Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.1Chapter 2 Building Speaker Confidence
Essentials of Essentials of Public SpeakingPublic Speaking
Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.
5th Edition5th Edition
BuildingSpeaker
Confidence
Chapter 2
Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.2Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Isocrates, a Greek contemporary of Plato and Isocrates, a Greek contemporary of Plato and AristotleAristotle, , is one of the prestigious Ten Attic is one of the prestigious Ten Attic Orators. However, he suffered from speaker Orators. However, he suffered from speaker anxiety and had a voice that wouldn’t project. anxiety and had a voice that wouldn’t project. Even so, he and founded the first permanent Even so, he and founded the first permanent and financially successful school of rhetoric. and financially successful school of rhetoric. For over 50 years his graduates became For over 50 years his graduates became prominent Greek citizens. Most scholars prominent Greek citizens. Most scholars agree that his program of study and his agree that his program of study and his philosophy of educating “the good man skilled philosophy of educating “the good man skilled in speaking” have greatly influenced education in speaking” have greatly influenced education even to the present time even to the present time (Conley, 1990, p. 20).(Conley, 1990, p. 20).
Flashback . . .Flashback . . .
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.3Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Key IdeasKey Ideas
The situational and trait anxietyThe situational and trait anxiety Define Define Positive ImageryPositive Imagery and explain how it and explain how it
helps manage trait anxietyhelps manage trait anxiety Strategies for managing anxietyStrategies for managing anxiety
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.4Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Types of AnxietyTypes of Anxiety
Situational – Situational – anxiety caused by factors present in a specific speaking situation
Trait – Trait – internal anxieties an individual brings to to the speaking situation
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.5Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Characteristics of Situational Characteristics of Situational AnxietyAnxiety Feeling nervous in a new speaking situationFeeling nervous in a new speaking situation Situational anxiety is normal and necessary Situational anxiety is normal and necessary
to dynamic communicationto dynamic communication Experienced speakers get situational anxiety Experienced speakers get situational anxiety
(e.g. Mike Wallace, Billy Graham, Lee (e.g. Mike Wallace, Billy Graham, Lee Iacocca, talk show host Susan Powter)Iacocca, talk show host Susan Powter)
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.6Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Characteristics of Trait AnxietyCharacteristics of Trait Anxiety
A feeling of dissimarlity to other speakersA feeling of dissimarlity to other speakers A feeling of anxiety due to prior speaking A feeling of anxiety due to prior speaking
historyhistory A feeling of subordinate statusA feeling of subordinate status
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.7Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Managing Situational AnxietyManaging Situational Anxiety
Prepare and practicePrepare and practice– Prepare using notes and visuals– Practice out loud at least three times
Warm-up before speakingWarm-up before speaking Use deep breathingUse deep breathing Plan a relaxing introductionPlan a relaxing introduction
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.8Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Managing Situational AnxietyManaging Situational Anxiety
Concentrate on meaningConcentrate on meaning– Make sure your listeners are following your
organization– Pay close attention to audience feedback
Used visual aidsUsed visual aids– Visual aids keep your hands occupied– Visual aids shift attention away from you– Visual aids help you remember what you are going to
say
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.9Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Managing Trait Anxiety:Managing Trait Anxiety:The power of Positive The power of Positive ImageryImagery
Positive imagery is “creating a positive, vivid, and detailed mental image of yourself giving a successful and confident speech. When you imagine yourself speaking confidently, you become more confident just as you would if you had actually given a successful speech.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.10Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Why Positive Imagery WorksWhy Positive Imagery Works
Positive imagery helps you generate Positive imagery helps you generate enthusiasmenthusiasm
Positive imagery helps us get a positive Positive imagery helps us get a positive picture of ourselvespicture of ourselves
Positive imagery helps us create a vision of Positive imagery helps us create a vision of succeeding as a speakersucceeding as a speaker
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.11Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Mastering Positive ImageryMastering Positive Imagery
Negative words to Negative words to avoidavoid
have tohave to
ought toought to
need toneed to
Positive Positive AlternativesAlternatives
want towant to
like tolike to
enjoy enjoy
Step 1Develop the habit of positive self-talk
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.12Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Mastering Positive ImageryMastering Positive Imagery
Picture yourself as the speaker that you Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to bewould like to be
Identify the speaking characteristics you Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to havewould like to have
Write 10 positive statements that describe Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristicsthose positive characteristics
Step 2Refocus negative mental pictures
into positive ones
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.13Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Mastering Positive ImageryMastering Positive Imagery
Picture yourself as the speaker that you Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to bewould like to be
Identify the speaking characteristics you Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to havewould like to have
Write 10 positive statements that describe Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristicsthose positive characteristics
Step 2Refocus negative mental pictures
into positive ones
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.14Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Writing Positive StatementsWriting Positive Statements
Weak:Weak: I will try to look directly at my listeners when I speak Better:Better: I’m making direct eye contact with
my listeners as I speak
Weak:Weak: My voice does not shake when I speakBetter:Better: My voice is strong and steady when I speak
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.15Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Examples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive Statements
I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal presentation as I do entertaining good friends in presentation as I do entertaining good friends in my own living room.my own living room.
I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size of the audience.of the audience.
I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.
I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal presentation as I do entertaining good friends in presentation as I do entertaining good friends in my own living room.my own living room.
I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size of the audience.of the audience.
I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.16Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Examples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive Statements
I am a dynamic speaker.I am a dynamic speaker. When I’m in front of a group words flow easily When I’m in front of a group words flow easily
for me.for me. People respond well to my presentations.People respond well to my presentations.
I am a dynamic speaker.I am a dynamic speaker. When I’m in front of a group words flow easily When I’m in front of a group words flow easily
for me.for me. People respond well to my presentations.People respond well to my presentations.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.17Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Mastering Positive ImageryMastering Positive Imagery
Picture yourself as the speaker that you Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to bewould like to be
Identify the speaking characteristics you Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to havewould like to have
Write 10 positive statements that describe Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristicsthose positive characteristics
Step 3Compete only with yourself
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.18Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Keys to VisualizationKeys to Visualization Keys to VisualizationKeys to Visualization
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.19Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Managing Trait Anxiety: Other Managing Trait Anxiety: Other MethodsMethods Relaxation with deep breathingRelaxation with deep breathing
– Learning to relax using deep muscle relaxation and breathing
– Learning to remain relaxed while visualizing a series of communication situations progressing from low anxiety to high anxiety
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.20Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Managing Trait AnxietyManaging Trait Anxiety
Cognitive Restructuring Cognitive Restructuring (Fremouw & Scott, (Fremouw & Scott, 1979); Meichenbaum, 1985 1979); Meichenbaum, 1985 – Identifying irrational self-talk that produces speaker
anxiety – Developing alternative coping statements – Practicing the coping statements in stressful situations
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.21Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
Managing Trait AnxietyManaging Trait Anxiety
Skills Training (Kelly, 1989; Phillips, 1977, Skills Training (Kelly, 1989; Phillips, 1977, 1991) 1991) – Identifying speaking goals– Determining behavior or skills needed to achieve the
speaking goals– Developing procedures for judging the success of each
goal
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.22
TechnologyTechnology
Electronic visuals such as PowerPointElectronic visuals such as PowerPoint Adds to credibility and confidenceAdds to credibility and confidence Easy to prepare and reviseEasy to prepare and revise Helps keep thoughts on trackHelps keep thoughts on track Make sure to practice with themMake sure to practice with them
Chapter 2 Building speaker Confidence
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.23Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence
“ “ The only difference between The only difference between
the pros and the novices is the pros and the novices is thatthat
the pros have the pros have trainedtrained their their
butterflies to fly in butterflies to fly in formation.”formation.” Edward R. MurrowEdward R. Murrow
Remember . . . Remember . . .
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.24Chapter 2 Building Speaker Confidence
Essentials of Essentials of Public SpeakingPublic Speaking
Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.
5th Edition5th Edition
BuildingSpeaker
Confidence
Chapter 2
Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton
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