Download - Confucian Values, Entrepreneurship, and Organizational Performance in the Public Sector: Do Confucian Values Facilitate or Constrain Entrepreneurship and.

Confucian Values, Entrepreneurship, Confucian Values, Entrepreneurship, and Organizational Performance in and Organizational Performance in

the Public Sector:the Public Sector:Do Confucian Values Facilitate or Do Confucian Values Facilitate or Constrain Entrepreneurship and Constrain Entrepreneurship and

Organizational Performance?Organizational Performance?

M. Jae Moon, Gowoonbit Im and Junwoo Lee

Yonsei UniversityKorea

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Introduction Is Asian Public Administration

Peculiar? Confucian Values in the Public Sector Confucian Values, Leadership, Ethics,

Entrepreneurship, and Organizational Performance

Data and Analysis

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Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

Public Administration is static or waning in western countries but emerging and blooming in Asian countries (# of programs, significance and social impact…)

There are many differences and similarities between western public administration and Asian public administration. Any research questions and analytical framework appealing to western PA scholars?

Should bureaucracy be bashed? Are Confucian values constraining factors to entrepreneurship and organizational performance in the public sector?

Any theoretical model applicable to Asian public administration?

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Research Background: Research Background: Why Confucian Values and Why Confucian Values and Entrepreneurship in Asia?Entrepreneurship in Asia?

Is there Asian Public Administration? If yes, what is the unique nature of Asian

Public Administration? How can Confucian Values contribute to

entrepreneurship? How can Confucian Values contribute to

organizational performance? How can leadership and ethical climate

contribute to organizational performance? Any difference among Asian countries?

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Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Kahn(1979)- unique cultural characteristics won't change easily and

that defined as a Collective framework determine one country different from the other countries

Hofstede and Bond(1988)- hierarchical relationship among people, the family as a

basic unit, Jen, and the emphasis on education

Cheung and Chan (2005)- Benevolence, harmony, learning, loyalty, righteousness and humility

Paul McDonald(2012)- Virtue(de),Harmony(he), Education(fuzi), Reciprocity(shu),

Familial collectivism(xiao)

Literature on Confucian Literature on Confucian ValuesValues

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• Face-saving - Face saving refers to maintaining one’s public dignity and the avoidance of threats to public image

• Humility - In order to control the possible negative consequences arising from envy among others, Confucian societies tend to emphasize the importance of humility in expressing wealth and knowledge

• Harmony(Group orientation) - Group orientation relates to a sense of community, solidarity and harmony in society, where an individual coexists with others

• Hierarchy - According to Confucius, everyone has a fixed position in society and each person should behave according to his or her rank

• Reciprocity - represents a golden rule that governs almost all kinds of interpersonal relationships

Elements of Confucian Elements of Confucian ValuesValues

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Product-based, Behavior-based, Procedural-based (Moon, 1999)

Elements of Entrepreneurship• Innovativeness - Innovation refers to the adoption of

new ideas of performing services, processes, or practices(Walker, 2008). innovative changes drive competition and creative respond to the their user(citizen)

• Risk-taking - as being at a disadvantage, seeking risks and vice versa(Nicholson et al., 2005) . The view of an entrepreneur as a risk taker is a dominant attribute ascribed to anyone seeking to achieve additional gains

• Proactiveness - Aggressive action aimed at accomplishing forward-looking outcomes has been identified as a critical characteristic of public entrepreneurial orientation

EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

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Ethical climate is a key foundation of organizational performance (Moon et.al., 2012)

Leadership always matter!

Entrepreneurial Leadership and Entrepreneurial Leadership and Ethics Ethics

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Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework

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Confucian Values

Entrepreneurship

Ethics

Leadership Organizational Performance

Global Network Research (GRN):Park, Miao, and Moon

Data Collected in Korea between March-May, 2015

Will be Collected in China from May, 2015 Respondents are government officials and

public sector employees in public entities (public corporations and semi-public institutions)

Local government officials in China

Data CollectionData Collection

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Characteristics of SampleCharacteristics of Sample

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Section Category Frequency

percent Section Category Frequency

percent

Gender Male 394 59.4 Organization type

Government agency

302 45.6

Female258 38.9 Executive

agency217 32.7

Total 652 98.3 Public agency 81 12.2

Age 20-29 y/o42 6.3 Quasi-public

agency37 5.6

30-39 y/o 261 39.4 Other 23 3.540-49 y/o 243 36.7 Total 660 99.5

50-59 y/o 106 16.0

Above y/o 1 .2Characteristi

c of work

Policy & planning

126 19.0

Total653 98.5 Business and

Implementation

143 21.6

Employ-ment period

1 month-3 years

109 16.4 Audit and Evaluation

21 3.2

3-5 years62 9.4 Management

and support 187 28.2

5-10 years139 21.0 Data

processing21 3.2

10-15 years106 16.0 Survey and

research49 7.4

More than 15 yr

234 35.3Other

99 14.9

Total 650 98.0 Total 646 97.4

Confucian ValuesConfucian Values

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Face Saving HumilityGroup –

Orientation

HierarchyReciprocit

y

Face-saving 1 .256** .269** .482** . 383**

Humility 256** 1 339** 174** 186**

Grouporientation

186** 339** 1 234** 272**

Hierarchy 482** 174** 234** 1 518**

Reciprocity 383** 186** 272** 518** 1

Regression AnalysesRegression Analyses

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Variables Model 1(Entrepreneurship)

Model 2(Org. Performance)

Confucian Values

Face-saving 2.343** .358

Humility .050 -1.487

Group orientation .154 -.530

Hierarchy -.017 .734

Reciprocity -2.848*** 1.327

Entrepreneurial Leadership Entrepreneurial Leadership 13.074*** 7.077***

Entrepreneurship

Innovativeness 2.574**

Proactiveness 1.293

Risk-taking .923

Ethics Ethics 5.671*** 3.228***

Organization Structure

Autonomy .568 -1.471

Vertical Complex -.716 .168

Horizontal Complex 4.026*** 3.222***

Centralization -2.018** -.849

Red-tape -2.267** -.557

Organization Type Organization Type 3.105** 1.618

Cons. 2.074** 2.221**

Obs. 656 656

R-squared .456 .412

Adj R-squared .445 .397

*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

Regression AnalysesRegression Analyses

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Variables Model 1(Entrepreneurship)

Model 2(Square term)

Confucian Values

Face-saving(Square term)

2.343** .190 (Sq)

.209

Humility .050 -.048

Group orientation .154 .016

Hierarchy -.017 -.034

Reciprocity(Square term)

-2.848*** -1.688* (Sq)

1.138

Entrepreneurial Leadership Entrepreneurial Leadership 13.074*** 13.097***

Ethics Ethics 5.671*** 5.656***

Organization Structure

Autonomy .568 .420

Vertical Complex -.716 -.790

Horizontal Complex 4.026*** 4.035***

Centralization -2.018** -1.942*

Red-tape -2.267** -2.334**

Organization Type Organization Type 3.105** 3.158***

Cons. 2.074** 2.074**

Obs. 656 656

R-squared .456 .456

Adj R-squared .445 .445

*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

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Structural Equation ModelStructural Equation Model

Regression Estimate

Independent Variable

Confucian Values → Entrepreneurship -.031(-.016)

Entrepreneur Leadership → Entrepreneurship 1.242(.562) ***

Ethics → Entrepreneurship 2.618(.246)***

Confucian Values → Organization Performance .024(.068)

Entrepreneur Leadership → Organization Performance .119(.305) ***

Ethics → Organization Performance .263(.141)**

Intervening Variable

Entrepreneurship → Organization Performance .056(.315)***

Control Variable

Autonomy → Organization Performance -.044(-.120)**

Vertical Complex → Organization Performance -.008(-.013)

Hierarchy Complexity → Organization Performance .062(.163)***

Central → Organization Performance -.0160(-.056)

Red-tape → Organization Performance -.007(-.025)


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*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.


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Independent Variable Dependent Variable Direct Effects Indirect Effects Total Effects

Confucian Values

Entrepreneurship -.016 .000 -.016

Organization Performance

.068 -.005 .064

Entrepreneur Leadership

Entrepreneurship .562 .000 .562


.305 .177 .483

Ethics

Entrepreneurship .246 .000 .246


.141 .078 .219

EntrepreneurshipOrganization Performance

.315 .000 .315

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FindingsFindings

Confucian Values are not necessarily constraining entrepreneurship and organizational performance

Direct and indirect effect on entrepreneurship and organizational performance

Curvelinear relationship Leadership and Ethics Matter!!!!

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FindingsFindings

Perception vs. Reality Dissecting Confucian Values Comparative Studies in Asia

(expanding this study to China, Japan, and other Asian countries

Comparative Studies b/w Asian and non-Asian countries

Next StepsNext Steps

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Questions…..Questions…..