CURRICULUM VITACURRICULUM VITA

Walaa I. EshraimWalaa I. Eshraim

Academic QualificationsAcademic Qualifications1- Master of Science (M. Sc. in Physics), the Islamic 1- Master of Science (M. Sc. in Physics), the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG), Gaza, Gaza Strip, 2007.University of Gaza (IUG), Gaza, Gaza Strip, 2007.2- Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. in Physics), the Islamic 2- Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. in Physics), the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG), Gaza, Gaza Strip, 2003.University of Gaza (IUG), Gaza, Gaza Strip, 2003.

Scientific PrizesScientific Prizes1- Majorana Prize for the best research published in the 1- Majorana Prize for the best research published in the Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics in 2008.Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics in 2008.2- The Islamic University Prize for the best scientific 2- The Islamic University Prize for the best scientific research in Science Faculty at the Islamic University of research in Science Faculty at the Islamic University of Gaza in 2007.Gaza in 2007.

PublicationsPublications1- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi Approach to the Rlativistic Local 1- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi Approach to the Rlativistic Local Free Field with Linear velocity of Dimension D” Hadronic Journal, 29, (2006), 553.Free Field with Linear velocity of Dimension D” Hadronic Journal, 29, (2006), 553.2- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Quantization of the scalar field coupled minimally 2- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Quantization of the scalar field coupled minimally to the vector potential” Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, 14, (2007), 61.to the vector potential” Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, 14, (2007), 61.3- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of the scalar field 3- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of the scalar field coupled to two flavours Fermionic through Yukawa couplings ”, Islamic University coupled to two flavours Fermionic through Yukawa couplings ”, Islamic University Journal, 15, (2007).Journal, 15, (2007).4- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi treatment of Lagrangian with 4- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi treatment of Lagrangian with fermionic and scalar field”, Romanian Journal of Physics, 53, (2008).fermionic and scalar field”, Romanian Journal of Physics, 53, (2008).5- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of a non-abelian 5- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of a non-abelian Yang-Mills theories”, Electronic Journal of theoretical Physics, 17, (2008) 69.Yang-Mills theories”, Electronic Journal of theoretical Physics, 17, (2008) 69.6- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Path Integral Quantization of The 6- W. I. Eshraim, and N. I. Farahat, “Path Integral Quantization of The Electromagnetic Field Coupled to A Spinor”, Electronic Journal of Theoretical Electromagnetic Field Coupled to A Spinor”, Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, under publication. Physics, under publication. 7- W. I. Eshraim, "Path Integral Quantization of Landau-Ginzburg Theory", Islamic 7- W. I. Eshraim, "Path Integral Quantization of Landau-Ginzburg Theory", Islamic University Journal, under publication.University Journal, under publication.

Conferences PapersConferences Papers1- “Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of the scalar field coupled to two flavours Fermionic 1- “Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of the scalar field coupled to two flavours Fermionic through Yukawa couplings”. The Second International Conference for Science and through Yukawa couplings”. The Second International Conference for Science and Development, Faculty of Science, Gaza, Palestine, March 6-7, 2007. Development, Faculty of Science, Gaza, Palestine, March 6-7, 2007. 2- “Quantization of The Relativistic Local Free Field With Linear Velocity of Dimension D”. 2- “Quantization of The Relativistic Local Free Field With Linear Velocity of Dimension D”. The Third International Conference for Science and Development, Faculty of Science, The Third International Conference for Science and Development, Faculty of Science, Gaza, Palestine, March 7-8, 2009. Gaza, Palestine, March 7-8, 2009. 3- “On The Lagrangian Formalism of Landau-Ginzburg Theory”. The Third International 3- “On The Lagrangian Formalism of Landau-Ginzburg Theory”. The Third International Conference for Science and Development, Faculty of Science, Gaza, Palestine, March 7-Conference for Science and Development, Faculty of Science, Gaza, Palestine, March 7-8, 2009.8, 2009.

Research RegardingResearch RegardingConstraint dynamics and Hamiltonian Formulation of Singular System.Constraint dynamics and Hamiltonian Formulation of Singular System.Application of the theory of partial differential equations, especially in Hamilton-Jacobi Application of the theory of partial differential equations, especially in Hamilton-Jacobi theory, and in formulation of system with constraints.theory, and in formulation of system with constraints.

introductionintroduction

Physics is the most basic of the sciences. It deals with Physics is the most basic of the sciences. It deals with the behavior and structure of matter. the behavior and structure of matter.

The field of physics is usually divided into classical The field of physics is usually divided into classical physics and modern physics.physics and modern physics.

classical physics which includes motion, fluids, heat, classical physics which includes motion, fluids, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism.sound, light, electricity, and magnetism.

modern physics which includes the topics of relativity, modern physics which includes the topics of relativity, atomic structure, condensed matter, nuclear physics, atomic structure, condensed matter, nuclear physics, elementary particles, and cosmology and astrophysics. elementary particles, and cosmology and astrophysics.

1.21.2 The Concept of MatterThe Concept of Matter::

In the study of science, the make up of the universe is In the study of science, the make up of the universe is divided into two categories, matter and energy.divided into two categories, matter and energy.

While a study of matter often deal with an investigation of While a study of matter often deal with an investigation of atoms and their component particles, we more frequently atoms and their component particles, we more frequently encounter matter in the aggregate form of minerals, solids, encounter matter in the aggregate form of minerals, solids, liquids, gases, and the multitude of living things. liquids, gases, and the multitude of living things.

The best way to gain a concept of matter is to work with it The best way to gain a concept of matter is to work with it and to describes its various forms.and to describes its various forms.

A description is not a definition in the real sense of the A description is not a definition in the real sense of the word, but it helps to bring an abstract idea down to word, but it helps to bring an abstract idea down to familiar terms familiar terms

Everything thatEverything that has mass andhas mass and volume is called mattervolume is called matter..

All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical changes. These changes can be microscopic or macroscopic.

1.31.3 Properties of MatterProperties of Matter:: Properties are used to describe matter..

Properties of matter can be divided into physical properties and chemical properties.

Properties of matter

physical properties

chemical properties

Hardness, color, melting point and density

sodium and potassium react

with water

Properties of matter also can be divided into intensive properties and extensive properties.

Properties of matter

intensive properties

extensive properties

such as density, color, and

boiling point

such as mass and

volume

Physical and Chemical properties

Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.

The physical properties of sodium metal is: it is a soft, lustrous, silver-colored metal with a relatively low melting point and low density.

For instance

Figure 7.15 shows a chunk of metallic sodium.

These properties, then, must be determined using a process that changes the identity of the substance of interest. To determine, we would have to combine an alkali metal with water and observe what happens.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Chemical properties describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances.

For exampleOne chemical property of sodium and potassium is that they can react with water:

The changes undergone by sodium and potassium when they react with water are chemical changes. Matter can also undergo physical changes. One example is the melting of a solid.

Physical and Chemical changes

changes of matter

Physicalchanges

Chemical changes

All changes of state are physical changes

Changes of matter’s chemical identity

1.4 Mass and Weight:1.4 Mass and Weight:

A basic property of matter is its mass. A basic property of matter is its mass. The mass of an object is a measure of the quantity of The mass of an object is a measure of the quantity of

matter is contains. matter is contains. Mass measurement are based on the kilogram mass, Mass measurement are based on the kilogram mass,

which is kept in a special vault by the international which is kept in a special vault by the international Bureau of standards in serves, France Duplicates of this Bureau of standards in serves, France Duplicates of this standard are stored in various place a round the world. standard are stored in various place a round the world.

The mass of an object does not vary with temperature, The mass of an object does not vary with temperature, pressure, or location in space. pressure, or location in space.

A 1 – Kilogram mass will have this mass on the earth, A 1 – Kilogram mass will have this mass on the earth, on the moon, on Mars, or when it is floating in space. on the moon, on Mars, or when it is floating in space.

What is mass?What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter in Mass is the amount of matter in

an object.an object. Mass is constant.Mass is constant. Mass is also the measure of Mass is also the measure of

inertia.inertia.

But how does one But how does one determine the mass of an determine the mass of an

object?object?

Is a comparison of size with Is a comparison of size with the standard mass the standard mass

sufficient?sufficient?

Obviously not, since objects may have the same size Obviously not, since objects may have the same size but not the same concentration of matter. A piece of but not the same concentration of matter. A piece of bress and a piece of gold may have the same size and bress and a piece of gold may have the same size and luster, but they differ in mass.luster, but they differ in mass.

Instead of size, we must turn to another property of Instead of size, we must turn to another property of

matter its reaction to forces. matter its reaction to forces.

For the present, we can define a force as something For the present, we can define a force as something which tends to change the motion of an object either which tends to change the motion of an object either in magnitude or direction. A push or a pull is a force. in magnitude or direction. A push or a pull is a force.

Matter responds to a push or a pull by speeding up or Matter responds to a push or a pull by speeding up or

slowing down or changing its direction of motionslowing down or changing its direction of motion.. When equal and opposite forces act on matter, its When equal and opposite forces act on matter, its

motion is unchanged. However, other physical effects motion is unchanged. However, other physical effects may results. may results.

when you push a bicycle you can sped it up rapidly. when you push a bicycle you can sped it up rapidly. The same push on a motorcycle does not produce The same push on a motorcycle does not produce rapid results. In both cases, the mass of the object rapid results. In both cases, the mass of the object being pushed underwent a change in its motion. The being pushed underwent a change in its motion. The motorcycle, which showed the lesser effect, is said to motorcycle, which showed the lesser effect, is said to have a larger mass. The property of matter to oppose have a larger mass. The property of matter to oppose any alteration of its state of rest or motion is calledany alteration of its state of rest or motion is called inertiainertia. .

What is inertia?What is inertia?

Inertia is the resistance of an Inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its motionobject to changes in its motion

The more mass the greater the The more mass the greater the inertiainertia

InertiaInertia shows itself not only when objects are shows itself not only when objects are standing still but also when they are moving. standing still but also when they are moving.

The inertia of matter can be used to measure The inertia of matter can be used to measure mass. If two objects, both of which are entirely mass. If two objects, both of which are entirely free to move, respond in the same way to a free to move, respond in the same way to a given force by undergoing the same change in given force by undergoing the same change in their motion, they have equal masses. That is, their motion, they have equal masses. That is, they contain equal quantities of matter.they contain equal quantities of matter.

Unknown masses can be measured by comparing Unknown masses can be measured by comparing their periods of vibration with those of objects having their periods of vibration with those of objects having known masses. known masses.

First, several of the known objects are used and their First, several of the known objects are used and their vibration times are plotted as functions of their vibration times are plotted as functions of their masses. masses.

Then the vibration time of an unknown object is Then the vibration time of an unknown object is measured and its mass. measured and its mass.

From such an experiment it may be concluded that From such an experiment it may be concluded that mass is the measure of the inertia of an object.mass is the measure of the inertia of an object.

If the mass of an object and its vibration time on an inertia If the mass of an object and its vibration time on an inertia balance were directly proportional, Instead, the relationship is balance were directly proportional, Instead, the relationship is expressed by the following equation: expressed by the following equation:

In which m1 and m2 are two masses (including the mass of the In which m1 and m2 are two masses (including the mass of the pan in each case) and T1 and T2 are their respective vibration pan in each case) and T1 and T2 are their respective vibration times. times.

22

21

2

1

T

T

m

m

A term that is frequently confused with mass is A term that is frequently confused with mass is weight. weight.

Weight is a measure of the gravitational force of Weight is a measure of the gravitational force of attraction between an object and the earth. attraction between an object and the earth.

Since the gravitational force varies with the distance Since the gravitational force varies with the distance between the object and the earth, the value of the between the object and the earth, the value of the weight varies. weight varies.

If one could conceive of a place where there is no If one could conceive of a place where there is no gravitational force acting on an object, its weight gravitational force acting on an object, its weight would be zero but its mass would remain unchanged. would be zero but its mass would remain unchanged.

WeightWeight

The measure of the force of gravity The measure of the force of gravity on the mass of an object.on the mass of an object.

Weight changes with gravity.Weight changes with gravity.

The metric unit for weight is a The metric unit for weight is a Newton (N).Newton (N).

Weight formulaWeight formula 1 kg = 2.2 pounds1 kg = 2.2 pounds Weight is mass times gravity (9.8 Weight is mass times gravity (9.8

m/sm/s22) ) W= m x gW= m x g What is your mass? What is your mass? What is your weight in Newtons?What is your weight in Newtons?

A unit of force used in physics is the A unit of force used in physics is the Newton. Newton.

The Newton and Kilogram are not The Newton and Kilogram are not equivalent units. equivalent units.

They are units for measuring different They are units for measuring different physical quantities. It is correct to say, for physical quantities. It is correct to say, for example, that a 1.0 kilogram mass weights example, that a 1.0 kilogram mass weights 9.8 newtons at sea level. 9.8 newtons at sea level.

A property of matter that is closely related to mass is A property of matter that is closely related to mass is mass mass density.density.

Mass densityMass density refers to the amount of matter in a given a mount refers to the amount of matter in a given a mount of space and is defined as the mass per unit volume of a of space and is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. Thus, if a substance occupies a space of 15 cm3 and substance. Thus, if a substance occupies a space of 15 cm3 and has a mass of 45g, its mass density is 3.0g/cm3. has a mass of 45g, its mass density is 3.0g/cm3.

The mathematical equation isThe mathematical equation is

In giving the mass density of a substance, it is important to In giving the mass density of a substance, it is important to include the units (include the units (kilogram per cubic meterkilogram per cubic meter, , grams per cubic grams per cubic centimetercentimeter, or some other unit of , or some other unit of mass per unit of volumemass per unit of volume) in ) in order that it may be compared with other values of mass order that it may be compared with other values of mass densities.densities.

volume

massdensitymass

1-5      Classification of Matter

Classification of matter by existing State

Gas

Liquid

solid

A gas is highly compressible and will assume both the shape and the volume of

its container.

A solid also is not compressible, and it has a fixed volume and shape of its own.

A liquid is not compressible and will assume the shape but not the volume of its

container.

A plasma is an ionized gas. Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite

volume.

plasma

1.51.5 Conditions of MatterConditions of Matter:: Most properties of matter are not constant, They vary with the Most properties of matter are not constant, They vary with the

environment.environment. Thus, water freezes when it gets cold enough and boils, when Thus, water freezes when it gets cold enough and boils, when

it gets hot enough. it gets hot enough. In each case, the physical properties of the water have In each case, the physical properties of the water have

changed. changed. Similarly, the mass density of a gas increases when it is place Similarly, the mass density of a gas increases when it is place

under pressure and decreases when the pressure is reduced. under pressure and decreases when the pressure is reduced. The environment of matter is referred to as its conditions. The environment of matter is referred to as its conditions. Conditions include such quantities as temperature, pressure, Conditions include such quantities as temperature, pressure,

concentration, and electric charge. concentration, and electric charge.