Coal & Biomass Co-Conversion to Transportation Fuels
National Energy Technology Laboratory
Office of Fossil Energy
DOE/DOD Programs and Perspectives
Michael E. ReedSenior Systems AnalystOctober 17, 2007
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20072
Reduce Gasoline Usage 20% in 10 Years“Let us build on the work we’ve done and reduce gasoline usage in the United States by 20 percent in the next 10 years. When we do that we will have cut our total imports by the equivalent of three-quarters of all the oil we now import from the Middle East.”
President George W. Bush, 2007 State of the Union Address
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027
Bill
ion
Gal
lons
per
Yea
r(A
ltern
ativ
es/B
iofu
els)
Cellulosic(Iogen forecast)
Cellulosic(Iogen forecast)
Corn-based (USDA forecast to 2017;
15 billion max.)
Corn-based (USDA forecast to 2017;
15 billion max.)
“20 in 10”
35 billion gallons
“Alternatives”
17 billion gallonshortfall
(may include CTL)
Alternative Fuels (CTL) Fills Gap
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20074
Challenge of Using Fossil Fuels“The economic prosperity of the United States over the past century has benefited by the abundance of fossil fuels found in North America. The United States’ fossil fuel resources represent a national asset that is important to our energy security and global economic competitiveness. However, concerns over climate change and air pollution challenge our ability to take full advantage of our fossil fuels resources.”
Carl Bauer, August 27, 2007 before the Senate Finance Committee
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20075
Process Flow Diagram of a CTL Facility
COS Hyd Selexol
H2 Recovery Fuel Gas
HgRemoval
AGT
Sulfur Polish
FT Synthesis
Product Recovery/ Upgrading
SHIFT
Diesel
Naphtha
CO2RemovalCO2 Vent Steam
H2
BFW
BoilerST
CW System
Make-up Water
Stack Gas
Coal
Oxygen
ASUAir
CO2 Vent
Gasification Quench
Feedstock Processing and Drying
Biomass
Plant PowerNet Power
~
Coal
Air
Slag
CO2 Injection Gas
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20076
Once Captured, CO2 Needs to be Stored
Storage locations include:
• Underground reservoirs (geological)− Enhanced oil recovery− Depleted oil and gas fields− Saline formations− Unmineable coal beds
• Trees, grasses, soils, or algae (terrestrial)
• Dissolved in deep oceans
Developing new technology
Demonstrating existing technologies at scale
Ocean
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20077
Process Flow Diagram of CBTL w/CCS Facility
COS Hyd Selexol
H2 Recovery Fuel Gas
HgRemoval
AGT
Sulfur Polish
FT Synthesis
Product Recovery/ Upgrading
SHIFT
Diesel
Naphtha
CO2RemovalTo CO2 Compression Steam
H2
BFW
BoilerST
CW System
Make-up Water
Stack Gas
Coal
Oxygen
ASUAir
To CO2 Compression
Gasification Quench
Feedstock Processing and Drying
Biomass
Biomass
Plant PowerNet Power
~
Coal
Air
Slag
CO2 Injection Gas
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20078
Cequiv balances to atmosphere for F-T liquids OUT: photosynthesis (MPGs, soil&root C), electricity credit (2,852 tC/day)
IN: upstream emissions, vented at plant, fuels burned in vehicle,s (2,852 tC/day)
accumulation in soil and root1,022 tC/day
polygeneration plant
carbon storage4,337 tC/day
fuel
for
tran
spor
tatio
n1,
810
t C/d
ay
electricity production452 MWee
1,60
7 t C
/day
prai
rie g
rass
es u
pstr
eam
em
issi
ons
83 t C
/day
coal
ups
trea
m e
mis
sion
s22
5 t C
/day
char53 tC/day
coal5,328 tC/day2,449 MWLHV
prairie grasses1,607 tC/day668 MWLHV
carb
on v
ente
d73
5 t C
/day
arrows’ width proportional to C fluxes
COAL + MPGs TO F-T LIQUIDS + ELECTRICITY, WITH CCS
1,03
2 M
WLH
V
phot
osyn
thes
is
cred
it fo
r e.e
.22
3 t C
/day
Source: Dr. Robert Williams, Princeton UniversityUsed with Permission from Author
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/200710
Not an Accounting Gimmick:Why Biomass Needs Coal Too!
• Scale−Large Coal-based plants provide economic
effectiveness while allowing greater renewable usage
• Supply Stability−Seasonal and Annual variability of biomass is
buffered with coal• Early Outlet for Cellulosic Biomass
−CBTL encourages development of cellulosic biomass supply in preparation for cellulosic ethanol demand
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/200711
Coal with Biomass As A Carbon Control Strategy
Increasing Security and Reducing Carbon Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: A Transformational Role for Coal with Biomass
DOE/NETL-2007/1298
This work was jointly sponsored by the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Department of Defense, Department of the Air Force
August 24, 2007
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/200712
NETL Expanded CBTL Study
• Feasibility Study to Better Understand Potential of CBTL Systems
• Bituminous and Sub-Bituminous Coal• Five Biomass Feed stocks• Variations from 100% coal to 100% biomass• Variety of GHG emissions levels from
“standard petroleum” to net zero and beyond• Over 20 different systems under consideration• Final Report Scheduled for Publication early
2008
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/200713
Conclusions
• Coal is a vital national energy resource
• NETL is looking at Integrated Coal and Biomass Solutions for Sustainability
• CBTL Concepts can help Increase National Security by meeting needs of DOD for a secure, domestic, and environmentally friendly fuel supply
• CBTL Offers Transformational Role for Biomass in the Near and Long Term for Liquid Fuel Production
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/200714
Advanced Energy Technologies Can Resolve the Environmental, Supply, and Reliability
Constraints of Producing and Using Fossil Fuels
2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/200715
Recent NETL CTL/CBTL Publications
• Technical and Economic Assessment of Small-Scale Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Facilities, February 2007
• “Baseline Technical and Economic Assessment of a Commercial Scale Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Facility”, April 2007
• “Increasing Security and Reducing Carbon Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: A Transformational Role for Coal with Biomass”, August 2007
• www.netl.doe.gov
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