Competency 1: Inquiry
Biology as a science
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Observations
• Qualitative• Quantitative
Qualitative Observations
• Adjective which describes a quality
• Color (Red, blue)
• Texture (Smooth, rough)
• Shape (Round, square)
• Speed (Fast, slow)
• Size (Large, small)
• Distance (Near, far)
• Temperature (Hot, cold)
Quantitative Observations
• Numerical measurements which describe:• Color (700 nM)• Texture (50 grit sandpaper)• Shape (25 cm diameter circle)• Speed ( 75 m.p.h.)• Size (150 m)• Distance (130 miles)• Temperature (37.5 C)
Characteristics of Living Things
All Living things• Made up of cells• Reproduce• Contain D.N.A.• Grow & Develop• Obtain & use materials
and energy• Respond to their
environment• Maintain homeostasis
Levels of organization• Molecular – Atoms & molecules• Cellular – Smallest functional unit of life• Tissue – Group of cells working together to perform the same fxn• Organ – Group of tissues working togeter to perform the same fxn• Organ system – Group of organs working together to perform the
same fxn• Organism – Group of organ systems maintaining homeostasis• Population – Group (of a single species) living in the same area• Community – Populations living together• Ecosystem – Community including abiotic factors• Biosphere – Contains all ecosystems
Safety and Rules of the Lab
Safety Symbols
• Know safety symbols• They appear in your
laboratory activities• They will alert you
to possible dangers• They will remind you
to work carefully
Use Your Head• Exercise Caution and
Good Judgment• Follow all instructions
given by the teacher • Notify the teacher
immediately regarding any accident or unsafe areas
Use Your Head• Read lab instructions ahead of time • Always follow lab procedures exactly• Never do an unauthorized experiment
Protect YourselfEye Safety
• Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals, flames, or heating devices
• or if possibility of flying debris
• If you wear contact lenses let your teacher know
Protect YourselfEye Safety
• In case of emergency in which a chemical goes into one’s eye, use the eyewash station
• Flush in water for 15 mins. and notify the teacher
Protect YourselfProper Attire
• Keep all long hair tied back
• Do not wear loose clothing that could catch on fire
• Foot wear that completely covers the foot is required
Protect YourselfHand Safety
• If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes
• Wash hands after every lab
• Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully
Sharp Objects
• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
• Always cut away from fingers and body
• Always carry sharp objects with points and tips facing down and away
• Never try to catch falling sharp instruments
• Grasp sharp instruments only by the handles
Sharp Objects
• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
• Notify teacher if you get cut • Broken glass and sharp objects
do not go in trash cans• Teacher will clean up
broken glass
Electrical Safety• Only electrical plugs
are to be placed into an electrical outlet
• Unplug electrical equipment after use
• Keep all electrical cords, wires, and appliances away from water
Physical Safety• Handle all equipment carefully • Do not place a cord where
someone can trip over it • Push all stools in out of the
way
• Keep books picked up out of walking isles
Heating Safety • Tie back hair and loose
clothes when workingwith open flames
• Never look into a container as you are heating it
• Never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others
• Never heat in a closed container
Heating Safety • Never leave a heat source unattended • Heated metal and glass looks
cool, use tongs or gloves before handling
• Do not place hot glassware directly on lab desk or in cold water
Chemical Safety
• Read all labels twice before removing a chemical from the container
• Only use the type and amount of chemicalinstructed to use
• Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed by the teacher
• Never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so
Chemical Safety
• Transfer chemicals carefully!• Keep lids on chemical
containers when not in use• When diluting an acid, pour the
acid into water• Consider all chemicals
dangerous
Animal Safety• Only handle living organisms with
teacher permission • Always treat living
organisms humanely • Wash your hands
after handling animals
• Respect the life of all laboratory specimen
• They gave their life for your education
Treatment of Specimen
Plant Safety • Do not eat any plants in lab• Wash your hands after
handling plants• Tell your teacher of any
plant allergies • Like any
organism, plants should be considered possibly harmful
You Should Never…
• Enter store room unless given permission
• Take any chemicals from lab or store room
• Touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until instructed to do so
You Should Never…
• Eat or drink in the lab• Use lab glass-ware to
eat or drink out of
• Engage in….– practical jokes – horse play – rough house
You Should Never…
In case of an emergency…
• Know the locations of:– fire extinguisher– fire blanket– body shower– eyewash
station– first aid kit
• If you spill a harmful chemical on yourself or in your eyes, start rinsing immediately and send your partner to get teacher’s help
Remember to…• Stay at your work station
• Maintain a clean work area
• Read and follow all directions
• Report any spills, accidents, or injury to the teacher immediately
• Clean and put away all equipment at the end of thelab period
• Dispose of waste products according to instruction
Example Graphs
Practice Graphs
• Recall that a bar graph is useful for comparing information collected by counting. We are going to use the clothing of students in this classroom to demonstrate how to make a data table and bar graph. We will look at the shirt color of boys and girls in the room.
Practice Graphs
• Step 1: Gather Data• An easy way to organize
our data is to create a table. Let’s use this table to fill in our data.
ColorColor # of Boys# of Boys # of Girls# of Girls
RedRed
BlackBlack
GreyGrey
BlueBlue
WhiteWhite
MultiMulti
OtherOther
Practice Graphs
• Step 2: Create the Graph
Independent variable (x-axis): ________
Dependent variable (y-axis): __________
• Choose two different colors to use (one to represent boys, one to represent girls).
Key Features of Bar Graphs
1. Title
2. Axis are labeled with units
3. Legend
• Check your graph to make sure you have these three features
Line Graphs
• Recall that line graphs are useful for showing trends.
• Problem:• In an experiment, you check the air temperature at
certain hours of the day. At 8 A.M., the temperature is 27 ○C; at 10 A.M., the temperature is 30 ○C; at noon, the temperature is 32 ○C; at 2 P.M., the temperature is 31○C; and at 4 P.M., the temperature is 30 ○C. Graph the results of your experiment.
Compound Microscope Parts & Fxn’s
• Occular – viewing eyepiece• Coarse adjustment – Rough focus• Fine adjustment – Fine focus• High power objective (400X)• Low objective (100X)• Scanning objective (40X)• Stage – holds slide up against stage clips• Stage clips – holds slide down on stage• Diaphragm – controls amount of light entering slide• Lamp – light source
Power of magnification • The relative enlargement of the specimen
when seen through the microscope. The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.
Inversion
• The reversal of the specimen image by the microscope lenses. A specimen that appears upside down when being viewed is actually right-side up on the slide. Moving the specimen to the right causes its image to move to the left likewise, moving it down causes it to move upward.
Working distance
• The distance between the front of the objective and the top of the cover glass on the slide. The higher the magnification the smaller the working distance.
• DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT UNDER HIGH POWER!!!
Resolution (Resolving Power)
• The least distance between two points or lines at which they are seen as two, rather than a single blur. The greater the numerical aperture the greater the resolution.
Depth of focus
• The thickness of a specimen which may be seen in focus at one time. The greater the power of magnification the lesser the depth of focus.
Field of vision
• The surface area which can be seen when looking through the light microscope. The area decreases with increasing power of magnification.
Objectives
• Our microscopes have three objectives mounted on a revolving device known as a nosepiece. Engraved on the objective is its power of magnification. The longer the objective the more power of magnification.
Diaphragm
• A device under the stage of a microscope that can regulate the amount of light reaching a specimen. The more power of magnification the more the diaphragm is opened.
Power of Magnification
• Definition - The relative enlargement of the specimen when seen through the microscope.
• Calculation - The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.
• Power of magnification = (Power of the eyepiece lens) X (Power of the objective lens)
Parfocal
• Once the specimen is focused on low power, you never have to use the course adjustment knob to focus on the next higher power.
Oil Immersion Lens
• For maximum magnification such as looking at bacteria or white blood cells. It can not be used without a drop of special oil placed between the slide and the objective.
Rules for Handling the Microscope
• Always carry the microscope with one hand under the base and the other grasping the arm.
• Keep both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece.
• Keep the stage clean and dry.• Do not remove parts of the microscope.• Use only lens paper when cleaning lenses.• Always begin focusing with the lowest power objective.• Always look from the side when changes lenses• After completing your work, place the microscope on
the lowest power objective.• Always return the microscope where you found it & as
you found it
Preparing a wet-mount slide
This is an air bubble under the microscope!!!
Tools Used in LAB
Different Scientific Tools for the
Study of Biology
a. test tube
b. Cork and Rubber stopper
c. test tube holder
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
d. Test tube rackholds test
tube
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
e. BeakerHolds and measures
liquid
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
f. Graduated cylindersaccurately measure out volumes of liquids
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
g. Erlenmeyer flasksallows the contents to be swirled or stirred during an experiment
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
h. Funnel
transfers liquid from one container to another
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
i. Stirring rodstir liquids in flasks or beakers
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
j. Meter stick
Measures length
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
k. Triple beam balancemeasures mass
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
l. Thermometermeasures temperature
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
m. Alcohol lampsource of heat
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
n. Tripoda stand or support with three legs
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
o. Wire gauze
support a container during heating
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
p. Magnifying glassmagnifies small objects
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
q. Microscopemakes an enlarged
image of a very small object
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
r. Glass slideProvides a mounting surface for examination by microscope
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
s. Cover slipcovers materials on a glass
slide
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
t. Petri dishshallow dish for bacterial culture
Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
v. Dissecting Kit
Dissecting Kit
1. Scalpelcuts and dissects specimen
Dissecting Kit2. Forceps
grasp small objects
Dissecting Kit
3. Probepointed object used to examine specimen
Dissecting Kit4. dissecting scissors
cut specimen to be studied
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