CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISIA ANNUAIMPLICATIONS OF INTENSIFICATION
Antony EllmanNatural Resources Institute
ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
Artemisinin Conference, Madagascar, 12–14 October 2010 2
ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Geographic Spread
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Yield Trends
SOURCE DRY MATTER ARTEMISININ EXTRACTEDSOURCE MATERIAL
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION (t/ha)
ARTEMISININ CONTENT(% dry weight)
EXTRACTED ARTEMISININ (kg/ha)
Wild Plants 0.5 - 1.0 0 01 - 0 3 0 5 - 1 0Wild Plants 0.5 1.0 0.01 - 0.3 0.5 - 1.0
Varietal selections 1.0 - 1.5 0.4 - 0.6 2.0 - 4.0
Fast track 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 12 0
Hybrids 1.5 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.5 3.0 - 5.0
Fast-track molecular breeding
2.0 - 4.0 2.0 - 5.0(2012-15 targets)
6.0 - 12.0 (2012-15 targets)
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Production Methods
PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES RISKSPRODUCTION METHOD
OPPORTUNITIES RISKS
Minimal investment Low collection cost
Low yield Uncertain quality
Collection from wild
Small farmer cultivation
Labour intensive methodsLow production cost Rural income generation
Loss of genetic diversity
High cost supervisionHigh cost collectionUncertain supplyRural income generation Uncertain supply
Commercial plantation
Access to HYVAccess to irrigation and
Long term investment Land acquisition p g
mechanisationUse of purchased inputsControl of quality and supply
qGeographic concentration Poor management Small farmer exclusion
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ARTEMISININDemand Trends
YEAR Tonnes Artemisinin Hectares Artemisia requiredYEAR Tonnes Artemisinin (indicative figures)
Hectares Artemisia required1 Low yield 2 Medium yield 3 High yield
2010 90 30,000 22,500 15,0002011 120 40,000 30,000 17,5002011 120 40,000 30,000 17,5002012 135 45,000 35,750 16,5002015 150 50,000 37,500 15,0002020 120 40 000 30 000 10 0002020 120 40,000 30,000 10,000
1 Low yield 2 Medium yield 3 High yield
Planting material Conventional selection Improved hybrids Fast track breeding
ASSUMPTIONS
g p y g
Production system Predominantly smallholder
Smallholder/ plantation mix Controlled commercial
Input use Minimal purchased inputs
Supplementary irrigation, fertiliser, agrochemicals
Irrigation, mechanisation, high levels of purchased inputs
Expected yields 3kg/ha 4kg/ha 6kg/ha rising to 12kg/ha
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(extracted artemisinin/ha)
ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Dividing the Cake
OPTIONS OPPORTUNITIES RISKSOPTIONS OPPORTUNITIES RISKSGeographic distribution
Total global demand could be met by one producer country
Climatic/environmental disastersDecimation by pest and diseaseMonopolistic dominance
Varietal choice Planted area could be reduced by dependence on few HYVs
Same risks as above, plus:Loss of biodiversityField results not yet provenHigh costs exclude small farmers
Monopolistic controlGreater management demandsSmall farmers excluded
Production could be concentrated in a few commercial estates
Cultivation method
Synthetic/semi-synthetic substitution
Synthetic production of artemisinin could make field cultivation redundant
Cost of synthesis unknownEfficacy unprovenNational participation reduced
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ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Conclusions
Maintain wide range of genetic materialsMaintain wide range of genetic materials
Spread production opportunity between several countries and agro-climatic zones
Expand to new countries only where there is some comparative advantage
Promote high-yielding varieties only where input supplies and management skills assured
Maintain a mix of smallholder and commercial production
Intensify research and extension services
Optimise productivity of Artemisia cultivation to minimise cost of leaf
Synthetic artemisinin, until proven cheaper and more effective than natural
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product, should supplement not supplant plant-based production
ARTEMISIA CULTIVATION Selected references
WHO Monograph on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices for ArtemisiaWHO Monograph on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices for Artemisia annua L (WHO, 2006)
G P d ti M l f A t i iGrowers Production Manual for Artemisia annua (East African Botanicals Ltd, 2005)
Artemisia annua: A Growing Solution for Madagascar g g(Bionexx, 2009)
Cultivation of Artemisia annua in Africa and Asia (Antony Ellman Outlooks on Pest Management Volume 21(Antony Ellman, Outlooks on Pest Management, Volume 21, Number 2, April 2010)
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THANK YOU
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