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endorsement doesn’t necessarily mean practical policy implementation). The Liberal
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leader Wade MacLauchlan, suggests basic income is a “model program” and supports
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historically used most widely in Canada), national dividend, social dividend, citizen’s
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Chase (1988) argues that Spence’s radical agrarianism then, is not an anti
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Spence’s contribution to basic income a precursor of later proposals.
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Fourier identifies poverty as the “principal cause of social disorders” (Fourier,
,Q RUGHU WR FRPEDW WKH LOOV RI SRYHUW\ )RXULHU VXJJHVWV D “decent minimum”
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Fourier’s harmonious society inspired some two GR]HQ H[SHULPHQWDO )RXULHULVWFRPPXQLWLHV LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD LQ WKH PLG QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ +R HYHU WKH IDLOXUHV RIWKHVH FRPPXQLWLHV WR DFKLHYH WKHLU HQGV DQG WKH WURXQFLQJ RI WKH (XURSHDQ /HIW LQHIIHFWLYHO\ VSHOOHG WKH HQG RI )RXULHULVP DV D GLVWLQFW VRFLDO PRYHPHQW %HHFKHUFor these reasons, Beecher (1986) explains, Fourier’s thought LV W\SLFDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG LQUHODWLRQ WR V\VWHPV RI WKRXJKW WKDW IROOR HG LW RU DV D SUHFXUVRU WR WKH WKRXJKW RI PRUHSUDFWLFDO DQG SURIRXQG WKLQNHUV
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Fourier’s assumptions of individual behaviours and psychology facilitate his
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arguments based on biological ‘rules’ to argue against the Poor Laws. Supporting the
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latter the product of the “refinement of the senses” and met with the acquisition of
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Van Trier (1995) suggests that Milner’s State Bonus Scheme (1918) is actually the first “full blown modern” basic income scheme because land does not play an important part LQ WKH DUJXPHQW S
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implemented in France, Britain and Germany “LQ WKH RQO\ D\ FDSLWDOLVW VRFLHW\ FRXOG SXWLW LQWR SUDFWLFH – E\ EXLOGLQJ QRQVHQVLFDO QDWLRQDO RUNVKRSV.” Engels continues to argue that the right to work is a “cowardly regression” in comparison to the advances of the ODERXU PRYHPHQW LWK UHJDUGV WR LWV DELOLW\ WR WUDQVIRUP FDSLWDOLVP 0DU[ (QJHOV
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as it is in Fourier’s system, but is in fact an assertion of the equal nature of human beings.
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philosophers appear in the twentieth century and treat basic income as a “patch up [to]
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“social problem” to solve:
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The “comprehensive” and “simple” solution proposed by the Milners is:
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system!” (p. 131).
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Bonus the “minimum income for all” and pitches the idea as a boon to business. 9DQ
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listed as showing “sympathetic interest” in the idea, while G.D.H. Cole is said WR EH
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Trier (1995) argues that the Labour Party’s contentions are rooWHG PRVWO\ LQ SROLWLFDO
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reaction from the Labour Party certainly didn’t do the State Bonus League any favours.
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the State Bonus Scheme and that is the arrival of a more “uplifting” social movement –
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– PRQRSRO\ FDSLWDOLVP Finlay (1972) finds five reasons for which an “underworld”
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disastrous as the 1830s and 1840s or the 1920s and 1930s, marks “a new state of mind of uneasiness and gloom about the prospects of the British economy” (p. 127).
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relations in society (Finlay, 1972). “Any policy which aims at the establishment of a
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‘laws’ that govern human behaviour.
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according to the cost of both ‘A’ and ‘B.’ However RXJODV writes, “since A wLOO
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money borrowed to finance production). This leaves the community “in the position of
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– of the product” (Douglas, 1920 S
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itself, the implications are debated. This is due to Douglas’ unusual and ambiguous
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insists that in all of Douglas’ writings some mention of insufficient purchasing
power is present, suggesting that the “inherent lack of purchasing power hypothesis” LV
the “constitutive metaphor” in Douglas’ work (p. 172). Van Trier (1995) also suggests
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progress is a law of capitalist society for Douglas, meaning that the gap between ‘A’ and
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the community, why shouldn’t this be the case for all? 6RFLDO &UHGLW DGYRFDWH &
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on Poverty programs were of the “service” W\SH DQG SURYLGHG MREV IRU WKRVH LWK
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negative income tax. Williams (1972) posits several reasons for Johnson’s reluctance to
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transfer income from taxpayers to the unemployed or underemployed (‘sending hard
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income tax program might cost and how recipients might respond to ‘money for nothing’
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researchers and set the stage for the “The New Jersey Graduated Work Incentive
Experiment.” Williams (1972) notes that the policy analysts and academics that
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‘prove’ its virtues
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on Congress to introduce “a national system of income guarantees and supplements” (as
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a meeting in 1967 to discuss “new approaches to public welfare in the United States”
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Stock Exchange. The committee released its report in 1968 and declared that, “it leans in
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administration drafted the basic outline of FAP and the plan gained traction in Nixon’s
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(1975) stress cultural norms in their classification. They find that “[h]ousing needs GR
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