, – emotion
Mast cell (in resp tract)• Reaction
– Contraction of smooth muscle around bronchii– Swelling/inflammation mucosal cells– Hypersecretion mucous
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Prevention
• Avoid allergen
• Medication. Works by;– Inhibiting chemical mediator release
(histamines etc)– Relax bronchiolar smooth muscle (most
inhalers)– Block influx Ca to mast cell
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Epilepsy• Epilepsy = brain disorder characterised by recurring seizures or fits
• caused by sudden flurries of electrochemical activity in the brain, which disrupt the ‘conversation’ between neurones
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Benefits of exercise for epileptics
• Heavy breathing associated with exercise stops the build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia).
• Reduces stress –• The release of serotonin may calm the brain. • Concentration needed during sport may focus
the brain so that seizures are less likely. • The benefits of regular exercise, such as
improved fitness and wellbeing, may contribute to a reduced seizure risk.
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Considerations• Before starting any new exercise program, consult with your doctor
or specialist. • Avoid known seizure triggers. • Always take your medication as prescribed and keep an adequate
supply of medication on hand• Make sure your sporting companions are aware of your condition
and know what to do if you have a seizure. • Always wear a medical alert bracelet. • Wear protective gear appropriate to your sport, such as helmet or
knee pads. • Always wear a life jacket when involved in water sports. • Let family or friends know your walking, jogging or exercise route
before you leave and how long you will be out.• Exercise may trigger a seizure- be careful!
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Avoiding seizures
• Drink plenty of water before, during and after exercise. • Don’t push yourself to the point of physical exhaustion. • If you are feeling very hot and tired, slow down or stop. • Make sure you have at least two rest days every week. • Make sure your diet is nutritionally adequate. • Get plenty of rest and good quality sleep. • Take all steps to avoid head injuries. • Don’t abuse alcohol. • Make sure you take your medication according to your
doctor’s directions.
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Contraindicated• Contact sports• Scuba diving• Bungee jumping• Boxing • Motor sports • Horse riding • Gymnastics • Ice activities, such as skating
or hockey • Skiing • solo water (sailing or wind
surfing) or aerial sports (hang gliding & skydiving)
• High altitude activities such as mountain climbing.
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Type 2 diabetics
• Typically adult onset
• 90% of all diabetics
• Does not require insulin to be injected
• Control through food and exercise– Low fat diet
• Exercise is often recommended
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Exercise recommendations for Type 2 diabetics
• High frequency – 4-7 x p/week • Achieve 1000 calorie loss• Moderate starting intensity to avoid injury- walking
is the best– Minimises hypoglycaemic response
• Buildup maintain overload• Motivation• Carry emergency glucose
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Type 1 Diabetics
Blood Glucose levels• <4 mmol/L – Too low-
give jelly beans/ juice etc• 4-6 mmol/L- Average• 12 mmol/L – Too high,
but doesn’t require insulin yet
• 15 mmol/L- Too high- requires insulin
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Ex Phys in primary school
How is all of this stuff relevant??
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Bigger kids• Don’t assume they are unfit or unhealthy• Discourage all forms of comparison between kids• Vo2 max• Psychological/ motivational factors• PRE• Thermoregulation• Avoid bias• Increase chances of success in all students
– Pedometers– Strength
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Muscle strength
• Number of muscle fibres is fixed at birth• 1 yr – adolescence = increases 3-fold through
hypertrophy• Increases in strength more likely than size• Active muscles = greater increase• Doesn’t mean lifting weights!• Means weight bearing exercise- running,
aerobics anything out of water• And resistance exercise using body weight-
push ups, sit ups, jumping etc
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Adaptations to exercise
• Increased endurance in children largely believed to be inherited rather than trained
• Same increases in lung volumes, plasma volume, left ventricular hypertrophy and vo2 max as adults.
• However these things also increase naturally with age and growth
• Therefore measurable increases in fitness may be a combination of both
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Heart rate
•Decrease in RHR with increased fitness same as in adults
•This activity allows kids to track the change in their hear rate, and you can explain what is happening as this occurs
•Left ventricle increases ability to pump blood around to the muscles
•Therefore it doesn’t have to pump as often to get the blood to go around
•So a decrease in RHR is a direct representation of your heart getting stronger!
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Fitness Testing?
• Don’t call it “fitness testing!!!”
• Focus on individual comparison and improvement
• Gain a holistic understanding of fitness
• Experience feeling of improving fitness
• Needs to be done correctly– Self Esteem– Ensure privacy- secret!
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ACHPER AFEA
• Growth: Height and Weight, with Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated by the computer program.
• Cardiorespiratory Endurance: Multi-Stage Fitness Test and 1.6 km run/walk.
• Muscular Strength and Endurance: The Curl-up and the Basketball Throw.
• Muscle and Joint Flexibility: The Sit and Reach Tests and Shoulder Stretch.
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Vertical jump
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Programmes
• Kids should be active for an hour a day
• Map out all school and after school activities to see if you are getting enough
• Ensure that it is private
• Suggest FUN stuff that counts as activity!
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Young kids
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Older kids
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Summary
• Need to consider individual populations
• Find out more information if student/client has anything
• Exam revision lecture next week
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