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Page 1: CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA

CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISIA ANNUAIMPLICATIONS OF INTENSIFICATION

Antony EllmanNatural Resources Institute

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 2

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 3

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 4

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 5

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 6

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 7

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 8

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 9

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 10

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 11

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 12

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 13

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 14

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Yield Trends

SOURCE DRY MATTER ARTEMISININ EXTRACTEDSOURCE MATERIAL

DRY MATTER PRODUCTION (t/ha)

ARTEMISININ CONTENT(% dry weight)

EXTRACTED ARTEMISININ (kg/ha)

Wild Plants 0.5 - 1.0 0 01 - 0 3 0 5 - 1 0Wild Plants 0.5 1.0 0.01 - 0.3 0.5 - 1.0

Varietal selections 1.0 - 1.5 0.4 - 0.6 2.0 - 4.0

Fast track 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 12 0

Hybrids 1.5 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.5 3.0 - 5.0

Fast-track molecular breeding

2.0 - 4.0 2.0 - 5.0(2012-15 targets)

6.0 - 12.0 (2012-15 targets)

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Production Methods

PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES RISKSPRODUCTION METHOD

OPPORTUNITIES RISKS

Minimal investment Low collection cost

Low yield Uncertain quality

Collection from wild

Small farmer cultivation

Labour intensive methodsLow production cost Rural income generation

Loss of genetic diversity

High cost supervisionHigh cost collectionUncertain supplyRural income generation Uncertain supply

Commercial plantation

Access to HYVAccess to irrigation and

Long term investment Land acquisition p g

mechanisationUse of purchased inputsControl of quality and supply

qGeographic concentration Poor management Small farmer exclusion

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ARTEMISININDemand Trends

YEAR Tonnes Artemisinin Hectares Artemisia requiredYEAR Tonnes Artemisinin (indicative figures)

Hectares Artemisia required1 Low yield 2 Medium yield 3 High yield

2010 90 30,000 22,500 15,0002011 120 40,000 30,000 17,5002011 120 40,000 30,000 17,5002012 135 45,000 35,750 16,5002015 150 50,000 37,500 15,0002020 120 40 000 30 000 10 0002020 120 40,000 30,000 10,000

1 Low yield 2 Medium yield 3 High yield

Planting material Conventional selection Improved hybrids Fast track breeding

ASSUMPTIONS

g p y g

Production system Predominantly smallholder

Smallholder/ plantation mix Controlled commercial

Input use Minimal purchased inputs

Supplementary irrigation, fertiliser, agrochemicals

Irrigation, mechanisation, high levels of purchased inputs

Expected yields 3kg/ha 4kg/ha 6kg/ha rising to 12kg/ha

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(extracted artemisinin/ha)

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Dividing the Cake

OPTIONS OPPORTUNITIES RISKSOPTIONS OPPORTUNITIES RISKSGeographic distribution

Total global demand could be met by one producer country

Climatic/environmental disastersDecimation by pest and diseaseMonopolistic dominance

Varietal choice Planted area could be reduced by dependence on few HYVs

Same risks as above, plus:Loss of biodiversityField results not yet provenHigh costs exclude small farmers

Monopolistic controlGreater management demandsSmall farmers excluded

Production could be concentrated in a few commercial estates

Cultivation method

Synthetic/semi-synthetic substitution

Synthetic production of artemisinin could make field cultivation redundant

Cost of synthesis unknownEfficacy unprovenNational participation reduced

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Conclusions

Maintain wide range of genetic materialsMaintain wide range of genetic materials

Spread production opportunity between several countries and agro-climatic zones

Expand to new countries only where there is some comparative advantage

Promote high-yielding varieties only where input supplies and management skills assured

Maintain a mix of smallholder and commercial production

Intensify research and extension services

Optimise productivity of Artemisia cultivation to minimise cost of leaf

Synthetic artemisinin, until proven cheaper and more effective than natural

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product, should supplement not supplant plant-based production

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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Selected references

WHO Monograph on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices for ArtemisiaWHO Monograph on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices for Artemisia annua L (WHO, 2006)

G P d ti M l f A t i iGrowers Production Manual for Artemisia annua (East African Botanicals Ltd, 2005)

Artemisia annua: A Growing Solution for Madagascar g g(Bionexx, 2009)

Cultivation of Artemisia annua in Africa and Asia (Antony Ellman Outlooks on Pest Management Volume 21(Antony Ellman, Outlooks on Pest Management, Volume 21, Number 2, April 2010)

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THANK YOU