Trends in Detector Research and Development
Francesco FortiINFN and University, Pisa
1
F.FortiDetector R&D
We need eyes to see2
F.FortiDetector R&D
We need eyes to see2
F.FortiDetector R&D
We need eyes to seeWishful thinking
2
F.FortiDetector R&D F.FortiDetector R&D
Frontier Detectors for Frontier PhysicsTypes of particles to detect
Known knowns: e, µ, γ, π, K, p, n, ...
Known unknowns: DM, WIMPS, ...
Unknown unknowns: ?????????
3
Dark Matter GridPix Test in an Ar TPC R&D
Dark matter
hypothetical candidate: weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)
Rolf Schon (Nikhef) GridPix for dark matter search 2Technology and industry
Application and society
F.FortiDetector R&D F.FortiDetector R&D
Long R&D process
S. C
ittol
in
LHC ca. 1515 A.D.
4
F.FortiDetector R&D F.FortiDetector R&D
Very diverse R&D is required
5
E. R
ambe
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NAL
DR
D20
10
F.FortiDetector R&D F.FortiDetector R&D
Very diverse R&D is required
5
E. R
ambe
rg, F
NAL
DR
D20
10
The Energy Frontier•At LHC High Lumi, reduce granularity to less than 50um•Develop Vertex detectors that withstand 1016 n/cm2
•Develop trigger that can keep up with luminosity of 1035
•At Lepton collider, obtain 4um point precision tracking•Hadronic jet energy resolution of 30%/sqrt(E)
F.FortiDetector R&D F.FortiDetector R&D
Very diverse R&D is required
5
The Intensity Frontier•Find a low-cost photodetector for 300kton water (105 PMTs)•Develop an robust and operable 20ton Ar(Xe) TPC detector•Develop ps level TOF techniques for rare decay tagging
E. R
ambe
rg, F
NAL
DR
D20
10
The Energy Frontier•At LHC High Lumi, reduce granularity to less than 50um•Develop Vertex detectors that withstand 1016 n/cm2
•Develop trigger that can keep up with luminosity of 1035
•At Lepton collider, obtain 4um point precision tracking•Hadronic jet energy resolution of 30%/sqrt(E)
F.FortiDetector R&D F.FortiDetector R&D
Very diverse R&D is required
5
The Intensity Frontier•Find a low-cost photodetector for 300kton water (105 PMTs)•Develop an robust and operable 20ton Ar(Xe) TPC detector•Develop ps level TOF techniques for rare decay tagging
The Cosmic Frontier•Reduce background in DM detection to 1 nuclear recoil/ton/yr•Develop different detection techniques for DM•Expand the depth of observation in the galaxy to probe DE.
E. R
ambe
rg, F
NAL
DR
D20
10
The Energy Frontier•At LHC High Lumi, reduce granularity to less than 50um•Develop Vertex detectors that withstand 1016 n/cm2
•Develop trigger that can keep up with luminosity of 1035
•At Lepton collider, obtain 4um point precision tracking•Hadronic jet energy resolution of 30%/sqrt(E)
F.FortiDetector R&D
LHC luminosity forecast 5
LS1 (phase-0): To design conditions: consolidation of the superconducting circuits
~2022: Beyond design New magnet technology for the IR New bigger quadrupoles ! smaller β* New RF Crab cavities (?)
LS2 (phase-1): Main upgrades of the injector chain (Linac4) and Collimation system
F.Pasto
re - PM
2012, La Bio
do
la
now 2013/2014 2018 2022/2023 Year
7x1033
1x1034
3x1034
7x1034
Lum
ino
sity
[cm
-2 s-1
]
LS1
LS2
LS3
(HL-
LHC
pro
jec
t)
50 fb-1 300 fb-1 3000 fb-1
Phase-0 Phase-1 Phase-2
20 fb-1
Luminosity leveling (250/fb/y)
8 TeV & 50 ns
13 TeV & transition to 25 ns
14 TeV
The Energy FrontierLHC People very busy with Phase 1 upgrades (now and 2018)
Mostly improved engineering, no substantially new development
Will need real R&D effort for Phase2 (uncharted)
Other similar detector efforts on various time scales:
ILC, Belle-II, BES-III, NA62, ....
6
?
Technology is not there for LHC Phase 2
Admirable achievements in complex engineering and integration
T.S.
Vird
ee: K
rako
w 20
12
F. P
asto
re, P
isa
Mee
ting
2012
F.FortiDetector R&D
Vertexing and Tracking
Granularity is required by physics
Large number of pile-up events
Heavy flavour ID with vertices
2-track separation in jets
Readout Speed, Radiation hardness
Low Material
7
Strips and Hybrid pixels 50-100s um
Speed, less material, 25um and less
Today 50-100s umToday 50-100s um
3D Vertical integrationThrough silicon viasMicro bump bonding
Today
G.R
izzo:
PM
201
2
Day After Tomorrow
Monolithic pixels, 25-50 um
PREAMPL
SHAPER DISC LATCH
CMOS MAPS
Tomorrow
G. C
asse
, VC
I 201
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. Cat
tai:
Kra
kow
2012
F.FortiDetector R&D
Silicon challenges:Speed, material, granularity, rad-hardness, efficiency
Competing requirements force to look in many directions
Strong connection with electronics industry
CCDs, CMOS sensors, 65nm, diamond, ...
8
G. C
asse
: VC
I 201
3
DEPFET: internal amplification
C. K
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ane:
PM
201
2
Vertical Integration: a new view on interconnections
MIT-LL 3D-IC process FDSOI oxide-oxide bonding
First wafer
Face-Face
Back-Face
Via last
E. R
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3D Detectors: improve speed and rad tolerance by lateral collection
Around 30 ! m
+ ve + ve - ve
holes
300 ! m
n - type electrode
p - type electrode
electrons
Particle Around 30 ! m
+ ve + ve - ve
holes
300 ! m
n - type electrode
p - type electrode
electrons
Particle
300
+ve+ve
holes
-ve
electrons
Lightly doped p-type silicon
n-typeelectrode
p-typeelectrode
Particle
+ve+ve
holes
-ve
electrons
Lightly doped p-type silicon
n-typeelectrode
p-typeelectrode
Particle
! m ! m
Monolithic detectors: reduce material, pixel size, increase speed
1.3×1015n
eq cm-2
Strip Doses
Pixel Doses
n-in-p detectors
radius
Silicon-on-Insulator: combine det + CMOS
Expensive developments
F.FortiDetector R&D
Smart detectorsGranularity is not enough for high rates
LHC @ 1034 cm-2s-1: 200 events overlapping
Build track segments or measure pt at sensor levels and use track in LVL1-2 Trigger
Use 3D chip technology
9
Vienna, February 15th 2013 A. Cattai @
need to reduce the rate of non interesting events
17
LHC @ 1034 cm-2s-1 ! 200 events overlapping
Pixels & trackers shall exploit new concepts: ! build track ! use tracks at L1,2 trigger Strategy @ HL-LHC & LC
pixels layer strip layer
a a
A. Cattai @ E. Ramberg N. Pozzobon
Vienna, February 15th 2013 A. Cattai @ 18 E. Ramberg
Analog signals goes through a think interposer
Top detector
Content Addressable Memory
Bottom detector
thin layer of active semiconductor
Bottom detector
signals from top and bottom detect. are processed in a 3D vertically integrated chip
Higher read out speed Integrated analog and digital layers Trigger decisions are done at the detector le vell
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Content addressable memory in each layer
BABAR SVT - nor related
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Advanced materials and poweringGranularity, speed, local intelligence, bandwidth, complexity --> high power, many cables
To keep radiation length under control need
advanced materials and integration
advanced powering schemes
heat management integrated in detector design
10Niklaus Berger – VCI, February 2013 – Slide 17
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Gas detectorsWorkhorse: dependable, inexpensive, low mass
Large area tracking, PID, calorimetry
Wires replaced by Micro Pattern Gas Detector, althoug drift chambers still going strong
Time projection chambers - beautiful for low rate environments
11
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Gas Electron Multiplier
Microhole and strip plate GEM
Thick GEM
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F.FortiDetector R&D 13
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Particle IdentificationEssential to identify decays when heavy flavour are present: everywhere
Three legs: dE/dx, Time-of-flight, Cerenkov radiation
Admirable workmanship in radiators and light transport: in gas, solid, liquid, aerogel, cold, warm
14
Alice
Excellent PID capabilities by combining different techniques over a large momentum range
A. D
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Many clever techniques and geometries1. Time of Propagation Counter (TOP)
Measure both position and time of photons with MCP-PMT(40ps)
2. Focusing Aerogel RICH
Hybrid Avalanche Photo Diodes
15
!"#$%!&'($")$#*+,-.-/&+01$2+30/(*$Ring imaging Cherenkov detector.
The Cherenkov photons travel in the quartz bar as they are totally reflected on the quartz/air boundaries. Measure (TOF+TOP) to identify K/ .
nC1cosTOP
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2 cm
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Time Of internally Reflected
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(TORCH)
Quartz radiator
TOF with 15ps resolution
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Photon detectorsKey element PID system (and others)
16
High gain > 5*105 inside B-field
Very high time resolution << 100 ps
Fine granularity. Long lifetime
High detection efficiency (very few γ !)
High rate stability (several MHz/cm2)
Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors
Technologies....cost
Large area: MPGD + CsI
Small area: MaPMT, MCP-PMT ($$$)
R&D: Large area MCP, (d)SiPM
20 ps very hard to achieve (system)
“Cheap” 20x20 cm2 tilesMany applicationsTime resol 15ps Enormous potential!"
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F.FortiDetector R&D
CalorimetryHomegeneous Crystals: CsI, LYSO, ...
Best possible resolution
Application to PET, homeland security ...
Sampling:
Imaging: Particle Flow Algorithm
Dream: Dual readout
Sampling with Crystals shashlik
17
LYSO is the expensive king of crystals: fast, high light yield, rad hard.
Industrial R&D to reduce cost
Pure CsI is cheaper: fast, but low LY
R&D on photsensors
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Imaging calorimetersHigh granularity can be expensive
Need industrialization and engineering of sensors
18
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PFA simulation
ILC goal
ATLAS simulationH1 measured
ALEPH measured
CDF measured
DREAM measured
The Technological Prototype
The Technological Prototype: Proof of EngineeringFeasibility
❆❆❆❆❆
Alveoli of 7.3mm and 9.4mm height
Realistic dimension: 3/5 of a barrel module.
Integrated front-end electronics.
Large mechanical structure.
Test of power-pulsed electronics: 5Hz and
1% duty cycle.
Study of various approaches to cooling.
Jeremy ROUENE LAL SiW ECAL February 14, 2013 9 / 18
Silicon-W sandwich ?J.
Rou
ëné,
VC
I 201
3
F.FortiDetector R&D
Dual Readout Dream -> RD52Distinguish the scintillation and Cherenkov light in hadronic showers
Compensate e/h ≠ 1event by event
Tried in crystals and fibers
19
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R. W
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Optimizeperformance vs cost.
F.FortiDetector R&D
Electronics, Trigger and DAQ• Detectors are deaf dumb and blind
without good electronics, trigger, DAQ
• Greater design complexity requires shared tools and knowledge
• HEP is still incredibly small compared to consumer electronics
20
• Trigger/DAQ Ingredients:
Fast and large FPGAs
Fast bus (μTCA ?)
Fast links and switches (10Gb/s)Fast TracKer (FTK) for Level 2 trigger • Provides tracking parameters at full L1 rate
(100kHz) within O(100μs) L2 latency – Enhancing !the !capability !for !b /!τ
tagging !and !lepton isolation – Optimizing L2 selection
• tracks available earlier
– HW based • Track finder with AM chip + high resolution track fit
F.Pasto
re - PM
2012, La Bio
do
la
29
2010: Technical Proposal 2012: slice with prototype boards 2013: full prototype and TDR Phase-1: full installation
Curvature and impact parameter FTK resolution compared to offline
Pattern recognition
• Associative memory based trigger
• Proven in CDF
• Proposed in Atlas, CMS, LHcb
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G.V
olpi
: PM
201
2N.
Pozz
obon
: PM
201
2
F.FortiDetector R&D
Cosmic frontier: Dark Matter
21
Dark Matter: a known unknownIndirect searches: detect γ, ν, e,p generated in annihilation of unknown DM particles.
N.M
azzio
tta,
LP
2013
!"#$%&"'"()$*+'%&),,)%()-%"#."(*,"'$/%0123%)%4,5%)(()-%+6%2$,+/.7"(*8%07"("'4+9%$":"/8+."/;%<"'/*$*9*$-%)=+>$%)%6)8$+(%?@%="$$"(%$7)'%8>(("'$%201/A%)'%"'"(&-%8+9"()&"%6(+,%)%B?@%C"D%EB?@%1"DF%6*":G%+6%9*"H%+6%>.%$+%?@IA%)'&>:)(%("/+:>$*+'%8+>:G%="%)/%:+H%)/%@J@5I%02KL1%+'%M<<%3%N@%O@%6"H%P%+6%"'"(&-%("/+:>$*+'F%&++G%)'&>:)(%("/+:>$*+'%)'G%7*&7%":"8$(+'Q.(+$+'%/".)()$*+'%
K)>'87%.:)''"G%%5@?R%%%S2TUL%/)$"::*$"3%N?%O@%G".$7%8):+(*,"$"(F%%6"H%P%+6%"'"(&-%("/+:>$*+'F%&++G%)'&>:)(%("/+:>$*+'%)'G%7*&7%":"8$(+'Q.(+$+'%/".)()$*+'%
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:)>'87%.:)''"G%%5@?YJ%!"#$%&'(')'*+,-$.'/0$-$.'1234' 15'
DAMPE
CTA
Ground-based: large (km2) cosmic ray detectors.
Need cost effective solutions
Cerenkov, fluorecence
Radio and microwave detection of showers
Measurement of air showers with radio detection
Aims of the radio detection
enhance the capabilities of the Observatory in determining the UHECRmass composition
study the requirements for a very large aperture detection system in thenext generation of air shower arrays
Electromagnetic waves from air shower
several emission processes
different λ ranges
Advantages of the radio detection
high duty-cycle
cost-effective approach
Corinne Berat - LPSC Grenoble 12th Pisa meeting 25 May 2012 5 /27
Satellite
ca. 30 X0
few % of energy resolution
good angular resolution
high electron/proton separation
Tracker + calorimeter + VETO
LOW POWER - LOW MASS - SPACEC.B
erat
: PM
201
2
F.FortiDetector R&D
Detectors for direct DM searches
22
C. G
albi
ati,
Lept
on-P
hoto
n 20
13
Axions convert into microwave photons in an RF cavity threaded by a strong magnetic field. Squids
WIMPS scatter off atomic nuclei: multiple signals.
e,!χ,n
[Attisha/Brown]
Saturday, June 29, 13
WIMP Detectors:Large mass. Very Pure. Background vetoLow energy nuclear recoils (< 100 keV). Low rate: 1 evt/ton/yr @ 10-47cm2
Background measurable in situ
Dilution refrigeratorand quantum-limited
amplifiers provide ADMX’s sensitivity for definitive
QCD axions search
AxionsHalo axions convert intomicrowave photons insidea RF cavity threaded by a
strong magnetic field
ADMX can definitely detect the dark-matter QCD
axion or reject the hypothesis at high
confidence
[AD
MX
Col
l.]
Saturday, June 29, 13
ADMX
WIMP detection Introduction
Techniques
Direct WIMP and axion search experiments 10/41
F.FortiDetector R&D
Detector variations: many approachesCrystals (CsI, NaI, Ge, Si): kg
R&D on purity, shielding, resolution
DAMA/LIBRA, ANAIS plan on 250kg
23
C. G
albi
ati,
Lept
on-P
hoto
n 20
13
!"!#$%&'()*+,)-.%/!--012%,3402153-%6+.7%"!#%$8+-5221.3*9:
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!$C4'2'27C15$2*%D9&$0*2*$*2$?B=$L$!"$%&$,G)G+BM!"/$
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TU14*..$@*3%&4'690$*5155:192$'9&'D9&$
!"!#$;<=%>?&@#A#"!?B%?&$C@D$• SV31..192$.D&82$3'..13;'9$1W3D1937X$$P!MPQ$C81I%1Y• !"Z$@6.%$)*+$3'92192$[$\P]^$_$`]^$CC@• ='5:'&19D3$*3;U*;'9$5;..$013*7D9&$a$.'b$1914&7$1U1925$51.13;'9$9'2$712$(6..7$01U1.'C10
!"!#$;<=!"!#$;E/FE%'%GEH%83-.)-.:
[AN
AIS
Col
l.]
Saturday, June 29, 13
Large noble liquid-gas detectors - ton
Single or dual Phase TPC
LUX, Darkside, Xenon plan on 1 ton
R&D on detector response The double phase TPC approach
12th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors
Dual phase TPC conceptArgon Calibration
Drift Field [V/cm]0 200 400 600 800 1000
S1 [PE]
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
elative to yield at zero field
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
[SC
ENE
Col
l. ar
Xiv
:130
6.56
75]
Saturday, June 29, 13
LY of nuclear recoil vs drift field
F. A
rneo
do, P
M 2
012
ShieldVeto
Backgroud
F.FortiDetector R&D
A selection of novel detector approachesThick CCDs (DAMIC)
24
DAMIC: Dark Matter Search using thick CCDsJuan Estrada
Low noise in CCDs make a threshold of 40eV possible.
Saturday, June 29, 13
R. S
chön
, PM
201
2
High pressure Xenon gas TPC
Pisameet 2012 7
Energy resolution in Xenon depends strongly on density
!"#"$%&'"%()*&)+,-./%+#"%.-#0+1%
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%8.9-1:":%#"/-1),-.;%
!<=<%>45?@%2A!B%
2-#%"%C4577%D=*0E$%F-.FG+,-.%"."#DH%#"/-1),-.%F/%“F.&#F./F*”%
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Pisameet 2012 12
Electro-Luminescence (EL) is the key (aka: Gas Proportional Scintillation)
• Physics process generates ionization signal!• Electrons drift in low electric field region !• Electrons enter a high electric field region !• Electrons gain energy, excite xenon: 8.32 eV !• Xenon radiates VUV (!175 nm, 7.5 eV)!• Electron starts over, gaining energy again !• Linear growth of signal with voltage!• Photon generation up to >1000/e, but no ionization !• Sequential gain; no exponential growth " fluctuations are very small!• #NUV = (JCP • NUV )1/2 (Poisson: JCP = 1)!
• Optimal EL conditions: JCP = 0.01 !
Dark Matter GridPix Test in an Ar TPC R&D
Alternative: direct charge readout
γ
χ • candidate technology withinDARWIN R&D(Dark matter WIMP search withnoble liquids) arXiv:1012.4767
• less S1 signal vs. highelectron efficiency (better S2resolution)
Rolf Schon (Nikhef) GridPix for dark matter search 4
Dark Matter GridPix Test in an Ar TPC R&D
The GridPix detector
• Micromegas-like mesh, 1µm Al• insulating spacer, 50µm photoresist• spark protection layer, 8µm silicon-rich SiN• Timepix readout chip
Rolf Schon (Nikhef) GridPix for dark matter search 5
Better electron efficiency
GridPix gas readout for TPC
Electroluminescence:small fluctuations. Resolution 1% @662KeVGood for WIMP and 0vββ
D. N
ygre
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F.FortiDetector R&D
Applications - blooming field
25
Many HEP Detector technologies applied elsewherePIXIRAD - INFN Spin-off
Chromatic photon counting X-Ray imaging
Large CdTe sensor with CMOS ASIC
R. B
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60um pitch30 × 25 mm2
Many Improvements to PET
AXial PET: better resolution/efficiecy
... to axial !
!"
!p "
• long crystals
• oriented along the axial direction
• several layers arrangement
always a compromise between good spatial resolution (small L, small !p)
or good sensititvity (long L)
min parallax error => short L- deterioration of the spat. resol.- non uniformity in the field of view
δp = L · sinθ
� = 1− e−µ·L
max interaction efficiency,long L
Lthe axial geometry allows for a parallax free system, in which spatial resolution and sensitivity are completely decoupled :
- improve spatial resolution <=> reduce d
- improve sensitivity <=> increase Nr layers
axial
Nr layers
d
Chiara Casella, 22/5/2012
Axial conceptaxial concept AX-PET detector AX-PET performance Tomographic images dSiPM
from radial ...
3
AX-PET demonstratoraxial concept AX-PET detector AX-PET performance Tomographic images dSiPM
Goal of the collaboration: Build and fully characterize a “demonstrator” for a PET scanner based on the axial concept. Assess its performances.
Demonstrator : Two identical AX-PET modules, used in coincidence
• two modules built - at CERN
• module performance assessed (22-Na source)
• individually
• in coincidence
• tomographic image reconstruction (with a dedicated gantry setup)
• all stages fully supported by simulations
Chiara Casella, 22/5/2012 6
- at CERN
10 cm
2.8 cm
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.Mey
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EndoTOFPET-US: The Principle
Exte
rnal
PET
Pla
te
2012 Pisa Meeting on Instrumentation La Biodola, Italy – May 20-26, 2012
Thomas C. Meyer, CERN, Geneva On behalf of the EndoTOFPET-US Collaboration
Endoscopic PET
30um resolutionmultiple sensors
F.FortiDetector R&D
New challenges: detectors for high brilliance FELsInstruments for other fields: bio, chem, material science
Crazy range of photon energies from 0.1 eV to 10keV
26
!"#$%"&'()**'+)%),%-.'!Instruments and Techniques 23
! "! #!! #"! $!!%#!!
%"!
!
"!
#!!
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$!!
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'()*+,-
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;8!<=">+ !<$"?'0,+@
(86*9)2-AB08%59@-5;8!<="?A!<$"?'0:+))6-)
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;8!<=">+ !<$"?'0CD
!0)(12,+0)3#)(
Figure 1.13: In0.75Ga0.25As/In0.75Al0.25As quantum well. The top cartoon isa sketch of the layer sequence starting from the surface (left) down toward thesubstrate(right). The bottom graph is the profile of the calculated conductionband minimum along the growth direction (black curve), and the carrier densityprofile (red line); the horizontal red line is the Fermi level.
distort the shape of the well as can be seen in figure 1.13; in this figure a self-
consistent Poisson-Schrodinger calculation of the conduction band profile
and the carrier density for one of the In0.75Ga0.25As samples characterized
in this thesis are shown.
1.5 Device fabrication
1.5.1 Optical lithography
This section describes the procedure employed for the fabrication of semi-
conductor heterostructure devices containing a 2DEG. These devices allow
to perform transport measurements on the 2DEG itself.
In the first fabrication step, properly designed structures are patterned
on the sample. The geometry of the devices used in this thesis, commonly
called Hall bar geometry, is shown in Fig. 1.14. This geometry is particu-
larly indicated to study the mobility and carrier density of 2DEGs taking
advantage of the classical Hall effect. Hall bars are typically defined through
common optical lithography and a wet chemical etching process. Fig. 1.15
shows the fundamental steps of device fabrication using optical lithography.
First, the sample to be processed (a) is covered with a positive resist3layer
3By positive resist we mean a polymer that after illumination with UV radiation be-
R. M
enke
, PM
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!"#$%&'("#)*)"&+%"",)!
• QW are promising devices for photon detection • Intrinsically fast detectors • Charge amplification capability • Sensitive from IR to hard x-rays • Position encoding possible
• Cooling concepts • First tests of BPM capabilities at FERMI in July or November 2012 • Different readout schemes will be tested
• Strips • Pixels • Interpolation • Three phase CCD clocking schemes.
eV Photons
Power
Signals & Clocks
x-y Gap
128 x 256 Pixel Sensor
21 c
m (1
024
pixe
ls)
!"#$%&
'(')*
+'%,*
DEPFET Sensor With Signal Compression (DSSC)
M. P
orro
, PM
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High dynamic range (104)
High speed
High bandwidth
Radiation hardness
F.FortiDetector R&D
New Detectors Development
Long lead time: techonologies require 10-15 years to mature
Large costs: need for coordinated action
Transition from R&D to production triggered by experiments
27
A.C
atta
i,Eur
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gy, 2
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F.FortiDetector R&D
A wealth of detector R&D activities2013 Lepton-Photon Symposium, LP 2013:http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/lp13/
2013 Vienna conference on instrumentation, VCI 2013: http://vci.hephy.at/
2012 Crakow European Strategy Meeting: http://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=175067
2012 Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors, PM 2012:http://www.pi.infn.it/pm/2012/
2011 Technology and Instrumention in Part. Phys., TIPP 2011http://conferences.fnal.gov/tipp11/
2010 FNAL Detector R&D Workshop:https://indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=3356
In the slides I indicated the presenter at the meeting, often luckily a young person and not the orginal author of the work
28
F.FortiDetector R&D
Detectors are our eyes
We as a field need to maintain and develop detector expertise. Today’s detector marvels are not automatically reproducible by the next generation. Three essential elements:
1. Training, organizing and stimulating participation in instrumentation schools
2. Experimenting, encouraging young experimentalists to do hands-on detector work especially in smaller, shorter scale experiments
3. Rewarding, giving proper recognition of excellence in instrumentation development in careers at universities and research institutions.
But not only.
29
F.FortiDetector R&D
The view of an istrumentation physicist
30
ExcellentScience
Instrument
BetterSociety
CompetitiveIndustry
F.FortiDetector R&D
More detectors
31
F.FortiDetector R&D
Detectors for reactor neutrinos (many)Inverse beta decay in water solution: coincidence of prompt and delayed signal
Liquid scintillator + PMTs
Underground for low backtround
Optionally Gd-doped scintillator
Near-far measurement to reduce sys.
32
e nep! ++ " +2e e !+ "+ #
Delayed signal, Capture on H (2.2 MeV) or Gd (8 MeV), ~30µs
Prompt signal
Detector Design Water ! Shield radioactivity and
cosmogenic neutron ! Cherekov detector for muon
RPC or Plastic scintillator " muon veto
Three-zone neutrino detector " Target: Gd-loaded LS
! 8-20 t for neutrino
" !-catcher: normal LS ! 20-30 t for energy containment
" Buffer shielding: oil ! 40-90 t for shielding
( ton ) DYB DC RENO Target 20 8.3 16 !-catcher 20 18 28
Buffer 37 88 65 Total 77 114 110
Challenges:
LS: purity, Gd Loading
PMTs: large number, stability
Giant detectors
Singles spectrum
Natural radioactivity
Detector concept
Jun
Cao
, VC
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