DESIGN OF WATERSUPPLY PIPENETWORKS
Prabhata K. SwameeAshok K. Sharma
InnodataFile Attachment9780470225042.jpg
DESIGN OF WATERSUPPLY PIPENETWORKS
DESIGN OF WATERSUPPLY PIPENETWORKS
Prabhata K. SwameeAshok K. Sharma
Copyright # 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data:
Swamee, Prabhata K. (Prabhata Kumar), 1940-Design of water supply pipe networks / Prabhata K. Swamee, Ashok K. Sharma.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-17852-2 (cloth)1. Water-pipes. 2. WaterDistribution. 3. Water-supplyManagement. I. Sharma, Ashok K.
(Ashok Kumar), 1956- II. Title.TD491.S93 200762B.105dc22
2007023225Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
http://www.copyright.comhttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissionhttp://www.wiley.com
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
NOTATIONS xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. System Configuration 2
1.3. Flow Hydraulics and Network Analysis 3
1.4. Cost Considerations 5
1.5. Design Considerations 5
1.6. Choice Between Pumping and Gravity Systems 6
1.7. Network Synthesis 61.7.1. Designing a Piecemeal Subsystem 71.7.2. Designing the System as a Whole 71.7.3. Dividing the Area into a Number of Optimal Zones for Design 7
1.8. Reorganization or Restrengthening of Existing Water Supply Systems 8
1.9. Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines 81.10. Scope of the Book 8References 9
2 Basic Principles of Pipe Flow 11
2.1. Surface Resistance 13
2.2. Form Resistance 162.2.1. Pipe Bend 162.2.2. Elbows 172.2.3. Valves 172.2.4. Transitions 192.2.5. Pipe Junction 212.2.6. Pipe Entrance 222.2.7. Pipe Outlet 222.2.8. Overall Form Loss 232.2.9. Pipe Flow Under Siphon Action 23
v
2.3. Pipe Flow Problems 262.3.1. Nodal Head Problem 272.3.2. Discharge Problem 272.3.3. Diameter Problem 27
2.4. Equivalent Pipe 302.4.1. Pipes in Series 322.4.2. Pipes in Parallel 33
2.5. Resistance Equation for Slurry Flow 35
2.6. Resistance Equation for Capsule Transport 37
Exercises 41
References 41
3 Pipe Network Analysis 43
3.1. Water Demand Pattern 44
3.2. Head Loss in a Pipe Link 453.2.1. Head Loss in a Lumped Equivalent 453.2.2. Head Loss in a Distributed Equivalent 45
3.3. Analysis of Water Transmission Lines 46
3.4. Analysis of Distribution Mains 48
3.5. Pipe Network Geometry 50
3.6. Analysis of Branched Networks 50
3.7. Analysis of Looped Networks 513.7.1. Hardy Cross Method 523.7.2. NewtonRaphson Method 603.7.3. Linear Theory Method 64
3.8. Multi-Input Source Water Network Analysis 673.8.1. Pipe Link Data 683.8.2. Input Point Data 683.8.3. Loop Data 703.8.4. NodePipe Connectivity 703.8.5. Analysis 71
3.9. Flow Path Description 74
Exercises 76
References 77
4 Cost Considerations 79
4.1. Cost Functions 814.1.1. Source and Its Development 814.1.2. Pipelines 824.1.3. Service Reservoir 854.1.4. Cost of Residential Connection 86
CONTENTSvi
4.1.5. Cost of Energy 874.1.6. Establishment Cost 87
4.2. Life-Cycle Costing 87
4.3. Unification of Costs 874.3.1. Capitalization Method 884.3.2. Annuity Method 894.3.3. Net Present Value or Present Value Method 90
4.4. Cost Function Parameters 91
4.5. Relative Cost Factor 92
4.6. Effect of Inflation 92
Exercises 95
References 95
5 General Principles of Network Synthesis 97
5.1. Constraints 985.1.1. Safety Constraints 995.1.2. System Constraints 100
5.2. Formulation of the Problem 100
5.3. Rounding Off of Design Variables 100
5.4. Essential Parameters for Network Sizing 1015.4.1. Water Demand 1015.4.2. Rate of Water Supply 1025.4.3. Peak Factor 1035.4.4. Minimum Pressure Requirements 1055.4.5. Minimum Size of Distribution Main 1055.4.6. Maximum Size of Water Distribution 1055.4.7. Reliability Considerations 1055.4.8. Design Period of Water Supply Systems 1075.4.9. Water Supply Zones 1085.4.10. Pipe Material and Class Selection 109
Exercises 109
References 109
6 Water Transmission Lines 111
6.1. Gravity Mains 112
6.2. Pumping Mains 1146.2.1. Iterative Design Procedure 1156.2.2. Explicit Design Procedure 116
6.3. Pumping in Stages 1176.3.1. Long Pipeline on a Flat Topography 1186.3.2. Pipeline on a Topography with Large Elevation Difference 122
CONTENTS vii
6.4. Effect of Population Increase 126
6.5. Choice Between Gravity and Pumping Systems 1286.5.1. Gravity Main Adoption Criterion 128
Exercises 130
References 131
7 Water Distribution Mains 133
7.1. Gravity-Sustained Distribution Mains 133
7.2. Pumped Distribution Mains 136
7.3. Exercises 139
References 140
8 Single-Input Source, Branched Systems 141
8.1. Gravity-Sustained, Branched System 1438.1.1. Radial Systems 1438.1.2. Branch Systems 144
8.2. Pumping, Branched Systems 1508.2.1. Radial Systems 1508.2.2. Branched, Pumping Systems 153
8.3. Pipe Material and Class Selection Methodology 159
Exercises 160
References 161
9 Single-Input Source, Looped Systems 163
9.1. Gravity-Sustained, Looped Systems 1659.1.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 1679.1.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 168
9.2. Pumping System 1729.2.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 1749.2.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 177
Exercises 179
Reference 180
10 Multi-Input Source, Branched Systems 181
10.1. Gravity-Sustained, Branched Systems 18210.1.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 18410.1.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 186
10.2. Pumping System 18910.2.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 19010.2.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 193
CONTENTSviii
Exercises 195
References 196
11 Multi-Input Source, Looped Systems 197
11.1. Gravity-Sustained, Looped Systems 19811.1.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 19911.1.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 200
11.2. Pumping System 20311.2.1. Continuous Diameter Approach 20511.2.2. Discrete Diameter Approach 206
Exercises 211
Reference 212
12 Decomposition of a Large Water System andOptimal Zone Size 213
12.1. Decomposition of a Large, Multi-Input, Looped Network 21412.1.1. Network Description 21412.1.2. Preliminary Network Analysis 21512.1.3. Flow Path of Pipes and Source Selection 21512.1.4. Pipe Route Generation Connecting Input Point Sources 21712.1.5. Weak Link Determination for a Route Clipping 22112.1.6. Synthesis of Network 227
12.2. Optimal Water Supply Zone Size 22812.2.1. Circular Zone 22912.2.2. Strip Zone 235
Exercises 241
References 242
13 Reorganization of Water Distribution Systems 243
13.1. Parallel Networks 24413.1.1. Parallel Gravity Mains 24413.1.2. Parallel Pumping Mains 24513.1.3. Parallel Pumping Distribution Mains 24613.1.4. Parallel Pumping Radial System 247
13.2. Strengthening of Distribution System 24813.2.1. Strengthening Discharge 24813.2.2. Strengthening of a Pumping Main 25013.2.3. Strengthening of a Distribution Main 25213.2.4. Strengthening of Water Distribution Network 254
Exercises 258
Reference 258
CONTENTS ix
14 Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines 259
14.1. Slurry-Transporting Pipelines 26014.1.1. Gravity-Sustained, Slurry-Transporting Mains 26014.1.2. Pumping-Sustained, Slurry-Transporting Mains 262
14.2. Capsule-Transporting Pipelines 26614.2.1. Gravity-Sustained, Capsule-Transporting Mains 26714.2.2. Pumping-Sustained, Capsule-Transporting Mains 268
Exercises 273
References 273
Appendix 1 Linear Programming 275
Problem Formulation 275
Simplex Algorithm 276
Appendix 2 Geometric Programming 281
Appendix 3 Water Distribution Network Analysis Program 287
Single-Input Water Distribution Network Analysis Program 287
Multi-Input Water Distribution Network Analysis Program 322
INDEX 347
CONTENTSx
PREFACE
A large amount of money is invested around the world to provide or upgrade piped watersupply facilities. Even then, a vast population of the world is without safe piped waterfacilities. Nearly 80% to 85% of the cost of a total water supply system is contributedtoward water transmission and the water distribution network. Water distributionsystem design has attracted many researchers due to the enormous cost.
The aim of this book is to provide the reader with an understanding of the analysisand design aspects of water distribution system. The book covers the topics related to theanalysis and design of water supply systems with application to sediment-transportingpipelines. It includes the pipe flow principles and their application in analysis ofwater supply systems. The general principles of water distribution system design havebeen covered to highlight the cost aspects and the parameters required for design of awater distribution system. The other topics covered in the book relate to optimalsizing of water-supply gravity and pumping systems, reorganization and decompositionof water supply systems, and transportation of solids as sediments through pipelines.Computer programs with development details and line by line explanations have beenincluded to help readers to develop skills in writing programs for water distributionnetwork analysis. The application of linear and geometric programming techniques inwater distribution network optimization have also been described.
Most of the designs are provided in a closed form that can be directly adopted bydesign engineers. A large part of the book covers numerical examples. In theseexamples, computations are laborious and time consuming. Experience has shownthat the complete mastery of the project cannot be attained without familiarizingoneself thoroughly with numerical procedures. For this reason, it is better not to considernumerical examples as mere illustration but rather as an integral part of the generalpresentation.
The book is structured in such a way to enable an engineer to design functionallyefficient and least-cost systems. It is also intended to aid students, professional engineers,and researchers. Any suggestions for improvement of the book will be gratefullyreceived.
PRABHATA K. SWAMEEASHOK K. SHARMA
xi
NOTATIONS
The following notations and symbols are used in this book.
A annual recurring cost, annuity
Ae annual cost of electricity
Ar annual installment
a capsule length factor
B width of a strip zone
C cost coefficient
C0 initial cost of components
CA capitalized cost
Cc overall or total capitalized cost
CD drag coefficient of particles
Ce capitalized cost of energy
Cm cost of pipe
Cma capitalized maintenance cost
CN net cost
CP cost of pump
CR cost of service reservoir, replacement cost
CT cost of pumps and pumping
Cv volumetric concentration of particles
ci cost per meter of pipe i
D pipe link diameter
De equivalent pipe link diameter
Dmin minimum pipe diameter
Dn new pipe link diameter
Do existing pipe link diameter
Ds diameter of service connection pipe
D optimal pipe diameterd confusor outlet diameter, spherical particle diameter, polynomial dual
xiii
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