Compensation. Adaptation. Compensation. Adaptation. Tissue repair.Tissue repair.
Compensation – complex of Compensation – complex of some processes directed on some processes directed on restoration of destroyed or restoration of destroyed or
lost structure.lost structure.
Adaptation - complex of Adaptation - complex of some processes directed on some processes directed on adjustment to destroyed or adjustment to destroyed or
lost structure.lost structure.
-Hypertrophy (and hyperplasia);Hypertrophy (and hyperplasia);
- Atrophy;- Atrophy;
- Organization;- Organization;
- Adaptative tissue - Adaptative tissue reorganization;reorganization;
- Tissue repair (or regeneration).- Tissue repair (or regeneration).
Hypertrophy (and Hypertrophy (and hyperplasia)hyperplasia)
It is increasing of volume It is increasing of volume and number of functional and number of functional
structures associated with structures associated with increasing of the function.increasing of the function.
HypertrophyHypertrophy
Physiological – Physiological –
hypertrophy which hypertrophy which appearsappears
during healthy, notduring healthy, not
changed vital changed vital functionsfunctions
Pathological – Pathological –
hypertrophy which ishypertrophy which is
caused by differentcaused by different
pathological pathological influencesinfluences
Types of pathological Types of pathological hypertrophyhypertrophy
- working (compensatory);- working (compensatory);- substitute (in losing of one of - substitute (in losing of one of
pair organ);pair organ);- correlative (hypertrophy of - correlative (hypertrophy of
lymph. nodes in spleen lymph. nodes in spleen removing);removing);
- neurohumoral.- neurohumoral.
Compensatory hypertrophy Compensatory hypertrophy (compensation) has three (compensation) has three
phases:phases:
1. formation1. formation2. consolidation2. consolidation
3. depletion 3. depletion (decompenasation).(decompenasation).
Hyperplasia – increasing of Hyperplasia – increasing of functional elements functional elements
numbernumber
Atrophy Atrophy
Decreasing of functional Decreasing of functional elements volume elements volume
associated with decreasing associated with decreasing of the function in a living of the function in a living
organismorganism
AtrophyAtrophy
Physiological – Physiological –
atrophy which atrophy which appearsappears
during healthy, notduring healthy, not
changed vital changed vital functionsfunctions
Pathological – Pathological –
atrophy which isatrophy which is
caused by differentcaused by different
pathological pathological influencesinfluences
AtrophyAtrophy
General General
(cachexia or (cachexia or emaciation)emaciation)
LocalLocal
Most often causes of general Most often causes of general atrophyatrophy(cachexia or emaciation):(cachexia or emaciation):
- alimentary (in starvation);- alimentary (in starvation);- tumourous (in malignant tumours);- tumourous (in malignant tumours);- hypophisary (in hypophysis - hypophisary (in hypophysis pathology);pathology);- cerebral;- cerebral;- due to chronic diseases (infections - due to chronic diseases (infections
etc.)etc.)
Local atrophyLocal atrophy
- dysfunctional;- dysfunctional;
- due to insufficiency of circulation - due to insufficiency of circulation (especially in chronic ischemia);(especially in chronic ischemia);
- compressive (long time - compressive (long time compression);compression);
- neurotic;- neurotic;
- due to influence of physics or - due to influence of physics or chemical factorschemical factors
OrganizationOrganization
Growth of connective tissue Growth of connective tissue in focus of pathological in focus of pathological
changes (necrosis, changes (necrosis, thrombus, accumulations of thrombus, accumulations of
an exudate etc.)an exudate etc.)
Individual forms of Individual forms of organization:organization:
- encapsulation – growth of connective tissue around of - encapsulation – growth of connective tissue around of pathological focus with formation of capsule;pathological focus with formation of capsule;
- sclerosis – pathological process which is characterizing - sclerosis – pathological process which is characterizing by increased growing of connective tissue;by increased growing of connective tissue;
- scar – growth of connective tissue in focus of injury;- scar – growth of connective tissue in focus of injury;
- cirrhosis – widespread (diffuse, total) growth of - cirrhosis – widespread (diffuse, total) growth of connective tissue in organ with its structural connective tissue in organ with its structural reorganizationreorganization
According to etiology and According to etiology and pathogenesis sclerosis can be:pathogenesis sclerosis can be:
- as result of chronic proliferative inflammation;- as result of chronic proliferative inflammation;
- as result of connective tissue disorganization;- as result of connective tissue disorganization;
- substitutive sclerosis as outcome of atrophy, - substitutive sclerosis as outcome of atrophy, circulatory disorders etc.;circulatory disorders etc.;
- formation of scars in wounds and ulcers healing;- formation of scars in wounds and ulcers healing;
- organization of thrombi, hematomas, fibrinous - organization of thrombi, hematomas, fibrinous exudates. exudates.
In every time sclerosis it is In every time sclerosis it is connective tissue connective tissue
neoformation as result of neoformation as result of fibroblasts proliferation with fibroblasts proliferation with
increased synthesis of increased synthesis of collagen or increased collagen or increased
synthesis of collagen without synthesis of collagen without fibroblasts proliferation.fibroblasts proliferation.
Sclerosis can be:Sclerosis can be:
- reversible;- reversible;- semireversible;- semireversible;
- irreversible (progressive).- irreversible (progressive).
Structural reorganization of Structural reorganization of tissuetissue
Structural reorganization of Structural reorganization of tissue – it is changes of tissue – it is changes of tissue structure due to tissue structure due to
changes of its existence changes of its existence conditions.conditions.
Examples:Examples:
- development of collateral - development of collateral circulation in ischemia;circulation in ischemia;
- reorganization of osseous - reorganization of osseous tissue in changes of loading tissue in changes of loading
direction;direction;
- changes of alveolar - changes of alveolar epithelium in lung in zone of epithelium in lung in zone of
athelectasis.athelectasis.
Tissue repair – restoration Tissue repair – restoration of tissue structural of tissue structural
elements instead lost.elements instead lost.
Tissue repair can be:Tissue repair can be:
- physiological;- physiological;- reparative (regeneration);- reparative (regeneration);
- pathological.- pathological.
Reparative – regeneration Reparative – regeneration in different pathological in different pathological
processes due to injury of processes due to injury of cells and tissues.cells and tissues.
total (restitution)total (restitution)
RegenerationRegeneration non totalnon total
(substitution)(substitution)
Restitution – compensation Restitution – compensation of defect by the tissue of defect by the tissue
identical lost.identical lost.
Substitution - compensation Substitution - compensation of defect by the non of defect by the non
identical tissue (usually identical tissue (usually connective tissue – connective tissue –
scarring).scarring).
Restitution:Restitution:
- connective tissue;- connective tissue;- osseous tissue;- osseous tissue;
- epithelium;- epithelium;- blood.- blood.
Substitution:Substitution:
- muscular tissue (myocardium is - muscular tissue (myocardium is included);included);- neurons.- neurons.
Pathological tissue repair Pathological tissue repair (regeneration) it is (regeneration) it is
regeneration with disturbed regeneration with disturbed and distorted course.and distorted course.
hyperregenerationhyperregeneration
Pathological Pathological regenerationregeneration hyporegenerationhyporegeneration
metaplasiametaplasia
Examples of pathological Examples of pathological regeneration:regeneration:
- formation of keloid scar;- formation of keloid scar;- surplus bone corn;- surplus bone corn;
- nevroma after - nevroma after amputation;amputation;
- languid wound healing. - languid wound healing.
Metaplasia is reversible Metaplasia is reversible change in which one adult change in which one adult
cell type (epithelial or cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced mesenchymal) is replaced
by another adult type.by another adult type.
Metaplasia is limited Metaplasia is limited by the one related by the one related
hystiotype.hystiotype.
Granulation tissue – young Granulation tissue – young connective tissueconnective tissue
Differences between young Differences between young and adult connective tissueand adult connective tissue
Granulation tissue:Granulation tissue:
Lot of proliferating young Lot of proliferating young connective tissue cells connective tissue cells (fibroblasts);(fibroblasts);
Lot of small blood vessels Lot of small blood vessels with thin walls and with thin walls and proliferating proliferating endothelium;endothelium;
Intensive Intensive lymphoplasmatic lymphoplasmatic infiltration;infiltration;
Low containment of Low containment of collagenic fibers.collagenic fibers.
Adult connective Adult connective tissue:tissue:
Lot of collagenic fibers;Lot of collagenic fibers;
Little cellular elements;Little cellular elements;
Little blood vessels.Little blood vessels.
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