Class 10Urinary System & Reproductive System
Major Structures
2 Kidneys2 Ureters1 Bladder1 Urethra
The Kidneys
Kidney Functions
• Filter waste from blood– Excess vitamins, excess electrolytes
• Regulates fluid volume in the body– Affects BP, HR, cardiac stroke volume
• Regulates electrolyte balance & pH concentrations– Na+, Ca+, K+, H+
• Regulates blood pressure– Secretes enzymes that promote ADH, if necessary
• Regulates hematopoiesis (RBC formation)– Kidneys release erythropoetin
Renal Blood Vessels
Nephron Structure
• Renal corpuscle– Glomerulus– Glomerular capsule
(Bowman’s capsule)• Renal tubule– Proximal convoluted
tubule– Loop of Henle– Distal convoluted
tubule– Collecting Ducts
Urine Formation• Glomerular Filtration
– Blood enters glomerulus and forces fluid through the fenestrae, into the tubules, forming filtrate
• Tubular Reabsorption– Almost ALL of the fluid is
reabsorbed back into the bloodstream at the peritubular capillary level
• Tubular Secretion– Certain substances are re-
inserted into the filtrate, creating urine
Summary of Urine Formation
Urine Composition
Healthy Urine Contents• Dissolved Solids– Nitrogenous waste
products• Urea• Uric acid• Creatinine
– Electrolytes• Sodium chloride• Sulfates• Phosphates
– Pigment
Abnormal Urine Contents• RBC/blood• WBC• Glucose & keytones
Urine Elimination
2 Ureters
1 Bladder
1 Urethra
Kidney Stones• Calcium Stone
– Most common– Excess Ca+ goes to the kidneys. Most people flush out excess, but if
not, stone can form.– Ca+ joins with other waste products & forms stone.
• Struvite stone – Can form after an infection in the urinary system. These stones
contain the mineral magnesium and the waste product ammonia.• Uric acid stone
– Can form when the urine contains too much acid. – May need to cut back on meat consumption.
• Cystine stone– Rare– Cystine is one of the building blocks that make up muscles, nerves,
and other parts of the body. – Cystine can build up in the urine to form a stone. – Can be hereditary
The Male Reproductive System
The Testes
Male External Accessory Organs
Semen
• Mixture of sperm and secretions from various organs– Seminal vesicles– Prostate gland– Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
Functions– Nourish & transport sperm– Neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina– Lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse– Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and
antibodies
Vasectomy Image
Why does this work to prevent pregnancy?
Releasing Hormones (from hypothalamus) stimulate
Anterior Pituitary Gland to release Gonadatropins:
•FSH – Stimulates sperm cell production•LH (ICSH) – stimulates testosterone production
Testosterone
Female Reproductive System
Oogenesis
Female Internal Accessory Organs
Female External Accessory Organs
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
Estrogen :•Matures accessory organs•Develops secondary sexual characteristics•Uptake of Ca+•Produced in ovaries, placenta (pregnant female), and in smaller amounts in breast, liver and adrenal glands.
Progesterone •Promotes uterine changes during menstrual cycle• Produced in the ovaries, placenta (pregnant female), and in the brain.
Releasing Hormones (from hypothalamus) stimulate
Anterior Pituitary Gland to release Gonadatropins:
•FSH – Stimulates maturation of the ovarian follicle•LH – controls production of female sex hormones
Reproductive/Menstrual Cycle
Tubal Ligation Image
Why does this work to prevent pregnancy?
Thank goodness!!!
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