Day 8 GHSGT Tutoring Biochemistry and Cell Processes
Slide 2
The cells need nutrients to provide nourishment and energy. The
main nutrients of the cell are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
(fats), and nucleic acid.
Slide 3
Carbohydrates (C,H, and O molecules in a ratio of 1:2:1)
Carbohydrates are an important energy source for cells.
Slide 4
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide simple sugars made of one
sugar molecule. (ex. Glucose)
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TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharides (ex. Sucrose) 2
monosaccharides linked together
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Polysaccharides ex. Starch, Cellulose) More than two sugars
linked together. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS Made up of two parts: A polar head made of C,H, and OH
links A non-polar tail made of a hydrocarbon chain. This
arrangement allows the lipids to form bilayers creating waterproof
barriers in a cells membrane.
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LIPIDS insoluble in water Fatty acids, waxes, fats, steroids
and oils are formed by lipids (all are insoluble in water)
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Proteins Molecules made up of one or more chains of amino
acids. They are used for many functions
Slide 11
Proteins are used for Structure they make collagen in skin and
keratin in hair/nails/horn
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Proteins are used for Movement ~ actin and myosin in muscle
stimulate the muscle to move
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Proteins are used for Defense ~ antibodies in bloodstream
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Proteins are used for Storage ~ corn seeds are predominately
made of protein
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Proteins are used for Signals ~ growth hormones in your blood
stream
Slide 16
Proteins are used for Nucleic Acids (used in DNA or RNA) long
chains of subunits called nucleotides. All nucleotides have the
following 1. five carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 2. phosphate
group 3. nitrogen-containing base (A,T,C or G)
Slide 17
Cells of the body system work closely together to maintain the
proper balance of oxygen, salts, water and other substances the
organism needs to carry on life processes which contribute to the
life of the whole organism
Slide 18
How does a cell maintain homeostasis? The ability of a
unicellular or multicellular organism to maintain a constant
internal balance regardless of changes in the external environment
is known as homeostasis. Cells move fluids and nutrients in and out
through the cell membrane by either passive or active transport in
order to maintain homeostasis.
Slide 19
Passive Transport spontaneous and does not require energy. The
molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration. There are 2 types diffusion and osmosis
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Diffusion substances move from areas of higher concentration to
areas of lower concentration
Slide 21
Osmosis movement of water through a semi- permeable membrane
from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water
concentration. CLICK HERE FOR ANIMATION OF DIFFUSION AND
OSMOSIS
Slide 22
CLICK HERE TO DEMONSTRATE HYPERTONIC/HYPOTONIC Effects l
Hypotonic Solution more water goes in than out, the cell swells
Hypertonic Solution more water goes out than in, the cell shrinks
Isotonic Solution equal amounts of water go in and out, the cell
remains the same
Slide 23
Active Transport not spontaneous. A cell uses stored energy to
move substances across the cell membrane in the opposite direction
of concentration. click here to see active transport Exocytosis
form of active transport in which a cell discharges materials out
of the cell Endocytosis form of active transport in which a cell
imports substances into the cell
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Slide 25
Photosynthesis the process in which a plant makes food from
water and carbon dioxide using energy from the sun. The green
pigments in plants are able to use sunlight and carbon dioxide from
the air, along with water taken in through the roots of the plant,
and change them into food. This food is stored in the plant as
glucose, which is a form of sugar. 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6
O 2
Slide 26
Respiration a series of chemical changes within a cell in which
sugar is broken down, oxygen is used, energy is released, and water
and carbon dioxide are produced. Respiration takes place in the
mitochondria of the cell. Animals take in food and break it down
through digestion. It is then carried by the blood cells where
cellular respiration takes place. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2
O + energy (ATP)