ColoniesDevelopin
g
Colonies and their development &
differences
Sir Walter Raleigh
• Roanoke• Fails in 1585, decides
to try again in ’87• Governor John White
leaves for 3 years• Returns to find no
one, but CROATOAN etched in a tree
• 3 possibilities: starved to death, killed or joined the Indians
Development of Virginia
• Use of joint-stock companies- VA Company
• Jamestown April 1607 – 1st permanent English settlement– Terrible start– Powhatan helps them (has his own
motives for helping the English)
Powhatan
• Worried when more and more English arrive in colony
• Sees this as a threat • Winter 1609-10 starves the colonists
out– Fall 500 colonists– Spring only 60 left
What becomes of the colony?
• English send more colonists
• Work- mandatory • Continue to fight
with the Natives– Capture daughter
of Powhatan
Economy develops
• VA survives as more colonists arrive• Tobacco 1st introduced 1580’s
– Francis Drake– Smoking frenzy– John Rolfe
• Develops tobacco in VA• $$$ for the VA company• “brown gold”
Effects of Tobacco
• Exhausts the soil- greater need to expand
• Need laborers– Head-right system
• Increases VA’s population
• Still need workers• Indentured servants• Will later lead to use
of slaves
Who were the Indentured Servants?
• ¾’s of the colonists in the Chesapeake• Majority:
– young– Unskilled – Males– Served for 2-7 years
• Others were skilled, women & children• Masters provided food, clothing and
lodging in exchange for service
• Treated like slaves (more $$)
• 2 out of 5 died in service
• if you survived, given goods for new life– Went west– Returned to
England
Trouble brewing
• Ex- indentured servants in the west (VA) in conflict with Indians
• Upset with colonial gov’t policies – High taxes– Want $$ used to fight Indians and
protect their land
• William Berkeley governor at the time
Bacon’s rebellion
• Fighting breaks out b/w colonists and local tribes (1670’s)
• Look to governor for $$– He refuses to support war
• Nathaniel Bacon 1676– FURIOUS– Turn fury towards the governor
Bacon
• With bands of ex-servants marches towards the coast & governor
• Berkeley flees• Band burns capital
city• Dies of dysentery
and rebellion ends
EFFECTS
• Growing differences between the poor and landed gentry (plantation folks)
• Gov’t starts to favor armed authorities in the west
• Planters worried about later attacks by Indentured servants– Slavery looks “nice”
Virginia’s government
• 1st controlled by the Virginia Company
• Indian wars devastated the Co. & England takes control– Royal colony in 1624– Leaders appointed by the King
• House of Burgesses– 1619– Representatives from the colony
House of Burgesses
North
• Puritans and the church of England– “purify”– 2 groups, Pilgrims (Plymouth Plantation
1620)
Plymouth Colony
• Pilgrims or Separatists• September 1620 Mayflower
– William Bradford– 102 people– Males start to disagree about
leadership• Mayflower Compact• 1st document of self-government in the
colonies
What happens to the colony?
• Roughly ½ die the 1st winter• Rescued by Natives
– Massasoit & Wampanoags– Teaches them to sow and cultivate seed
corn
• Never a $$$ success, but self- sufficient
Massasoit and his treaties with the Pilgrims
•Massachusetts Bay Colony –Puritans est. colony 1630- John Winthrop
–“city upon a hill”
Puritans & Government
• 1632 Governor Winthrop declares all male heads of the household to be “freemen” (governor had a council of advisors- freemen)
• 1634 freemen can select delegates to represent the towns (to write laws)
• Delegates eventually separate into 2 legislative houses
Church & State
• Still social divisions• Male Church members can vote-
help to decide on governor• Chosen “elect”• Sins/crimes: theft, drunkenness,
swearing, etc• Come as families and look out for the
community- differs from VA colony
Problems in New England
• Roger Williams– No claim to land– Can’t punish people
for their religious beliefs
• Upsets officials• Flees to
Narragansett Bay 1636 to set up new colony
• Separation of church & state!!!!
Anne Hutchinson
• Holy spirit comes to individuals
• Faith very personal- no need for ministers
• Banned in 1638- heads to RI
Relations with Native Americans
• Expansion= threat• Treaties signed• King Philip’s War
– Forced to follow Puritan rules– Upsets many
• Including the Wampanoag leader Metacom (King Philip)
King Philip/Metacom
• Organizes men• War Spring 1675-
attacks Puritans• Indians worn down
and leader killed• Long term effects:
– Native power in NE diminished
– 10% of military aged men killed
Middle Colonies
• Dutch and the Hudson River– New Netherland 1621– Fur trade– Open doors= diversity– Working relationship with the natives
• More interested in fur than land• Try to avoid fighting
Dutch & English
• Sandwiched b/w English colonies
• 1664 Duke of York drives the Dutch out
• Duke now the leader– New Jersey– Gains one of the
most diverse communities in America
Who are the Quakers?
• Believed in God’s inner light- no formal minister
• Simple lifestyle• pacifists
William Penn
• Wanted a religious haven • Society of Friends• King Charles II grants Penn a large
tract of land 1681– “holy experiment”– Religious freedoms, civil liberties &
suffrage– Wants representative gov’t– Wants peaceful relations with Natives
Est. of additional colonies• Lord Baltimore
granted land from King Charles I
• Son names colony Maryland after Charles’ wife Henrietta Maria
• Copies VA’s economy- tobacco
• LB = Catholic– Ensures religious
toleration
Carolinas
• 1633 land b/w Spanish Florida and VA becomes a colony
• Virginians move south
• Small farmers and tobacco planters
• 1670 Charles Town- sugar & slaves
Georgia- Home Sweet Home
• 1732 Oglethorpe and King George
• No slaves or rum• Colonists watch
as SC grow wealthy from plantations= ENVY
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