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Compressednatural
gas
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Technology
CNG can be used in Otto-cycle (gasoline) andmodified Diesel cycle engines. Lean-burn Otto-cycleengines can achieve higher thermal efficienciesthan stoichiometric Otto-cycle engines, at the expense of
higherNOx and hydrocarbon emissions. Electronicallycontrolled stoichiometric engines offer the lowest
emissions across the board and the highest possiblepower output, especially when combined with exhaustgas recirculation, turbocharging and intercooling, andthree-way catalytic converters, but suffer in terms of
heat rejection and fuel consumption. A suitably designednatural gas engine may have a higher output compared
with a petrol engine because the octane number ofnatural gas is higher than that of petrol as this wouldallow for an engine design with a higher compression
ratio.
CNG cylinders can be made ofsteel, aluminum,
or plastic. Lightweight composite (fiber-wrapped thin
metal "ISO 11439 CNG-3" / fibre-wrapped plastic "ISO
11439 CNG-4") cylinders are especially beneficial for
vehicular use because they offer significant weight
reductions when compared with earlier generation steeland aluminum cylinders, which leads to lower fuel
consumption. The CNG cylinders bundled with safety-
valve generally follow the ISO 11439 standard.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine#The_Otto_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercoolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNG_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibre-wrapped_plastic_%22ISO_11439_CNG-4%22&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibre-wrapped_plastic_%22ISO_11439_CNG-4%22&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine#The_Otto_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas_recirculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercoolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNG_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibre-wrapped_plastic_%22ISO_11439_CNG-4%22&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibre-wrapped_plastic_%22ISO_11439_CNG-4%22&action=edit&redlink=18/8/2019 Compressed Natural 123
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Developments
Scientists are developing methods of storing methane ina new form known as ANG (Absorbed Natural Gas) at 35bar (500 psi, the pressure of gas in natural gas pipelines)
in various sponge like materials, such asactivatedcarbon[6] and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).[7] The
fuel is stored at similar or greater energy density thanCNG. The benefits are that vehicles can be refuelled from
the natural gas network without extra gas compression,the fuel tanks can be made of lighter, less strong
materials, and the tank designed to be much slimmer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-organic_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-68/8/2019 Compressed Natural 123
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CNG carsWorldwide, there are more than 7 million NGVs on theroads as of 2008,with the largest number of NGVs
in Argentina, Brazil, Pakistan,Italy, India, China, Thailand, and Iran,[9][10] with South America leading with a global
market share of 48%.
CNG cars available in Europe are bi-fuel vehicles burningone fuel at a time. Their engine is a standard
gasoline internal combustion engine(ICE). This meansthat they can indifferently run on either gasoline from agasoline tank or CNG from a separate cylinder in thetrunk. The driver can select what fuel to burn by simply
flipping a switch on the dashboard.
Several manufacturers (Fiat, Opel(General Motors),
Peugeot, Volkswagen, Toyota, Honda and others) sell bi-fuel cars. In 2006, Fiat introduced the Siena Tetrafuel inthe Brazilian market, equipped with a 1.4L FIRE enginethat runs on E100, E25 (Standard Brazilian Gasoline),Gasoline and CNG.
Any existing gasoline vehicle can be converted to a bi-
fuel (gasoline/CNG) vehicle. Authorized shops can do theretrofitting, this involves installing a CNG cylinder in the
trunk, installing the plumbing, installing a CNG injectionsystem and the electronics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-GreenCar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-Thailand08-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-GreenCar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas#cite_note-Thailand08-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine8/8/2019 Compressed Natural 123
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Advantages of compressed
natural gas: One of the cleanest burning fuels available.
Requires less vehicle maintenance, fewer oil changes,
and prolongs the life of engines, pipes and mufflers.
Produces the fewest emissions of any motor fuel.
Gives the same mileage as gasoline in a converted
vehicle.
CNG provides superior starting and driveability, evenunder severe hot and cold weather conditions.
Less knocking and no vapor locking.
CNG is as safe as, or safer than, other vehicle fuels.
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Drawbacks
Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater
amount of space for fuel storage than conventionalgasoline power vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas,
rather than a liquid like gasoline, CNG takes up more
space for each gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE).
Therefore, the tanks used to store the CNG usually take
up additional space in the trunk of a car or bed of a
pickup truck which runs on CNG. This problem is solved
in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the tanks underthe body of the vehicle, thanks to a more rational
disposition of components, leaving the trunk free
[eg. Fiat Multipla, New Fiat Panda, Volkswagen
Touran Ecofuel, Chevy Taxi (sold in countries such as
Peru)]. CNG-powered vehicles are considered to be safer
than gasoline-powered vehicles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Multiplahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Pandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carroagas.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posto_GNV_01_2009_485_CWB.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Multiplahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Pandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran8/8/2019 Compressed Natural 123
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CNG compared to LNG
CNG is often confused with liquefied natural gas (LNG).While both are stored forms ofnatural gas, the key
difference is that CNG is gas that is stored at highpressure, while LNG is in uncompressed liquid form. CNG
has a lower cost of production and storage compared toLNG as it does not require an expensive cooling processand cryogenic tanks. CNG requires a much larger volumeto store the same mass of gasoline or petrol and the use
of very high pressures (3000 to 4000 psi, or 205 to275 bar).
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Do's and Don'ts for CNGconversion
Ensure that the workshop is authorised and observes SafetyStandards and Code of Practices in kit installation andcommissioning.
The kit, including the cylinder must be of the type approved forthe make of the car. Do not buy components from differentsources and install the kit yourself.
Ensure that the car undergoes the required pre-conversion checks
thoroughly. After the connections are made, ensure a completeand thorough leak test of the gas system.
Installer's certificate must be collected from the workshop.
Any modification or improvisation should only be done at anauthorised workshop.
Acquaint yourself with the mechanism of CNG and the
precautions essential for a CNG vehicle. Follow them strictly.
In case of an accident, get the vehicle thoroughly checked by anauthorised workshop and obtain re-certification.
Do not install an LPG, Propane or any other cylinder in place of aCNG cylinder. It is illegal and unsafe.
Additional premium is charged by the insurance company for CNG
run cars. One should run the vehicle only after the risks of theadditional CNG kit system are covered by the insurance company.
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Safety
When used as an automobile fuel, compressed naturalgas (CNG) is stored onboard vehicles in tanks that meetstringent safety requirements.
Natural gas fuel systems are "sealed," which prevents
spills or evaporative losses. Even if a leak were to occurin a fuel system, the natural gas would dissipate up into
the atmosphere unlike gasoline, which in the event of a
leak or accident, pools on the ground, creating a firehazard.
Natural gas has a high ignition temperature, about
1,200 Fahrenheit, compared with about 600 Fahrenheitfor gasoline.
Natural gas is not toxic or corrosive and will notcontaminate ground water.
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History and Global Use
Of CNG
The first natural gas engine was invented in themid-1800's. Since the 1930's, Italy has been
using natural gas as a vehicle fuel anddeveloping its associated technologies. DuringWorld War II some cars in Australia wereconverted to run on "town gas".
The adoption of CNG as a vehicle fuel is now
accelerating worldwide. In the last decade, thenumber of Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles
(CNGV's) around the world has jumped by 500%
from around 1 million vehicles in 1996 to inexcess of 5 million vehicles in 2006.
Currently the leading nations adopting CNGaround the world is as follows;
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World Standing Country CNG vehicals &Fuel Stations:-
World
StandingCountry Vehicles
Fuelling
Stations
1 Argentina 1.5 million 1,4002 Brazil 1.1 Million 1,200
3 Pakistan 1.0 Million 1,000
4 Italy 0.4 Million 500
5 India0.25
Million200
6 USA 130,000 1,300
7 Iran 115,000 1408 China 97,000 360
9 Ukraine 67,000 150
10 Egypt 63,000 100
11 Colombia 60,000 90
12 Bangladesh 55,000 120
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13 Bolivia 45,000 60
14 Venezuela 44,000 150
15 Russia 42,000 210
16 Armenia 38,000 6017 Germany 33,000 650
18 Japan 25,000 300
19 Canada 20,000 220
The online Newspaper DNA (Daily News and
Analysis) states that according to statisticsavailable with the Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited (BPCL), the consumption of natural gasin Mumbai, India has risen by a whopping 374%
over the past 3 years.
To improve security of energy supply and reducegreenhouse gas emissions, the European Union
has set itself an objective to have substituted20% of all traditional fuels used in the road
transport sector (petrol and diesel) withalternative fuels before the year 2020. Three
alternative solutions are seen as promising:biofuels, natural gas and hydrogen. By 2020, at
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least 50% of alternative fuel substitution isexpected to be natural gas
CNG Retail Outlets In
MumbaiName of the Outlet Owner
Company
Type of Outlet Operating
Hours
MAHANAGAR GAS LIMITEDCity Gate Station
Opp. Anik Bus Depot
Near Everard NagarSion 400 022
407 4748
MGL Mother Stationwith 7 mother
compressors and
8 refuelling points
24
NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRUCKING
CENTRE76-77, G.M.Road
Chembur 400 089
522 1759 / 522 4244
HPCL Online station
with 4 refuellingpoints
24
KAUSARAUTO SERVICESS.G.Road
BPCL Daughter-booster
station with 3
24
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Agripada 400011
308 1782 / 309 1926
refuelling points
GUJRAT SERVICE CENTREArthur Road
Pin Code 400 011
307 4118 / 307 5789
IOCL Daughter-booster station with 4
refuelling points
24
MODERN AUTONear Maratha Mandir
Bombay Central
307 7783
HPCL Daughter-booster station with 2
refuelling points
6 am to 10pm
PAREKH PETROLEUM SERVICESS.V.Road
Vile Parle (W) 400057
612 2035 / 613 2051
IOCL Daughter-booster station with 3
refuelling points
24
SHRISEVA ENTERPRISES
Kherani RoadSaki Naka 400 072
511 8917
Private Daughter station
with 1 refuellingpoint
24
MUMBAI TAXI ASSOCIATION
CST, LBS Kurla 400 070
511 4853 / 514 3680
BPCL Daughter-booster
station with 4
refuelling points
24
UNIVERSAL MOTORS
Dr. Mascarenhas RoadMazagaon 400 010
371 3417 / 375 8363
BPCL Daughter-booster
station with 2refuelling points
24
ROYAL SERVICE STATION
near Hotel Leela Kempinski,Andheri 400059
838 6319 / 837 7197
IOCL Online station
with 2 refuellingpoints
24
CHEMBUR SERVICE STATION
Sion-Trombay RoadOpp Swastik Mills
Chembur 400071
BPCL Online station
with 2 refuellingpoints
24
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AMAR AUTOMOBILES
P.DMello Road
46, Wadi BunderMumbai
375 4670 / 377 4307
BPCL Daughter-booster
station with 2
refuelling points
24
AMERICAN AUTO SUPPLY
Victoria Road
Opp. Rustom Baug,
Byculla 400 027372 5108
HPCL Daughter-booster
station with 2
refuelling points
24
CNG prices revised in Mumbai
CONSEQUENT to the increased input price of natural gas,compressed natural gas (CNG) price will be revised with
effect from July 1.The current price of CNG in Mumbai is
Rs 19.77 per kg. The revised price will be Rs 20.90 per
kg. Owing to Octroi, the new price in Mira-Bhayandar
area will be Rs 21 per kg and in the Thane area Rs 21.30
per kg.
Approximate cost of CNG Conversion:Approximate cost of CNG conversion of LMVs (taxi / Pvt.car - petrol driven) : Rs. 32,000/-**Approximate cost of CNG conversion of Auto - petroldriven : Rs. 23,000/-**
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Approximate cost of CNG conversion of in-use dieselbuses / tempos : Rs. 3.5 to 4.5 lacs**** - approximate only. To check with CNG retrofitters.
Safety aspect:Safety is of paramount importance to MGL. CNG is
delivered to vehicles having CNG cylinders, which areapproved and are within the periodic test life.
Identification labels (metal plate) are provided by MGLand installed in CNG vehicles near the refueling valveafter the vehicle owner has got certification from RTO &necessary endorsement on RC book. Every dispensing
operator is trained and have been instructed to dispensegas to only those vehicles who have a valid metal plate.
Continuous improvement in the process is a part of MGL'spolicy.
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FROM INTERNET SITES SUCH AS:-
www.wikipedia.com
&
SEARCH ON GOOGLE
Done By
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Karan . A . Dedhia ------010
Submit to:-
Dr. Rode Sir
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