Cranial Cavity, Meninges, & Cerebrovasculature
Internal Carotid Artery and Jugular Foramen
Carotid Canal
Jugular Foramen
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Coronal Image – Meninges • Supratentorium
– Cerebral hemispheres• Frontal Lobes• Parietal Lobes• Occipital Lobes• Temporal Lobes
• Infratentorium– Cerebellum– Brain Stem
Tentorium
Falx
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Lateral view – Dural Sinuses
Digital subtraction angiography
Lateral view – Straight Sinus
MR angiography
Frontal view – Dural Sinuses
Digital subtraction angiography
Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Carotid Canal
Cervical (C1)
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Carotid Canal
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Carotid Canal
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Petrous (C2)
Petrous segment ICA
Lacerum
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Lacerum (C3)
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Cavernous (C4)
Cavernous segment ICA
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Cavernous (C4)
Cavernous segment ICA
Anatomy at a Glance Faiz & Moffat
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Course of the Internal Carotid Artery: Cavernous (C4)
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Frontal View - Internal carotid artery
MR angiography
Posterior communicating artery
MR angiography – axial view
Anterior communicating artery
MR angiography – axial view
Terminal Branches Internal Carotid Artery
MR angiography – axial view
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior Circulation – Lateral view
Digital subtraction angiography
Frontal view of vertebral artery injectionPosterior Circulation – Frontal view
Digital subtraction angiography
Coronal View - Posterior Circulation
Basilar Artery
Posterior Cerebral Arteries
Left Vertebral Artery
Superior Cerebellar Arteries
Right Vertebral Artery
CN III – not seen, but this is where it travels
Foramen of Monro = interventricular foramen
Cerebral aqueduct = aqueduct of midbrain
Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text ©2015
Ventricular System
Ventricular SystemLateral Ventricles
Ventricular SystemForamen of MonroInterventricular Foramen
Ventricular System3rd Ventricle
Lateral Ventricles
Ventricular SystemCerebral Aqueduct
Aqueduct of midbrain
Ventricular System
Aqueduct of midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Ventricular System
Aqueduct of midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Ventricular System4th Ventricle
Anterior Cranial Fossa• Anterior/Inferior: Frontal bone • Medial: Ethmoid bone• Posterior: Body and lesser wings of the sphenoid
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Olfactory Nerve/ Cribriform Plate
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Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
Nerve fibers located on the nasal septum extend through the cribiform plate and form the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract
Olfactory Bulb Cribriform Plate
Crista Galli
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Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
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Middle Cranial Fossa• Central: Sella turcica• Anterior: Greater wings of the sphenoid• Lateral: Squamous portion of the temporal bones and parietal bones• Posterior: Petrous parts of the temporal bones
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Foramina and AperturesForamina/Aperture Contents
Optic canals Optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
Superior orbital fissure Ophthalmic veins; CN III, IV, ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) and VI
Foramen rotundum Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Foramen ovale Mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
Foramen spinosum Middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3
Foramen lacerum Internal carotid artery passes over foramen, but does not go through it
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Normal Pituitary and Cavernous Sinus
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Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve
Origin: Globe
Course: Orbit, Optic Canal, Optic Chiasm, Tract, Thalamus
Not a true Cranial Nerve: Extension of the diencephalon
Optic Canal
Optic Nerve
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Optic CanalOptic CanalAnterior
Clinoid
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Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve
Cerebral PeduncleCN III
Origin: MidbrainCourse: •Cistern (passes between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery)
•Cavernous sinus
•Superior Orbital Fissure
•Orbit
Exit Skull base: Superior Orbital Fissure
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Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve
CN III
Cavernous Sinus
Origin: MidbrainCourse: •Cistern (passes between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery)
•Cavernous sinus
•Superior Orbital Fissure
•Orbit
Exit Skull base: Superior Orbital Fissure
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Anterior Clinoid Process Optic Canal
SOF
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Orbital Fissure
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Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear NerveOrigin: Posterior MidbrainCourse: •Posterior origin•Travels anteriorly through cistern•Cavernous sinus•Superior orbital fissure•Orbit Innervation: Superior Oblique Muscle
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Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal NerveOrigin: Pons
Course: •Cistern•Trigeminal ganglion
Divides into (3) branches: V1 Ophthalmic , V2 Maxillary , V3 Mandibular
V1 and V2 pass through the cavernous sinus before exiting the skull. V3 does not pass through the cavernous sinus
CN V
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Optic Canal
Superior Orbital FissureAnterior Clinoid
Process
Anterior Clinoid Process Optic Canal
SOF
V1:Superior Orbital Fissure
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V2: Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Rotundum
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V2: Inferior Orbital Fissure
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V2: Infraorbital Canal/Foramen
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V3: Foramen Ovale
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
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V3: Foramen Ovale
Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens NerveOrigin: pontomedullaryjunctionCourse: •Cistern •Cavernous sinus•Superior orbital fissure•Orbit
Innervation: Lateral rectus muscle
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Posterior Cranial Fossa• Anterior central: dorsum sellae of the sphenoid• Anterolateral: petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal
bones• Posterior: occipital bone
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Foramina and AperturesForamina/Aperture Contents
Foramen magnumMedulla, vertebral arteries,CN XI
Jugular foramen CN IX, X, and XI; internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Internal acoustic meatus Facial nerve (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII)
Groove for sigmoid sinus Sigmoid sinus
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Cranial Nerves VII: Facial NerveOrigin: Pontomedullary junction
Course: 6 Segments
CisternalIntracanalicularLabyrinthineTympanicMastoidExtracranial
Branches:GPN, Chorda Tympani, Stapedius, Muscles of facial expression
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Internal Auditory Canal (IAC)
Internal Auditory CanalInternal Auditory Canal
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Cisternal and IntracanalicularVestibulocochlear Nerve
Sup Vestib Nerve
Inf Vestib Nerve
Facial Nerve
Cochlear Nerve
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Geniculate Ganglion
Geniculate GanglionGreater Petrosal Nerve
Tympanic Segment Facial Nerve
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Tympanic Segment Facial Nerve
Tympanic Segment
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Mastoid Segment Facial Nerve
Mastoid Segment
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Mastoid Segment Facial Nerve
Stylomastoid Foramen
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CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear NerveSensory Nerve
Cochlea: Cochlear division (hearing)
Vestibular division (balance): Semicircular canals
Course: •Internal Auditory Canal•Cistern •Pontomedullary junction
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Intracanalicular Facial Nerve Porus Acusticus
Anterior Posterior
Facial Nerve
Cochlear Nerve
Superior Vestibular Nerve
Inferior Vestibular Nerve
IAC
7-up, Coke down
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Jugular Foramen
Two different appearances of the jugular foramen.
Groove for the sigmoid sinus
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CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve• Branchial arch 3• Exits through jugular
foramen• Innervation
– Stylopharyngeus mm– Posterior 1/3 tongue
taste– Gag reflex
Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy
CN X: Vagus NerveExits through jugular foramenInnervation: All muscles of larynx, pharynx and soft palate• Except stylopharyngues (IX) and
tensor veli palatini (V3)
Sensory - Larynx and small portion of pharynx, external ear, posterior cranial fossa meningesTaste buds on epiglottisViscerosensory thoracic / abdominal organs
Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy
CN XI: Spinal Accessory NerveExits through jugular foramen
Innervation: SternocleidomastoidTrapezius
Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy
Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
Origin: Medulla
Course: Cistern
Exits skull base through hypoglossal canal
Innervation: Muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal Canal
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