Drinking water and wastewater
treatment in China
Fengting LI, Prof, Vice Dean
Hongtao WANG, Ph.D.
UNEP -TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development
College of Environmental Science and Engineering
Tongji University
Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Tel:86 21 65983302
12. Nov. 2012
Water resources situation in China
Drinking water treatment Conventional treatment process of drinking water
Advanced treatment process of drinking water
standards for drinking water quality
coagulants for drinking water treatment
Wastewater treatment Wastewater situation in China
Wastewater treatment process in China
Case Study of wastewater treatment plant
reuse of wastewater
algae separation
wastewater treatment in Africa
Outline
Water resources situation in China
Water shortage in China
Water shortage in China
Water resources situation in China
Shortage and waste
polution
Degradation of
ecology
Un-even distribution
in time and area
Resource
distribution
Distribution of seven river basins of China
Redlines for water consumption
• 2009 ---590 billion m3
• 2015--- 620billion m3
• Functional waters meet national standard.
• 2015---water reuse percentage is 10%
Water shortage in China
River bed Rainwater collection in Guangxi
Shrinking area of rivers
Chinese Quality Standard for Surface Water Sources
A part of typical water quality standard limited value (Unit:mg/L)
Pollutants ClassⅠ ClassⅡ Class Ⅲ Class Ⅳ Class Ⅴ
Dissolved oxygen ≥ 7.5 6 5 3 2
Permanganate index ≤ 2 4 6 10 15
COD ≤ 15 15 20 30 40
BOD5 ≤ 3 3 4 6 10
NH3-N ≤ 0.015 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Total P ≤ 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Total N ≤ 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Arsenic ≤ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1
Hg ≤ 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001
Cd ≤ 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01
Water resources
River
length
evalua
ted
Water resources percentage(%)
Class
1
Class
2
Class
3
Class
4
Class
5
Worse
than
5
Class 1-3
Nation 147727.5 3.5 31.8 25.9 11.4 6.8 20.6 61.2
Huai River Area 14130.5 0.5 15.6 23.3 18.1 11.3 31.2 39.4
Huai River 12025.6 0.5 15.6 22.3 20.2 12.8 28.6 38.4
Yantse River Area 41176.6 3.7 36.2 29.2 9.0 7.5 14.4 69.1
Tai lake 3028.7 0.0 4.2 10.6 13.6 15.9 55.7 14.8
Water situation in 2009
Drinking water treatment in China
13
Source
Water Coagulation Filtration
Pump Customer
Coagulant
Sedimentation Clean water
Cl2
Conventional treatment process of
drinking water
Disinfection
Distribution
14
Source
Water
Coagulation Oxidation
Pump Customer
O3 Coagulant
Sedimentation
Activated
carbon Clean water
Advanced treatment process of drinking water
Filtration
Ozone biological activated carbon technology
Chlorine
Standards for Drinking Water Quality Parameters: GB 5749-85: only 35; GB5749-2006:increased to 106 (71 New!); Some new parameters: Microorganisms: Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Turbidity: <1 NTU(max: <3 NTU) Disinfectant: O3,ClO2, monochloro amine
Toxicant (inorganic): bromate …
Toxicant (organic): trihalomethane (THMs),
acrylamide, Microcystins, lindane
Others: ammonia nitrogen, CODMn(<3,max<5 mg/L)…
Domestic Poly Aluminum Chloride
for Drinking Water
Index Name Liquid Solid
High-class
product
First-class
product
High-class
product
First-class
product
AL2O3 Content %≥ 10.0 10.0 30.0 28.0
Basicity % 40-85 40-80 40-90 40-90
Density (20%)/(g/cm3) ≥ 1.15 1.15 - -
Non-dissolved Substances
Content/%≤ 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.0
pH(1% aqueous
suspension) 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0
Coagulants
18
Coagulants
and
flocculants
名称 type
硫酸铝 alum, aluminum sulfate
氯化硫酸铁 ferric sulfate chloride
硫酸铁 ferric sulfate
硫酸亚铁 ferrous sulfate
氯化铁 ferric chloride
聚氯化铝 poly aluminum chloride
聚硫酸铝 poly aluminum sulfate
聚氯化铝铁 poly aluminum ferric chloride
聚硫酸铁 poly ferric sulfate
聚硫酸铁铝 poly aluminum ferric sulfate
聚硅氯化铝 poly aluminum silicate chloride
聚硅硫酸铝 poly aluminum silicate sulfate
聚硅氯化铝铁 poly aluminum ferric silicate chloride
聚硅硫酸铁 poly ferric silicate sulfate
聚硅硫酸铝铁 poly aluminum ferric silicate sulfate
19
Poly aluminum chloride, PAC [Alm(OH)n(H2O)x ]·Cl3m - n (n ≤3 m)
Synthesis of novel coagulant (Al)
21
Synthesis of novel coagulant (Fe)
• Jar test
• Raw water: >500 NTU
• Treated water:1-2 NTU
Drinking water treatment in Ethiopia
WTP PAC-SDD PAC-CFII ALUM
NG’ETHU 97.7% 98% 89.8%
SASUMUA 81.9% 84% 75%
KABETE 91.8% 92% 89%
Drinking water treatment in Kenya
Wastewater treatment in China
Wastewater treatment in China
1978 1987 1997 2003 2006
Wastewater treatment ratio in Shanghai
wastewater treatment in Shanghai
一级处理
Primary treatment
二级处理
Secondary treatment
三级处理
Tertiary treatment
Conventional
activated sludge
BNR
Biological
phosphorus
removal
Biological nitrogen
&phosphorus
removal
MBR
RO
Bar Screen
Biofilm
Discharge
or Reuse
Disinfection
Ecological
treatment
Filtration
How to Choose the Process
Primary sedimentation
Grit chamber
Enhanced primary
sedimentation
Coagulation
BNR: Biological Nutrient Removal
MBR: Membrane Bioreactor
RO: Reverse Osmosis
Wastewater treatment process in China
General concept and process of wastewater treatment plant
Wastewater
Bar screen
Smell treatment Exhaust
Primary
treatment
Secondary treatment
Advanced treatment Sludge treatment
Drainage/
reuse Disposal
How to Choose the Process
To reuse for gardening, car washing, road
watering…, tertiary treatment must be
taken following secondary treatment.
To reuse for industrial…, tertiary or
advanced treatment must be taken,
effluent meets special water quality.
To close surface water, such as lake,
landscape…, secondary or enhanced
secondary treatment process should be
used, effluent meets first class A standard.
How to Choose the Process Wastewater treatment process in China
城市污水处理厂
Municipal
WWTP
居民
商业
Residential
& business
area
厕所黑水
Toilet flushing 生活污水
Domestic
wastewater 厨房洗浴灰水
Kitchen & bathing Water
工业污水
Industrial
Wastewater
工业
Industry
经过预处理
Pretreatment
不需预处理
Non-pretreatment
雨水
Rainwater
合流制排水
Combined sewage
分流制排水
Separate sewage 雨水排放
Rainwater discharge
初期收集
Initial rainwater
Collection
溢流
Overflow
How to Choose the Process Wastewater treatment process in China
Removal of Pollutants by Primary and
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
PPPaaarrraaammmeeettteeerrr PPPrrriiimmmaaarrryyy
TTTrrreeeaaatttmmmeeennnttt SSSeeecccooonnndddaaarrryyy
TTTrrreeeaaatttmmmeeennnttt
BBBOOODDD 333555%%% 999000%%%
TTToootttaaalll NNNiiitttrrrooogggeeennn 222000%%% 555000%%%
TTToootttaaalll
PPPhhhooosssppphhhooorrruuusss 111000%%% 333000%%%
SSSuuussspppeeennndddeeeddd
SSSooollliiidddsss 666000%%% 999000%%%
Removal of Pathogens by Secondary
Wastewater Treatment
OOOrrrgggaaannniiisssmmm AAAccctttiiivvvaaattteeeddd
SSSllluuudddgggeee TTTrrriiiccckkkllliiinnnggg FFFiiilllttteeerrr
PPPrrroootttooozzzoooaaannn
CCCyyyssstttsss 999999%%% 111111%%% ––– 999999%%%
HHHeeellliiimmmeeennnttthhh OOOvvvaaa CCCooonnndddiiitttiiiooonnnsss
ppprrrooommmooottteee
hhhaaatttccchhhiiinnnggg
666222%%% --- 777666%%%
BBBaaacccttteeerrriiiaaalll
PPPaaattthhhooogggeeennnsss 999000%%% --- 999555%%% 666666%%% --- 999999%%%
EEEnnnttteeerrriiiccc VVViiirrruuussseeesss 999000%%% --- 999999%%% 555999%%% --- 999444%%%
Activated Sludge Process
1. AAO Series Processes
2. SBR Series Processes
3. Oxidation Ditch Series Processes
Secondary Wastewater treatment Technology
AAO: Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic
SBR: Sequencing batch reactors
A/A/O Series Processes
A/A/O Process
Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic Process chart is
shown as follows, which is a typical activated
sludge process that can remove nutriment
with microorganism.
Secondary Wastewater treatment Technology
(Phosphorus release)
(Stirrer)
Anaerobic basin Anoxic basin Oxic basin
(Nitrogen removal) (BOD removal, nitrification
and P uptake )
Raw wastewater Effluent
(Stirrer)
RAS
WAS
Mixed liquor recirculation
N 2
SBR Series Processes
SBR Sequencing batch reactor chart is shown as follows. SBR
is widely used in China.
eff. idle period draining period settling period reaction period
inflow period
wastewater
Secondary Wastewater treatment Technology
Biological Aerated Filter
Biofilm process Biofilm process is another main process compared
with activated sludge process.
Rotating Biological Contactor
Bio-tower
Trickling Filter
Secondary Wastewater treatment Technology
MLSS
NaCl,CaCl2, MgSO4
Dissolve Matter
Colloid,Bacteria, Virus, Big Molecule
Micro-floc of Sludge, SS, Polymer, alga
反渗透RO
8~10Å
超滤UF
5~100nm
微滤MF
0.1~10um
Sand, Cloth filtration
5~100um
H2O
Virus:0.02 m – 0.085 m
Bacteria:0.2 m - 10 m
2~10MPa
0.1~0.5MPa
50~100kPa
Gravity filtration
Tertiary or Advanced Treatment Technology
Typical performance data with
various treatment process
Typical performance data with various treatment process
Case study: Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai,China
项 目 COD BOD5 SS NH3-N TP
Influent (mg/L)
400 200 250 30 4.5
Effluent (mg/L)
60 20 20 8(15) 1.5
Treatment technologies of Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai
进水泵房
粗格栅
细格栅
沉砂池
计量槽
一反体应化池
加氯消毒
出水泵房
栅渣压干机 栅渣压干机 砂水分离器 剩余污泥泵
排放 进水
栅渣 栅渣 砂 剩余污泥
至剩余污泥处理段 栅渣外运
主体工艺
Influent
Fine
Screen
Lift
Pump
Grit
Chamber
Coarse
Screen
Flow
meter Unitank
Chlorination Disinfection
Effluent
Grid
Residue Sand Surplus sludge
Presser Presser Separator Sludge Pump
Landfill To Sludge treatment
鼓风机房 Aeration station
Effluent:
Discharged to Yangtze River;
Reclaimed and reused for road flushing, firefighting, irrigation
Effluent discharge Reclaimed water
Case study: Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai,China
Sludge treatment
Thickening;
Dewatering;
incineration;
Landfill Sludge dewatering Incineration
Wetland wastewater treatment system in Nanhui District, Shanghai
High concentration industrial water treatment (pulp & paper mill)
Raw water Buffer tank filtration acidolysis
Aeration
with suspending additive
Secondary
sediment
Concentration
of sludge
Belt filtration
effluent
Feton-AO
Fe-C
Micro-cell
effluent
COD:2000-4000 mg/L
COD:500-800
COD<50 Reaction sediment
COD:50-90
FCCS
Industrial wastewater treatment
Membrane+
carbon filtration
Influent pumping
station
Office building
Ozone generator chlorination
Ozone
contact tank
effluent
Reclaimed water in Qinghe WWTP,Beijing
Wastewater reuse
Beixiaohe WRP, Beijing
RO
MBR A/A/O
Biological deodorization
UV
Wastewater reuse
Case study: Separation of Algae and Dewatering of Dredged Sediments from Tai Lake
Tai Lake to Shanghai: 130 km
Shanghai is located in the downstream of
Yangtze River
Huangpu River and entrance of Yangtze River
provide raw water for Shanghai.
Tai Lake is in the upstream of Huangpu River
Shanghai
Tai Lake
Introduction of Tai Lake
China's famous scenic spot
Algae bloom in Tai Lake
Blue-green algae is seen on the surface of Tai Lake
Blooming algae fills large areas of the Tai Lake Ducks swim in the algae-rich Tai Lake
Tai Lake turns green after an algae bloom
• Algae collection
• Algae separation
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
2,000 m3/d
Designed by
Tongji University
Solid content: 0.5-1%
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
• Algae-Water separation
• Physical methods
• Floatation
• Microfiltration
• Activated carbon
• Chemical methods
• Biological methods
• Comprehensive methods
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
Algae separation Algae residual tank Algae residue dewatering
Non-algae water drained into Tai Lake
Balance tank Algae sludge Methane production Collecting algae from Tai Lake by vessel
Transport vessel
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
Jar test
Coagulants:
absorbent modified with chitosan
alum
poly aluminum chloride
poly ferric sulfate
Coagulant:150 ppm A:algae slurry B:+absorbent modified with chitosan C:+poly aluminum chloride (PACl) D:+poly ferric sulfate E: +alum
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
A B C E D
A1 C1 B1 D1
A1:algae slurry B1:+absorbent modified with chitosan C1: +poly aluminum chloride (PACl) D1: +alum
(a)SEM of modified fly ash coagulant(10 um) (b)SEM of modified fly ash coagulant(2 um) (c) SEM of the algae cell after treatment(5 um) (d) SEM of the algae cell after treatment(2 um)
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
Algae bloom is a serious problem in Tai Lake
Algae can be separated from water by coagulation/adsorption and dewatering
Algae can produce energy and fertilizer
Significant for carbon sequestration
Algae Separation from Tai Lake
Reuse of Waste Water for
Forest Plantation Irrigation project in Africa
Sampling in Sirte City, Libya Prof. Fengting LI visit
University of Zambia
Preliminary scheme of tertiary treatment and reuse of wastewater in Sirte City, Libya
sludge Slaughterhouse wastewater
Wharf toilet
Infrastructure:
pipeline;
Waterworks
WWTPs
Nigeria
Libya-Desalination
Sirte
Libya-Desalination
Water and wastewater treatment technologies that we provide
• Coagulants and disinfectants
• Micro-polluted source water treatment technology
• Water quality monitoring analysis technology
• Drinking water and sewage treatment process design
• Small integrated water treatment equipments
cooperation leads to success
thanks for your attention
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