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E N G R . M E L L O W E M A E C . T A M A Y O
R E F E R E N C E S :
H A R D W A R E F U N D A M E N T A L S
B Y C A R I A G A A N D E N C I N A
B U I L D I N G A P C I N E A S Y S T E P S
B Y S T U A R T Y A R N O L D
COMPUTER HARDWAREFUNDAMENTALS
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Table of Contents
y UNIT I: Essentials of a Computer LESSON 1: Computer Basics LESSON 2: Input and Output Devices LESSON 3: Communication Devices LESSON 4: Storage Devices
y UNIT II: PC Assembly LESSON 5: How to Assemble a Computer
y UNIT III: PC Upgrade
LESSON 6: Upgrade a Computery UNIT IV: PC Repair and Troubleshooting LESSON 7: Repairing a Computer
y UNIT V: PC Maintenance LESSON 8: Maintaining a Computer
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Lesson 1: Computer Basics
y Computer
An electronic device capable of performing high speedmathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores,correlates, or otherwise processes information.
y Types of Computer
Microcomputer
Minicomputer
Mainframes
Supercomputer
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Types of Computer
y Microcomputer
Desktop designed to fit on top or side of the desk
Portable small enough and light enough to carry and move
easilyy Minicomputer
Midsized computers which size, power and performance liebetween the microcomputer and mainframe computers
Capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously
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Types of Computer
y Mainframes
Are very large and expensive computers which size may spanthe length of a room.
Great processing speed and data storage Capable of supporting thousands of users simultaneously
y Supercomputer Most powerful type of computer
Designed to process few programs in the fastest way possible
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Basic Parts of a Computer
y Input Devices
Accept input from a user
Keyboard, mouse
y System Unit CPU - heart and brain of the computer
ALU
Control Unit
Register
y Memory Temporary storage space of information and instructions
ROM, RAM
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Basic Parts of a Computer
y Secondary Storage Devices
Permanently hold the data and program files
Hard disk, compact disk, thumb drive
y Output Devices Translate and represent the processed information from
the computers CPU into human readable forms
Monitor, printer
y Communication Devices
Allowing sending and receiving of data and applicationprograms from one computer or storage device
Modem, NIC (network interface card)
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Lesson 2: Input and Output Devices
y Input Devices
Provide interface between user and the machine
Interface a point at which connection is made between 2
different things so that they can work together Functions as a medium in translating human language into
machine language
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner Touch screen
Light pen
Wand reader (barcode reader)
Trackball
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Types of Keyboard
y Program-specific keyboard
Designed for use with specific applications such as internetand office applications
y Cordless keyboardy Gaming keyboards
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Types of Mouse
y Standard wheel mouse
y Cordless mouse
y Optical mouse
y Trackball mouse
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Installing a Keyboard and Mouse
y Traditional PS/2 connection
Plug them into the PS/2 sockets at the top-rear of the case
y USB
Plug them into the USB port
y Cordless mice and keyboard Connect the receiver to the PC via a USB or PS/2 port
Place the batteries in the mouse and a radio frequency
connection should be made automatically
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Output Devices
y Output Devices
Translates the processed computer language or codes intohuman-readable language
Monitor
Printer
Speaker
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Monitors
y CRT (cathode ray tube)
Provide different resolutions
Drawback require refresh rates that smaller CRT monitors cannot support,resulting in screen flicker
y
LCD Advantages over CRT
Size - Physically much smaller in terms of depth
Brightness higher level of inherent brightness
Power consumption very low power requirement
Radiation emission low frequency of radiation
Clarity provides very sharp picture
Viewing option can be pivoted
Limitations
Resolution single fixed (maximum) resolution
Response time ghosting and streaking effect
Contrast ratio low, faded and washed out
Viewing angle loss of screen brightness and color
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Installing a Monitor
y Put it on the desk
y Connect the AC supply and the video system
y If you are using a video card, The monitor connects to the cards VGA or DVI output (VGA
socket)
Integrated video system will require a connection to themainboards VGA output
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Printers
y Dot Matrix
Uses a ribbon
y Inkjet
Ink cartridges
y Laser Toner and drum
y Platter
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Lesson 3: Communication Device
y Communication Device
Interfaced with a PC that is used to transfer informationbetween functional units by means of data transmissionaccording to a common protocol
A medium used to manage communication between twodevices
NIC (network interface card)
Physically connects a computer to a network and controls the flow
of information between the computer and the network Modem (modulation/demodulator)
Lets computer exchange information through telephone lines
Internal modem (expansion slot mounted)
External modem (stand-alone)
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Modem (Modulator Demodulator)
y Dial-up
y Broadband ISDN works on telephone lines with speed up to 128 KB
DSL/ADSL - works on telephone lines with speed up to 1.5 MB Cable works on CATV cable networks and provides speed
similar to DSL
Advantages:
Connection is always open
Faster file download and site connection
No periodic breaks
Telephone line wont be tied up
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Lesson 4: Storage Device
y Storage Devices
This is where data, instructions, and information are kept inany form usually for the purpose of orderly retrieval anddocumentation
Reading is the process of transferring data, instructions, andinformation from a storage medium into memory
Writing is the process of transferring data from memory to astorage medium
Primary storage Data in RAM and other built-in devices
Secondary storage
Data on hard disk, and other external devices
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Four Main Types of Storage Devices
y Magnetic uses orientation of magnetized particles on an oxide-basedsurface to encode bits
Floppy disk
Hard disk
y
Optical uses patterns of pits on a transparent surface to encode bits CD-ROM drive
DVD-ROM drive
Laser disc drive
y Magneto-Optical uses combination to allow rewriting to optical
media CDR and CDRW drives
DVD rewritable drives
minidisc
y Solid-state Electronic uses non-volatile memory array to encode bits
Memory cards
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Memory (RAM)
y RAM Considerations
Size
Pin configurations
Speed
y Types of RAM
Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
Supplied in DIMM form with 168 pins
Two cut-outs in the edge connector
Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)
Single edge connector cut-out
Operates twice as fast
Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM (DDR2 SDRAM) Latest incarnation
New designs and specifications
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)
Expensive
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Hard Disk
y A device that holds all the information that is stored on acomputer.
y 3 Main Types (interface)
ATA (Advanced Drive Electronics)
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)
Has an integrated controller
Allow data transfer to and from the hard drive with minimal input fromthe CPU
80-conductor flat ribbon cable
SATA (Serial ATA)
Uses slimline cable
Increased transfer rate of 150 MB/s
SCSI (small computer systems interface)
Requires the use of host adapter
A PCI card that plugs into the mainboard
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Hard Drive Installation
y Drive set-up (masters and slave)
y Slide the HD in the hard drive bay
y Line up the screw holes with the slots in the bay
assembly and secure the drive with the suppliedscrews
y Connect the drive to the mainboard. Take the IDEribbon cable and plug the colored end into the IDE
socket
y The other end (black), plugs into the back of thedrive
y
Hook up the drives power supply
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Removable Media Drives
y Floppy Drives Simple and easy means of transferring data
Rugged in construction compared to a CD
y CD-ROM Drive
Can access data on the disc but cannot write anything ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface)
An extension that enables the ATA interface to support CR-ROM drives
y CD Writers (Burners)
Writing process involves literally burning the data into the disc
CD-R, CD-RW
y DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) Drives
Uses a narrower laser for reading an writing that allows more tracksto be squeezed onto the disc
DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW
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DVD Formats
DISC USES PROS CONS
DVD-ROM Commercial movies,games, software
Plays on virtually alldrives
Cannot be recordedto
DVD-RAM Data back-up Offers drag-and-dropand fast data access.
Most reliable of allformats
Poor compatibility.Cannot be played on
home-DVD players.Disc expensive
DVD-R and DVD-RW
Good for video discs,audio discs, generaldata backup andtransferral
High level ofcompatibility withother formats andhome-DVD players
Lower maximumcapacity than DVD+discs. Write/readspeeds are slowerthan DVD+
DVD+R andDVD+RW
Good for mixed datadiscs. Can also beused for video andaudio discs
More video recordingand editing features.Good level ofcompatibility withhome-DVD players
Compatibility withother formats andhome-DVD playerslower than DVD-R/RW
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Lesson 5: How To Assemble the Computer
y Essential Factors to consider in building a computer
Computer case
System board components
System bus types Ports
Connectors
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Computer Case
y Computer case or chassis or enclosure
Metal and plastic box that houses the main components of acomputer
Protects from dirt, electrical interference and physical damage
y Tower
Most common
Taller than it is wide
y
Desktop Flat
Save space but is not good for cooling
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System Board Components
y Port
Socket at the back or used to plug in external devices
y Memory slot
Socket on the system board that contains the memory module that holds the memory chips
y Chipset
Group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together for some specific functions
y Cache memory Is a high speed buffer storage that is smaller than the main storage; temporarily stores instructions and data from
the main storage that will be used next by the CPU
y Jumpers
A pair of prongs that are electrical contact points set into the computer motherboard or adapter card; allows tochange and adjust the settings of the system board
y Processor socket
Holds the main chip of the computer, CPU
y Expansion slot
Socket for plugging in an expansion card; to add features
y BIOS chip
Acts as an interface between the hardware and the OS
y CMOS chip
Holds the real time clock that keeps the data and time and CMOS RAM that holds the BIOS settings
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Types of Mainboard
y Dual-Processor Mainboards
Uses two CPUs working in tandem
Can support up to 4 GB of RAM
Running processing-extensive applications (3D CAD) Expensive
y 64-bit Mainboards
64-bit architecture processor
an process 64-bits (instructions) at a time
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Main Board or Motherboard
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BUS Types
y PCI Bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
A local bus designed for Intel PCs
It can support 32-64 bit bus and increase in processor speed
Provides the highest performance of general I/O bus usedy AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
Greater performance requirements for video
Considered a port and not a bus
Isolates the video subsystem from the rest of the PC todecrease contention over I/O bandwidth as with the PCI
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Ports
y Parallel port
Provides hardware connection
An entire byte of information can be sent at a time
Sends data faster than a serial port
y
Serial port Only one pin is available for data transmission in a given direction
Bits are transmitted in sequence
More reliable for transmission over a longer distance than parallel ports
y SCSI
Supports hard disk and provides generic interface for other devices such asCD-ROM drives
Can be daisy-chained
y USB
Standard for Intel and Microsoft
Designed to remove the need for almost all the connectors on the back of aPC
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External Port
y Keyboard port
y Mouse port
y Monitor port
y Network port
y Serial port
y Parallel port
y Audio jacky Joystick port
y Modem jack
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External Ports
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Tools
y Screwdriver
y Nut driver
y Cable ties
y Tweezers or pliers
y Pickup tools
y Compressed air
yTorch or flashlight
y Grounding wrist wrap
y Grounding mat
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Getting Started
y Prepare the case
Clean the case
Inspect the power supply
Inspect power switch Install case fan
Remove drive face plates
y Configure and install the motherboard
Place spacers on the case Install the motherboard
Install CPU (processor)
Connect the power to the motherboard
Connect the CPU fan to the power
Casin connectors LEDs ower switch reset switch
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Getting Started
y Integrated storage devices
Remove the front panel
Floppy drive installation
CD-ROM drive installation Hard disk Installation
y Installing memory, audio/video card
Memory installation
Place memory to the memory slots Audio/video card installation
y Plugging external devices Connect the external I/O devices
Plug the power cable
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Dos and Donts in Assembling Computer
y Dos
Gather all the reference materials you will need
Gather and inspect all the components of your computer
Have all the equipments
Prepare your work environment
Protect components from damage
Check the following items before booting:
Drives are properly connected to power
CPU fan is attached to power
Ribbon cables are attached correctly (red on pin 1)
All connections are tight
CPU voltage settings are correct
Cards fully in slots
No wires protruding into fans
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Dos and Donts in Assembling Computer
y Dos
Jumper settings are correct
Check processor is in tightly
y
Donts Do not touch the internal components
Do not touch the pins of the processor
Do not attempt to install processor if not sure of the properorientation
Do not touch the controller board of the HD
Do not use excessive force if things dont slip into place
Dont panic
Dont over tighten screws
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Configuring BIOS Settings
y BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
Low level OS that resides in the motherboards ROM
First program executed by the system when turned on
Takes care of the system settings and configurations
y Enter CMOS setup
System time/date
Boot sequence (order to load the OS)
Plug and play (auto detect)
Drive configuration (HD, CD-ROM, etc) Memory
Security
Power management
exit
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Lesson 6: Upgrade a Computer
y Factors to consider in upgrading
For current and future needs
Time schedule
Computer settings Backup
Software
Reference material
Cost
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Resource Setting
y Resource Setting
It permits or allows any devices installed on the computer tocommunicate with the computer
IRQ (interrupt request)
Actual signal and an interrupt on the processor requested by aperipheral
DMA channel
Allows a certain device to bypass the CPU and communicate
directly with the memory I/O Address
Address used by a device to communicate with the CPU
Memory Address
Responsible for specifying the portion of the memory where a
device can store data temporarily
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Resource Conflict
y One of the most common problems encountered whileinstalling a device
y Conflict produced between 2 devices which uses the sameresource settings
y Signs of Resource Conflicts
System hangs or lockups while using an I/O device
(memory) parity errors on parity-enables systems
Noise or other problems from sound cards
Junk being printed on printer Mouse hanging and refusing to move, or moving in stuttering fashion
Error messages
Errors and crashes of applications for no reason
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Ways to Adjust the Resource Settings
y Hardware
Adjust it physically
y Software
Devices packaged with software that can be used to adjust itssettings
y Plug and play
A technology that will automatically adjust the settings upondetection
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Operating System
y OS
Necessary tool to run an application program
Used to assist and supervise the user and application to run
Controls the overall activity of the computer
y OS Functions
Provide system services
Provide a user interface
Coordinate the sequence of events
Control resources Enforce security
Provide tools
Control the hardware functions
Manage information
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Classifications of OS
y Multi-user
Allows 2 or more users to run application programs at thesame time
y
Multiprocessing Enables to run an application program on more than one CPU
y Multi-tasking
Allows more than one program to run at the same time
y Multithreading Allowing the different parts of a certain program to run
concurrently
y Real Time
Allow to respond to the input instantly
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Lesson 7: PC Repair and Troubleshooting
y Hardware Failure
The error occurred in some components of your PC that tendsto function improperly and may cause several problems
y
Common causes Component age
Defective components
Power fluctuations
Heat
Dust and dirt
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Troubleshooting
y Troubleshooting
One way of finding the cause of a hardware problem or in shortfixing trouble in the hardware components
y
Tips in troubleshooting Checking connections
Testing multiple possibilities
Checking the driver
Eliminating the possibilities
Try another component
Move a component
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General Diagnostic Techniques
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