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Definition
Mazhabthe way of
Fiqh - knowledge of the practical legalrulings derived from particular proofs in a
manner such that they are not necessarilyknown by reason (Imam al-Razi)
Mazhab Fiqh
Rules and Regulations Permitted and Forbidden
4 school of thoughts
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Huzaimah Tahido A mujtahid thoughts, believe, and opinion on Islamic
Law based on The Quran and As-Sunnah.
A compilation of Fatwa or opinions made by Imam inreligion matters.
Imam Languageguide
Islam Leader in Solah
Leader of Islamic Communities Use to call an individual who has a level of knowledge and
seen as reference of religion knowledge other than TheQuran and As- Sunnah.
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The History
4 Era of the school of thoughts history; The era of Rasulullah S.A.W and The Khulafa ar-
Rasyidin
The era of Umayyah and Abbasiah administration The era of Islam downfall
The era of Islam renaissance
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The era of Rasulullah S.A.W and The
Khulafa ar-Rasyidin
Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Mutalib
Rasulullah propagated Islam as the newreligion at that time.
Prime source of Shariah (The Quran) wasrevealed gradually to Rasulullah S.A.W.
The Quran was revealed gradually to ensurethat it is easy for the Ummah to learn andaccept Islam teaching phase by phase.
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Rasulullah S.A.W as a teacher;
in that We have sent among you an Messenger of yourown, rehearsing to you Our Signs, and sanctifying you,and instructing you in Scripture and Wisdom, and in
new knowledge.
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Hadith as a 2ndsource of shariah
Nor does he say (aught) of (his own) Desire.
It is no less than inspiration sent down to him
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Act of Rasulullah S.A.W as a teaching
Say: "I am no prophet of new-fangled doctrine amongthe apostles, nor do I know what will be done with meor with you. I follow but that which is revealed to meby inspiration; I am but a Warner open and clear."
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TIME BEFORE THE EXISTENCE OF THE FOUR
SCHOLARS OF THOUGHT
THE FIRST PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT
In this era, there are no schools except what had been
stated in the Qur'an, taught by the Prophet and ijma 'of
the Caliph.
It begins when Allahsent Prophet Muhammad to be a
messenger of God.
Islam, develop a new religion is developed.At this point the source of revelation in the form sharia
Al-Quran Al-Karim and guidance of the Prophet.
Quran was revealed in stages to facilitate the people
accept and learn incrementally.
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The Prophet acts as a teacher to help the people
to learn Islam. This, as proclaimed by Allah in the Qur'an:
We sent to you a Messenger from among you(Muhammad), who rehearse Our Signs to you and
purify you (from polytheism and evil practice), and the
content taught you the Book (the Quran) and wisdom
wisdom, and taught you what you did not know.
[al-Baqarah 2:151]
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Also, the teaching of the Prophet which we nowaccept as the Hadithas the 2ndsource of shariah.
Nor does he say (something related to Islam) of hisown and his own opinion. Indeed it is (either the Qur'an
or hadith) is nothing but a revelation revealed to him.[al-Najm 53:3-4]
Islamic fiqh easy to learn and easy unansweredconcerns the presence of a Messenger whotaught directly based on the revelation of God .
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Khulafa Ar-Rasyidin
After the death of the Prophet, the Four
Rightly Guided Caliphs government rises.
There are 4 Caliphs of al-Rashidun,
1. Abu Bakar al-Siddiq
2. Umar ibn al-Khaththab
3. Uthman ibn 'Affan4. Ali ibn Abi Talib
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They take over as leader religion and country.
The caliphs al-Rashidun continue the tradition
of leadership and teaching Islam as shown by
the Prophet
Only there is a big difference at this point,
revelation no longer relegated.
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The boundaries of Islam is starting to spread
to the new territories.
The caliphs occasionally had to deal with the
questions that have not been attempted in
the past.
To find a solution, the caliph would sit down
to talk with the companions (Shura) to acquire
a majority of the closest answer.
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For example:
When litigants people come to Abu Bakar to
ask questions regarding Islam, he will find the
ruling in al-Qur'an, to decide the matter.
If there is nothing in the Qur'an, the Sunnah of
the Prophet will be his second reference to
find the answer.
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If there is no tradition in the matter, he would
ask his companions.
He will collect figures companions in the Shura
then ask their opinion.
If they are united on the opinion of one (all
agree) thatijma , he will decide on the
consensus revenue certainty' that.
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THE THIRD PERIOD OF THE DEVELOPMENT
After the fall of Abbasid Dynasty Muslim are under a number
of separate groups of government.
Each one has their own method of government and each has
the official mazhab which act as the reference of the
implementation of shariah.
In centuries 'middle' , Muslim Ummah began to experience
decline and backwardness.
One of the factors that lead to this difficulties was theexistence of taqlid culture which means to follow a mujtahid
in religious laws and commandment that is following the
decisions of a religious expert without necessarily examining the
scriptural basis or reasoning of that decision.
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Concept-We the sect, are those of their sect (kami
mazhab kami, mereka mazhab mereka)
Walls between denominations became more dense andstrong.
The ijtihad and effort to review more knowledge about
Islamic jurisprudence has been stopped.
The knowledge of Islam were not developed and has
been decline.
Islamic jurisprudence is considered as something
outdated and not have to be given priority in a recent
period.
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The 4thPeriod of Development
Religious leaders across the Muslim world began to realize the importance of
Islamic knowledge, to avoid mazhab obsession, to condemn taqlid blindly, to
open the doors of ijtihad and many more.
17 M/ 11 H Beginning of Revolution of Reform, Development and
Industrialization in European countries
Emergence of movements and revolutions in Islamic world.
Examples:-
Wahhabi : Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab
Islah : Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh
Muslim Brotherhood : Hassan al-Banna
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They stressed that for the Muslim society to progress further,they must have expertise in both knowledge, the religious orthe worldly knowledge as both knowledge belongs to Allah.
Both knowledge mutually support each other and if there iscontradiction, then that is due to the limit of humansknowledge about any of those two.
The books of tafsir, hadith, fiqh and other Islamic knowledge
resources regardless of which schools of thought it came frombegan to be translated so that people not proficient in Arabiccould follow.
Apart from that there are also books written by Islamicreformist for this purpose.Eg: Al-Urwat Al-Wuthqa by Al-Afghani & Muhammad Abduh
Yusr al-Islam wa Usul al-Tashri al-Ammby Rashid Rida
Muzakirat ad-Dawahwa-Daiyiah-by Hasan al Banna
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IMAM ABU HANIFAH
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Biography
Numnibn Thbitibn Zibn Marzubn
Imm e Azam Ab anfah
He was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of
fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). He was born in the city of Kufa in Iraq, 80H .
Abanfahis regarded by some as one of the
Tabiun, the generation after the Sahaba, who were
the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
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Education
Imam Abu Hanifah benefited from nearly 4,000Sheikhs.
Among his 1st and the most important tutors was
Imam Hammad (Died 120 A.H.) whose educational
lineage is linked with Hadhrat Abdullah Ibn Masood(R.A.).
He himself was blessed with the meeting of the
Companions: Anas ibn Malik, Abdullah ibn Afwa andSahl ibn Sa'ad (ra), thus gaining him the rank of being
a Tabi'i(Successor to the Companions).
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Amongst Imam Abu Hanifah's shayukhwas Hammad
ibn Sulayman. He joined his circle at the age of 22, having already
become a well-known debater.
He took over his majlis(circle) at the age of 40.
Shu'ba, a leading muhaddithwho knew-by-heart
two thousand traditions was also a teacher of Imam
Abu Hanifah.
Shu'ba was greatly attached to ImamAbu Hanifah
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Contributions.
He established a school at Kufa, which laterbecame a famous College of Theology. Here hedelivered lectures on Islamic Law and related
subjects. Imam Abu Hanifah (R.A.) was the 1st of theImams to advocate the use of reason in theconsideration of religious questions based on the
Quran and Sunnah. He was also the 1st Imam to arrange all the
subjects of Islamic Law systematically.
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Al-Athar
The Kitab al-Athar was the first book composed inIslam after the generation of the Companions.
Al-Imam al-Azam Abu Hanifah Numan ibn Thabit
wrote it. It comprises Ahadith that connect directly
back to the Messenger of Allah.
It was compiled by his studentsImam Abu Yusuf
and Imam Muhammad.
The narration of Imam Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan ash-Shaybani has Arabic text with English translation.
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Works
Kitaab-ul-Aathaarnarrated by Imaam
Muhammad al-Shaybanicompiled from a
total of 70,000 hadith.
Kitabul Aathaarnarrated by Imaam Abu Yusuf.
Kitaabul Rad alal Qaadiriyah.
Aalim wa'l-mutaallim.
Musnad Imaam ul A'zam.
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Hanafi School
It was the first to acquire widespread popularity, the
largest of the four schools (approximately 30% of
Muslims world-wide).
The first scholar to pay allegiance to this school ofthought was Abul Abbas al-Saffah (leader of the
revolution against the Umayyah dynasty and the founder
of the Abbasid Empire).
The Hanafi school is considered to be one of the more
liberal-for example, under Hanafi jurisprudence,
blasphemy is not punishable by the state, despite being
considered a civil crime by some other schools.
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Hanafi is predominant among Sunni Muslims
in Pakistan and northern Egypt), the Muslims
of China the Muslims of Russia and Ukraine.
The Constitution of Afghanistan allows Afghan
judges to use Hanafi jurisprudence in
situations where the Constitution lacks
provisions.
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IMAM MALIKI
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Biography
Abu Abdullah Mlikibn Anas ibn MlikIbn Ab'mirIbn 'Amr Ibnul-HrithIbn GhaimnIbnKhuthail Ibn 'Amr Ibnul-Haarith.
Born in Madinah (95AH 713M) One of the most respected scholars in Sunni
Islam
Imam Shafiiwas his student for 9 years Described as Fair, Tall, Bald, have Long Beard
and Blue eyes
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Education
Memorized the Quran since his youth
Learn recitation from Imam Abu Suhail an-Nafi
Teachers ;
Hisham b. Urwah
Jafar al-Sadiq
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
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Hadith Narration
Imam Malik is extreme cautious in narrating hadith.
In 100,000 hadith that hed memorize, only 5,000hadith had been compiled in his book, The Muwatta.
He do not except knowledge from 4 types of people:
A foolish even other may narrate from him
A person involve in heresy & calling ors towards theinnovation
A person who lies in regular conversation, eventhough I donot accuse him as liar in regard to hadith
A pious worshipper/scholar but does not properly &correctly memorize what he narrates
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Al-Muwatta
Muwattabasis/guidance
Qadi Abu BakrMuwatta is the 1stfoundationand core of all hadith.
All the hadith narrated in Al-Muwatta areknown for its authenticity, because ImamMalik was very selective.
He spent 40 years to filter the hadith andcompile it.
Al-Muwatta consists of 61 chapters.
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IMAM SHAFII
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For the third of the four great imams, Imam Muhammad
al-Shafii, his great contribution was the codifying andorganization of a concept known as usul al-fiqh - the
principles behind the study of fiqh. During his illustrious
career, he learned under some of the greatest scholars
of his time, and expanded on their ideas, while stillholding close to the Quran and Sunnah as the main
sources of Islamic laws. Today, his madhab (school of
thought), is the second most popular on earth, after the
madhab of Imam Abu Hanifa.
Early Life
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Early Life
Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafiiwas born in 767M/150H (the
year of Imam Abu Hanifasdeath) in Gaza, Palestine. His
father died when he was very young, and thus his mother
decided to move to Makkah.
He managed to memorize the Quran at the age of 7.
Afterwards, he began to immerse himself in the study of
fiqh, and memorized the most popular book of fiqh at the
time, Imam MaliksMuwatta, which he memorized by age
10.
Some told that Al Shafii memorized completeAl-Muwatta
at the aged of 15.
He studied Islamic jurisprudence under the well known
scholar which are Muslim b Khalid al-Zanji, mufti of Mecca
on that time and Sufyan b Uyayana.
AL SHAFII IN IRAQ & EGYPT
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AL SHAFII IN IRAQ & EGYPT
Governor of Yemen has offered Iman Shafii to take up government
position as he he impressed by the great learning of Al Shafii.
However, he been accused be in conflict as supporting Shia rebels in
Yemen.
Al Shafii successfully defended himself by saying that he had discussed
with the Caliph every conceivable branch of knowledge including Greekmedicine & philosophies in their original language.
Al Shafii had invited by Abdallah bin Musa to come to Egypt.
Most of his mature works were written-Al Risalah & Al Uum.
It was the practice of Imam Al Shafii that whatever was written down
by his disciples was read aloud to him & he would go o correcting the
text.
AL SHAFII FAMOUS WORKS
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AL SHAFII FAMOUS WORKS
During the 700s and the early part of the 800s, there were two
competing philosophies about how Islamic law should be derived.
One philosophy was promoted by ahl al-hadith, meaning thepeople of Hadith. They insisted on absolute reliance on the literal
interpretation of Hadith and the impermissibility of using reason as
a means to derive Islamic law. The other group was known as ahl
al-rai, meaning thepeople of reason. They also believed in usingHadith of course, but they also accepted reason as a major source
of law. The Hanafi and Maliki schools of fiqh were mostly
considered to have been ahl al-raiat this time.
Having studied both schools of fiqh, as well as having a vast
knowledge of authentic hadith, Imam al-Shafiisought to reconcile
the two philosophies and introduce a clear methodology for fiqh
known as usul al-fiqh. His efforts towards this end resulted in his
seminal work,Al-Risala.
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AL-RISALAH FI-USUL AL-FIQH
Al-Risala was not meant to be a book that discussed particular legal
issues and al-Shafii'sopinion on them. Nor was it meant to be abook of rules and Islamic law. Instead, it was meant to provide a
reasonable and rational way to derive Islamic law. In it, Imam al-
Shafiioutlines four main sources from which Islamic law can be
derived:
1. The Quran
2. The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad
3. Consensus among the Muslim community
4. Analogical deduction, known as Qiyas
In the Risalah, Imam Shafii has not only emphasized the Sunnah as
the source of Shariah but also draws heavily on Sunnah in
formulating the rules of law.
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AL UMM
Kitab al-Umm covers most of the chapters treated in
Fiqh. It is presented the views of scholars who havedisagreed with him and the analysis and discussion
of their arguments.
Al Shafii has devoted the whole section of the book
to his discussion with the eminent jurists of his time
like Imam Malik, Imam Auzai, Imam Abu Hanifah,
Imam Abu Yusuf and Imam Muhammad Al-Shaibani.
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IMAM HANBALI
Hi t
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History It is the 4thschool of law in Sunni Islam
Established by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal
Derives its decrees from Quran & Sunnah which it places above allforms of consensus, opinion or inference
Accept opinion given by Companions of Prophet as authority providedthat there is no disagreement with another Companion. If there is, thanthe opinion which is closer to Quran & Sunnah will prevail
Unlike other school of thoughts, the Hanbali school of thought has
almost no use for Qiyas (Analogy) or Raay(personal opinion) to suchextent that they even prefer narration of a weak Hadith over Qiyas orRaay
Less popular than the other 3 school of law as most of its followers arereluctance to give personal opinions on matter of law, rejected Qiyasand are intolerant of views other than their own. Only few scholars likeIbn Taymiya & Ibn Qayyimal Jawzia display mode of tolerance to otherviews other than their predecessors and were instrumental in makingteachings of Hanbali more generally accessible
Today the school is officially recognized as authority in Saudi Arabia &the areas within the Persian Gulf
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About the Founder His real name is Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal Abu `Abd
Allah al-Shaybani born in 164H in Baghdad Grew up as an orphan; began quest for Islamic learning at the
age of 15. Started learning jurisprudence under thecelebrated Hanafi judge, Abu Yusuf before traveling throughIraq, Syria and Arabia to collect hadiths or traditions of the
Prophet and is said to had 414 Hadith masters whom henarrated from and from this knowledge he became leadingauthority on the hadith leaving an immense encyclopedia ofhadith, the al-Musnad. Studied Islamic law under al-Syafie
Arrested and lashed by Caliph during Abbasid Period becausehe reject Mutazilahview that Quran was Makhlooq orCreature
Died in 241H in Baghdad, Iraq at the age of 77
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Some of Hanbalisview
Disagreed with Jahmites & Mutazillates that no othereternals exist except God. Hanbal believed that Hell andHeaven is eternal because God made them eternal
Believed that people or inhabitant of Heaven could seeAllah in hereafter while the other totally rejected thebeatific vision of God even in Heaven
Believed that Quran is uncreated because Quran is thewords of Allah, his speech and revelation while the otherbelieved it is created like other creature and beings. Herefused to include Quran in a category of created creatures
of God like Hell and Heaven since there are existing thingsnot mentioned by Allah that they were created like theChair, the Throne and Luh Mahfuz