Discuss with your group: 1. Compare and Contrast Weather and
Climate 2. What causes wind?
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Chapter 16 Global Climate Change
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Statement: It has been so hot this summer, must be that global
warming
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Goals for Chapter 16 What is climate? What factors determine
climate? What causes seasonal changes? What is the ozone layer and
how is it being altered? Describe how human actions are changing
the make up of the Earths atmosphere and what are the potential
consequence of that.
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Section: Climate and Seasons GOALS: Explain the difference
between weather and climate. Identify four factors that determine
climate. Explain why different parts of the Earth have different
climates. Explain what causes seasons.
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Why is our climate the way it is?
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Weather State of the atmosphere at any one time in a
region
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Climate Climate: is the long-term average weather conditions in
an area
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4 Factors that determine Climate 1) Latitude 2) Atmospheric
Circulation (direction of the wind) 3) Ocean Circulation 4)
Topography
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Climate Factors 1) Latitude: the distance north or south from
the equator impacts a regions climate What is 0 o ?
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Latitude
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Latitude Greenland at noon in the summer
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Dominican Republic Winter Sun Latitude
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Climate Factors 2) Atmospheric Circulation: the direction the
wind comes from impacts climate Which way generally does wind blow
across the U.S.?
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Atmospheric Circulation Prevailing Winds: winds that blow
predominantly in one direction Westerlies Trade Winds Polar
Easterlies
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Climate Factors 3) Ocean Circulation Patterns: Oceans carry
heat from the equator or cool waters from the poles Surface
currents caused by winds
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Climate Factors 3) Ocean Circulation Patterns: Oceans carry
heat from the equator or cool waters from the poles Surface
currents caused by winds
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Ocean Currents
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Climate Factors 4) Topography: the shape of the land influences
climate greatly Mountains can impact temperature and precipitation
patterns
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Topography: Where do you think it snows the most in the
U.S.?
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Can it snow near the equator?
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Topography
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What causes seasonal changes?
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When do we get the most direct sunlight? Noon Sunlight
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When do we get the most indirect sunlight? Noon sunlight
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When is the daylight hours longest and the shortest? December
21 st at 7 PM EST: WHY DOES IT LOOK LIKE THIS
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What time of year is this? How do you know?
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What 2 days of the year does it look like this: equal day and
not all around the globe?
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Seasons Seasons: caused by the fact that Earths axis is tilted
at 23.5 o.
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Section Review Explain the difference between weather and
climate. Identify four factors that determine climate. Explain why
different parts of the Earth have different climates. Explain what
causes seasons.
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Section : Global Warming GOALS: Explain how the greenhouse
effect works Describe why carbon dioxide is important in the
atmosphere, but why scientists find it troubling that levels are
rising Analyze what a warmer world might look like DO NOT CONFUSE
OZONE DEPLETION WITH GLOBAL WARMING!!!
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Has Earths Climate Always Been Like Todays? How is it possible
that you can find shark teeth far from the ocean inland? How is it
possible that you find fossils of Palm Trees in parts of Canada?
Today, global average temp = 59 o F
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Has Earths Climate Always Been Like Todays? Over past 4.7
billion years climate has changed by Volcanic eruptions Changes in
solar output Continents moving Meteorites Natural variations in CO
2 Some changes slow, some quickly
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Why does a greenhouse stay warm in the winter? Why does the
inside of the car heat up quickly on a sunny day?
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Greenhouse Effect Naturally occurring process in the atmosphere
where gases trap in heat. Like a blanket covering planet Known
about for over a century Without it Earth would be COLD
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Greenhouse Gases Major greenhouse gases include Carbon Dioxide
Water Vapor Methane CFCs All act to trap in heat
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Greenhouse Effect
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We know from the past that CO 2 levels tied closely to
temperature
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Measuring CO 2 Since 1958 in Mauna Loa Hawaii What does this
data show? What trends does it show? Why does it go up and down
each year?
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Chemist Charles Keelings CO2 measurements Why measure here? CO
2 rates rising quickly 1764 --- 276 ppm 1995 --- 360 ppm 2010 ---
390 ppm
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Rising CO2 Levels Most CO 2 in atmosphere is coming from
burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas Never 390 ppm
in last 420,000 years (possibly 20 million) Continue to rise
rapidly WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR THE FUTURE?
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Where is the CO 2 Coming From? 42% Coal powerplants 24%
transportation 20% industrial processes 14% residential and
commercial usages Exhale, drive, turn on light, burn log in fire 1
gallon of gas burned equals 20 pounds of CO 2
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Where is the CO 2 Coming From? 4.6% of the worlds population,
yet 24% of emissions of CO 2 From just U.S. coal burning exceeds
146 other nations with 3/4 th of world population Per capita yearly
500 tons
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What do these graphs tell you?
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What do higher CO 2 levels mean for our future climate?
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Its All About Carbon http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p
hp?storyId=9943298 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p
hp?storyId=9943298 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p
hp?storyId=9943298
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Global Warming Earths global average temperature continues to
rise due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
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Global Warming Earths global average temperature continues to
rise due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
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How Can You Predict The Future? Very Complex Computer Models
Those models are saying It is likely that the world will warm 1.4 o
C to 5.8 o C (2.5 o F to 10.4 o F) between 2000 and 2100
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Why Care? I would like a warmer winter, and I Love Beach
Weather
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WHY CARE? Its not like I can do anything. Plus, I Love my car.
Some potential benefits of global warming
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Consequences of a Warmer Earth 1) A Grand Experiment With
Potentially Major Changes 2) Melting Ice = Higher Seas 3) Change in
Weather Patterns 4) Human Health Problems 5) Agriculture Changes 6)
Effects to plants and animals
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Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montanas Glacier National
Park. Top: 1913: Bottom: 2008
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Many major cities in the world are below, near or just above
sea level.
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Florida after sea level rise of 5 meters
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Impacts on Organisms Habitats shift, usually toward the poles
or to higher altitudes. Migrations start earlier in the spring.
Loss of ice makes hunting seals difficult for polar bears
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Impacts on the Oceans An increase in ocean temperature is
associated with a process called coral bleaching. An increase in
ocean temperature is associated with a process called coral
bleaching. Changes in ocean acidity, resulting from an increase in
dissolved carbon dioxide, can harm organisms. Changes in ocean
acidity, resulting from an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide,
can harm organisms.
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Reducing Risks
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Improve Efficiency of Cars
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International Agreements What make Global Warming a difficult
issue for political leaders to deal with? 1) Complex Issue 2)
Consequences in Future 3) Need behavior changes 4) International 5)
Wealth Companies
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International Agreements Why are international agreements
needed? What makes them hard to negotiate? What differences exist
between the developed and developing countries?
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Kyoto Protocol 1997 International Treaty accepted by 160
countries to limit CO2 pollution 1990 levels by 2012 U.S. did not
ratify New treaties trying to negotiate
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Global Warming: What does the future hold?
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Section Review Explain how the greenhouse effect works Describe
why carbon dioxide is important in the atmosphere, but why
scientists find it troubling that levels are rising Analyze what a
warmer world might look like DO NOT CONFUSE OZONE DEPLETION WITH
GLOBAL WARMING!!! (What are some similarities/differences)
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Agree or Disagree Developed countries should help countries
with tropical rain forests so those poorer countries can afford to
leave their forests intact. Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring
molecule and rising levels in our atmosphere should not be worried
about.
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Section : The Ozone Shield GOALS: Explain how the ozone layer
shields the Earth from harmful radiation. Describe how CFCs are
damaging the ozone layer. What are impacts for a thinner ozone
layer.
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Why is the atmosphere important?
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Ozone Layer Ozone Layer: An area of the stratosphere with high
concentrations of ozone gas Acts like a sun screen blocking out UV
rays Ozone = O 3 Good ozone vs. Bad Ozone
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Ozone Depletion Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Man-made chemical
Miracle Chemical Damages the ozone layer Takes a LONG time to get
to ozone layer and destroys many ozone molecules
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CFCs Used for decades Each CFC molecule can destroy 100,000
ozone molecules over decades
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Ozone Hole Antarctic Ozone Levels
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Impacts of Thinning Ozone Layer Damage to skin cells (including
skin cancers) Damage to eyes UV Light damages DNA Kills
phytoplankton (single-celled organisms) which are the base of most
ocean food chains UV light damages crops
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Protecting the Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol: international
agreement in 1987 to phase out CFC usage Second conference in 1992
in Copenhagen WHY WILL IT STILL BE A PROBLEM FOR MANY MORE
DECADES?
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Section Review Explain how the ozone layer shields the Earth
from harmful radiation. Describe how CFCs are damaging the ozone
layer. What are impacts for a thinner ozone layer. DO NOT CONFUSE
OZONE DEPLETION WITH GLOBAL WARMING!!! (What are some
similarities/differences) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMogIdr
8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMogIdr 8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMogIdr 8