ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem
•Includes abiotic and biotic factors
•Biomes are examples
Communit
y
•Includes all the LIVING things
Population
•All of one species in one area
•Can reproduce with each other
FOOD CHAINS
Original source of energy for most chains is the sun
1st trophic level is producer
2nd trophic level is primary consumer
2rd trophic level is secondary consumer
Decomposer not shown on chain, but they recycle nutrients
Secondary Consumer
(bird)
Primary Consumer(snail)
Producer(grass)
Energy is “lost” as you mover “up” the food chain
SYMBIOSIS
Mutualism• n mutualism, BOTH
organisms BENEFIT• this is a + / +
relationship• The picture shows E.
coli, a type of bacteria that live in your intestine.
• The bacteria get a place to live; we get the vitamin K they make. This is good for both.
Parasitism• In parasitism, the
PARASITE BENEFITS by getting food and shelter from the HOST
• This is a + / - relationship
• In the example shown, the TICK is the parasite and feeds off of the blood of the human HOST. This is good for the tick, but bad for the human.
Commensalism• In commensalism, one
organism BENEFITS while the other is NOT AFFECTED
• This is a +/ 0 relationship
• The picture above shows orchids living in trees. This is good for the orchid, because it allows the orchid to get sunlight. It doesn't affect the tree, because the orchid doesn't help or hurt it.
PREDATION
• Predator EATS Prey
• The populations cycle
• Predator has lower curve• There can’t be more predators
than prey
POPULATION GROWTH
E X P O N E N T I A L G R O W T H
J-curve
Occurs when unlimited resources are available
L O G I S T I C G R O W T H
S-curve
Occurs because resources are limited
Carrying capacity reached
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
Overpopulation of humans leads to
• Destruction of habitats (pollution and/or destroying)
• Loss of biodiversity
• Introduced species•Outcompete nativespecies
CARBON CYCLE
• Cycling of carbon and oxygen
• Three main processes• Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen• Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants
and animals)• Combustion – burning – releases more carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect• Carbon dioxide traps heat
in the atmosphere, making life possible
• Increased carbon dioxide can make temperatures rise more
• Human activities can lead to GLOBAL WARMING
BE A GOOD STEWARD
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