Conclusions
ECEN 2060ECEN 2060Fall 2010
ECEN 2060 Topics
• Introduction to electric power system• Photovoltaic (PV) power systems( ) p y• Energy efficient lighting• Wind power systemsp y• Hybrid and electric vehicles
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Electric Power SystemI t d ti t l t i it ti• Introduction to electricity generation, transmission and distribution
• Electric circuits, power and energyElectric circuits, power and energy DC, single-phase AC, 3-phase AC Average and RMS values of voltages and currents
T f• Transformers• Efficiency
i1 1:n i2
Background: Textbookvac
+
Rv2
+
v1
ia
Background: Textbook Chapters 1 and 2Chapter 3, Lectures 2-6, HW1-2, HW12, ME1
+–
DC-DCconverter
DC-DCconverter
VDC
IDC IR
VR R
+
VT1
+
VT2
+
Iw Rw
1 : n n : 1
va
vbvc
in
+
+ +
Ry
Ry
R
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Generator site Transmission cable Load site
ib
ic
Ry
PV power systems: Solar resource
kWhm2 day“Hours of full sun”
• Clear-sky insolation at the Earth’s surface: 1 kW/m2
m2 day
Textbook Chapter 7Lectures 6 and 7, HW 2, HW12, ME1
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, , ,
PV cell physics, and circuit model
• Photovoltaic effect in semiconductors,,hc/ > Eg, efficiency limits• PN junction• PV cell circuit modelPV cell circuit model
0 D IVII+
_
Rs
RpVD
IDISC
0 PVp
DSC IR
II
1/ TD VVoD eII
PV cell PVsDPVcell IRVV
Textbook Chapter 8Lectures 7-11, 13HW3 HW12 ME1
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HW3, HW12, ME1
PV modules and arrays5
+_
+
36IPV
3
3.5
4
4.5 • Open-circuit voltage, rated voltage, short-circuit current, rated current, rated power standard test+
_
+
35 bypassdiode
1.5
2
2.5
3Ip
v [A
] power, standard test condition
• Temperature effect • Effect of shading by pass+
_
+_
+
18
19VPV
0 5 10 15 20 250
0.5
1
Vpv [V]80
• Effect of shading, by-pass diodes
+_
+
17
1
bypassdiode
50
60
70
__
20
30
40
Ppv
[W
]
Textbook Chapter 8Lectures 12-13HW4-6, HW12, ME1
6ECEN20600 5 10 15 20 25
0
10
Vpv [V]
HW4 6, HW12, ME1
Grid-connected PV systems
AC
iac
++
IPV
PV Boost Single-phase
Energy-storagecapacitor
+
utilitygrid
vac
VPVPV
array DC-DCconverter
g pDC-ACinverter
VDCC
DC-DC control DC-AC control
• System and component functions and control• System and component functions and control• Maximum power point tracking• System design and economics
Textbook Chapter 9Lectures 14, 18-19HW6 HW12 ME1
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HW6, HW12, ME1
Power ElectronicsS it h d d t i it l idth d l ti• Switched-mode power converter circuits, pulse-width modulation
• Boost, buck, and buck-boost DC-DC converters• Inductor volt-seconds balance, DC conversion ratio, switching ripples• Power semiconductor devices• Conduction and switching losses• Averaged circuit models• Efficiency
Single phase inverter• Single-phase inverter
DMn 1)(
+
V
+
V
1:nIg IoutLectures 15-18HW5-6, HW12, ME1
DDMn
1)(
Vg
Vout
+ +1D : 1Ig Iout
RL
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+
Vg
+
VoutIsw
Stand-alone PV systems
• System and component functions and control• Battery charge control• Battery charge control• Reliability and economics
Textbook Chapter 9Lectures 20, 23-25HW7, HW12
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Lead-Acid Batteries
+
Lead dioxidePbO2
Porous leadPb
Sulfuric acidH2SO4 + H2O 1.685 eV0.356 eV
• Cell chemistry and characteristics• Capacity [Ah] depends on rate of discharge (Peukert’s law)• Energy efficiency, energy density, cost• Types of lead-acid batteriesyp• Circuit model• Charge management• Battery charge controller
Life cycles (DOD)
Textbook Sections 9.5.3-9.5.9Lectures 20, 23
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,HW7, HW12, ME2
Energy efficient lighting
• Lighting energy, luminous flux, luminous efficacy• Lighting technologies• Solid-state (LED) lighting( ) g g• Cost of light
Lectures 26-27HW 8, HW12, ME2
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Wind Power Systems• Wind resource, power in the wind• Wind turbine operation, Betz efficiency
limit, power coefficient Cp, tip speed ratio (TSR) power curveratio (TSR), power curve
• Drive trains: constant speed and variable speed architectures
• Mechanical torque speed and power• Mechanical torque, speed and power, gear box
• Variable-speed drive trains • 3 phase AC machines• 3-phase AC machines• 3-phase power electronics (rectifiers
and inverters)
Textbook, Chapter 6Lectures 29-36
v abc
3ac grid
variable-frequency
statorwindingsn1 Permanent-magnet
synchronousgenerator
AC-AC
asbscs
constant frequency
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HW 9, 10, 12, ME2variable frequencyvariable-amplitude
3ac
3-phase AC machines
• Rotating magnetic fieldM hi i di l• Machine windings, poles, generation of magnetic flux
• Generation of torque, torque l t tangle, motor or generator
operation• Synchronous machine• Induction (asynchronous)
machine
Textbook Section 6.6Lectures 33-36
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HW10, HW12, ME2
HEV’s, PHEV’s and EV’s• Vehicle traction power and performance specs• HEV efficiency improvements• Series drive train: sizing of components, battery energy storage, g p , y gy g ,
electric drives, efficiency, fuel economy and economics• HEV, PHEV and EV drive train architectures
Lectures 39-43
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HW 11,12
Final exam
Tuesday, Dec 14, 7:30-10:00pm in class• Comprehensive exam, covering materials from the entire
semestersemester• Review class notes, textbook, HW, sample exams and
midterm exam problemsp• Calculators are allowed, but no devices with network or
information storage capabilities are allowed• Prepare notes
You are allowed to have notes on both pages of one sheet (letter size)
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Electrical Energy Engineering
• In the late 19th century Electrical Engineering started the revolution in generation, transmission and distribution of Electric PowerElectric Power
Nikola Tesla
• In the 20th century, Electrical Engineering revolutionized C C
Tesla’s polyphase ac power distribution, and motors/generators based on rotating magnetic field
Communication and ComputingWilliam Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
2007 quad-core processor, more than 500 million transistors
Transistor, Bell Labs, Dec 1947than 500 million transistors
• Electrical Engineering is now at the core of many existing
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g g y gand emerging green energy technologies
ECEN 2060 Objectives and OutlineI d i El i l E E i iIntroduction to Electrical Energy Engineering
Improve generation Reduce consumption
Energy EfficiencyRenewable Energy Sources
Transmission, Distribution, Conversion
Sources
• Photovoltaic power systems
• Energy efficient lightingConversion
and Storage
• Wind power systems • Drives in hybrid and electric vehicles
• Understanding of electrical engineering fundamentals in renewable sources and energy efficient systemsP i l k l d f i i d i i i l
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• Practical knowledge of engineering design issues in system examples• Background and motivation for follow-up studies
Related and follow-up courses
EE/ECE core courses
2260 Circuits as Systems, 2270 Electronics Design Lab, 3250 Microelectronics
2350 Digital Logic 3350 Programming of Digital Systems 3360 Digital Design Lab2350 Digital Logic, 3350 Programming of Digital Systems, 3360 Digital Design Lab
3300 Linear Systems
3400 EM Fields
Renewable Energy Track
ECEN3170 Energy Conversion 1 (electromechanical and power systems)
ECEN4167 Energy Conversion 2 (electric machines)
Power Electronics Track
ECEN4797 Introduction to Power Electronics
ECEN4517 Renewable Energy and Power Electronics Lab
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Beyond coursework• Undergraduate research, teaching and service opportunities,
CU College of Engineering “Active Learning”http://engineering.colorado.edu/activelearning/index.htm
Research• Discovery Learning Apprenticeship• Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP)
Teaching and service• Earn-Learn Apprenticeship
• Summer Internshipsp• ECEE Department BS/MS program
Efficiently earn MS degree http://ecee.colorado.edu/academics/grad/BS MS.htmlp g _
Teaching Assistantship opportunities Research Assistantship opportunities
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Research Project ExampleGrid-Interactive DC-Link PV Charging Station
Satcon & CU-Boulder collaboration project sponsored by Hawaii Renewable Energy Development Venture p j p y gy pCU-Boulder PI: Dragan Maksimovic (ECEE Department)
Grid-interactive inverter
Fast (Level-3)
DC Chargers
EVUtility Control
PHEV
Objectives• Ultra high-efficiency, fast (Level 3) DC
charging of EV’s and PHEV’s directly from the PV array and/or from the grid 80
90
100
System from the PV array and/or from the grid• PV smoothing via built-in energy
storage: vehicle-to-DC (V2DC) and four-quadrant grid-interactive inverter O ti tili ti
40
50
60
70
80
power output without
energy storage
• Optimum resource utilization• Effective oil displacement, minimum
carbon footprint0 5 10 15 20 25
0
10
20
30
with V2DC
Research Project Example Field Study of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
http://cupluginhybrid.org
Data Collection, Modeling and Analysis
Study Partners• University of Colorado at Boulder• Toyota Motor Sales USA
Vehicle data
• Toyota Motor Sales, USA• Xcel Energy• NREL
Fleet of
Electricity dataand charge management
Fleet of18 Toyota Prius PHV’s
in Boulder SmartGridCityTM
The study’s purpose is to learn about vehicle performance integrationThe study s purpose is to learn about vehicle performance, integration of the vehicles on the electric power grid, and the perceptions, preferences, and experiences of households with the PHVs
Thank you and good luck in the finals
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